This document provides an overview of thermodynamics basics. It discusses that thermodynamics is concerned with how energy is stored and transformed through heat and work. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and cannot be created or destroyed. A thermodynamic system and its boundary with the surroundings are defined. Various thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, and isobaric processes are also summarized. Key concepts like thermal energy, temperature, heat transfer methods, and the second law of thermodynamics are briefly explained.
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
Power Plants and Basic Thermodynamic CyclesSalman Haider
Brief overview of different types of power plants and their basic thermodynamic cycles.
The content is of basic maturity.
Audience:
Students, teachers or to whom it may concern
References:
1. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook – Meherwan P. Boyce 2nd Edition
2. Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach – Yunus A. Cengel
3. Internal Combustion Engines – G.W. Ganeson
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Magneto hydro dynamic (mhd) power generationHemanth Duru
MHD Power Generation Is a Direct Energy conversion System Which Converts Heat Energy into Electrical Energy Without Any Intermediate stage(i.e Mechanical Energy).
It is a new technology which helps us to reach our world power demands.
It Partially Used in Developed Countries like USSR,USA,Japan.
It is in Under construction in Developing countries like India etc.
Its Losses are Less.
Initial Cost Is High.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. THERMODYNAMICS BASICS
By
DR VIJAYA SHASTRY Ph.D
CHEMISTRY DEPT
RJ COLLEGE
MUMBAI , INDIA
2. The study of thermodynamics is concerned with the ways energy
is stored within a body and how energy transformations (involve
heat and work).
One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the conservation
of energy principle which states that during an energy interaction,
energy can change from one form to another but the total amount
of energy remains constant.
That is, energy cannot be created or destroyed.
3. Thermodynamics is
The science that examines the effects of energy transfer on
macroscopic materials systems.
Thermodynamics predicts
Whether a process will occur given long enough time
• driving force for the process
Thermodynamics does not predict
How fast a process will occur
• mechanism of the process
4. A thermodynamic system, or simply system, is defined as a
quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
The region outside the system is called the surroundings.
The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from
its surroundings is called the boundary. The boundary of a system
may be fixed or movable.
Surroundings are physical space outside
the system boundary.
5. Thermal energy – a form of kinetic energy
characterized by randomness of motion at the
atomic and molecular level
Temperature – the degree or intensity of heat
present in a substance or object; the measure of
the hotness or coldness of a body
6. THERMODYNAMICS is a branch of physics
concerned with the mechanical work,
pressure, temperature and their roles in
the transformation of energy.
7. Natural Sources
› The Sun
› The Earth’s Interior
Artificial Sources
› Chemical Action
› Electrical Energy
› Mechanical Energy
› Nuclear Energy
8. THERMOMETER is any thermal sensor that
measures temperature.
The lines of a thermometer are called
CALIBRATIONS.
LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER ROTARY
THERMOMETER, THERMOCOUPLE
THERMOMETER and LIQUID CRYSTAL
THERMOMETER are a few examples.
9.
10. In CELSIUS SCALE, the freezing point of
water is 0 while the boiling point is 100
degrees Celsius.
In FAHRENHEIT SCALE, the freezing point
of water is 32 while the boiling point 212
degrees Fahrenheit.
11. THERMAL ENERGY is the kinetic energy
characterized by the randomness of
motion at the atomic and molecular
levels of a body.
HEAT is the quantity of thermal energy
absorbed or given-off by a body.
TEMPERATURE is the measure of hotness
or coldness of a body.
12. The change in internal energy of a closed system ∆U, will be equal to
the energy added to the system by heating the work done by the
system on the surroundings.
∆U=Q–W 1 st Law of
Thermodynamics
Q is the net heat added to the system
W is the net work done by the system
∆U is the internal energy of a closed system.
**First law of thermodynamics is conservation of energy.
13. ISOTHERMAL PROCESS – process that carried out at constant
temperature
PV = constant
PV diagram for an ideal gas undergoing isothermal
processes
14. ADIABATIC PROCESS – An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is
gained or lost by the system. The first law of thermodynamics with Q=0
shows that all the change in internal energy is in the form of work.
PV diagram for an ideal gas undergoing isothermal
processes
15. ISOBARIC PROCESS – A process is one which the pressure is kept
constant.
ISOVOLUMETRIC PROCESS – A process is one in which the volume
does not change
16. Second Law of Thermodynamics is a statement about which
processes occur in nature and which do not.
Heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object;
heat will not flow spontaneously form a cold object to a hot object.
Q = mc ΔT =
mc (T2 – T1)
Q = quantity of heat transferred (J)
m = mass of the material (kg)
c = specific heat capacity (J/kg K)
T1= initial temperature (K or °C)
T2= final temperature (K or °C)
ΔT= temperature difference = T2 – T1
17. EXPANSION OF MATERIALS
“Materials expand as their thermal energy
increases.” → Thermal expansion
It is easier to open a tight bottle cap
by exposing it to heat!
18. “Materials contract as their thermal
energy decreases.”
EXPANSION OF MATERIALS UNDER 100°C
Materials Length of
(1 m in length) Expansion
Invar (alloy of Fe and Ni) 0.1 mm
Pyrex 0.3 mm
Platinum alloy 0.9 mm
Glass 0.9 mm
Concrete 1.0 mm
Steel 1.0 mm
Brass 2.0 mm
Aluminum 3.0 mm
19. THERMOSTAT
“The amount of expansion of a material
depends on the change in temperature.”
The device that regulates the temperature of a material is
called, a thermostat. It is usually consists of bimetallic strips e.g.
Brass (alloy of Cu and Zn) and Fe that are welded together. When the
Brass side is heated it expands and contracts when cooled → can
help turn on/off a device such as heaters.
20. HEAT TRANSFER
The study of the flow of heat within an
object or from one medium to another due to
their variation in temperature.
METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• Radiation - energy is emitted in the form of
electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles e.g.
heat/warmth felt from a flame or bonfire sans
touching it, the heat from the microwave oven and the
heat from the sun.
21. 2. Conduction - heat energy transfer caused by direct
contact wherein heat travels from one molecule to
another. For example, exposing metal to a flame,
allowing an article to rest on a warm or hot object.
“Heat flows from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration.”
Legend:
Hot → Cold
22. 3. Convection - transference of mass or heat
within a fluid caused by the tendency of
warmer and less dense material to rise
producing air or fluid currents.
Air cools down,
Hot air rises
becomes dense
Air heats up and Cold air sinks
becomes less
dense
23. SPECIFIC HEAT
The amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of one kilogram (1 kg) of a
substance by one °C (1°C) or one Kelvin (1 K).
It is expressed in terms of Joules per kilogram-
Kelvin (J/kg·K) or Joules per kilogram degree
Celsius (J/kg·°C) or calorie per gram degree
Celcius (cal/g·°C) in which 1 cal = 4.186 J.
24. THERMAL CAPACITY
The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of a substance by 1 degree (1°) and
is the product of its mass and specific heat.
ΔQ = mCΔT
Wherein,
ΔQ is change in heat expressed in terms of J
m is the mass of the substance in kg
C is the specific heat in J/kg·K
ΔT is the change in heat in K
25. Heat naturally flows from high to
low temperature, but for
refrigerators and air conditioners do
work to accomplish the opposite to
make heat flow from cold to hot.
26. Electrical Energy => Kinetic Energy => Heat energy
When refrigerants change from vapor to liquid, heat is discharged.
On the contrary, changing from liquid to vapor, heat is absorbed