1. Power plants convert thermal energy from fossil fuels into electrical energy through thermodynamic cycles like the Brayton, Rankine, and Otto cycles. They use prime movers like steam and gas turbines to power electrical generators.
2. Common types of power plants include fossil fuel plants, hydroelectric, nuclear, and renewable plants. Fossil fuel plants burn coal, natural gas, or oil. Alternative energy sources help address environmental concerns of fossil fuels.
3. Thermodynamic cycles determine power plant categories. The Brayton cycle powers gas turbines, Rankine cycle powers steam turbines, and Otto and Diesel cycles power reciprocating engines. Combined cycle plants boost efficiency by combining gas and steam cycles.
In the Lamont boiler, the main difficulty experienced is the formation and attachment of bubbles on the inner surface of the heating tubes. The attached Bubbles to the tube surfaces reduce the heat flow and steam generation, as it offers high thermal resistance than Water film.
Benson in 1922, argued that, if the boiler pressure was raised to critical pressure, the steam and water have the same density and therefore, the danger of bubble formation can be eliminated.
For more information, visit https://mechanicalstudents.com/high-pressure-boilers-benson-boiler-lamont-boiler/
In the Lamont boiler, the main difficulty experienced is the formation and attachment of bubbles on the inner surface of the heating tubes. The attached Bubbles to the tube surfaces reduce the heat flow and steam generation, as it offers high thermal resistance than Water film.
Benson in 1922, argued that, if the boiler pressure was raised to critical pressure, the steam and water have the same density and therefore, the danger of bubble formation can be eliminated.
For more information, visit https://mechanicalstudents.com/high-pressure-boilers-benson-boiler-lamont-boiler/
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant Part 1Anurak Atthasit
Introduction to Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant. Describing the advantage and design limit of the CCGT. Overview of Brayton Cycle and Rankine Cycle - showing some basic thermodynamic to explain some background of CCGT.
In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators. The principle is that after completing its cycle (in the first engine), the temperature of the working fluid engine is still high enough that a second subsequent heat engine may extract energy from the waste heat that the first engine produced. By combining these multiple streams of work upon a single mechanical shaft turning an electric generator, the overall net efficiency of the system may be increased by 50–60%. That is, from an overall efficiency of say 34% (in a single cycle) to possibly an overall efficiency of 51% (in a mechanical combination of two cycles) in net Carnot thermodynamic efficiency. This can be done because heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%). In an ordinary (non combined cycle) heat engine the remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted.
Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall efficiency, reducing fuel costs. In stationary power plants, a widely used combination is a gas turbine (operating by the Brayton cycle) burning natural gas or synthesis gas from coal, whose hot exhaust powers a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle). This is called a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant, and can achieve a best-of-class real (HHV - see below) thermal efficiency of around 54% in base-load operation, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant which is limited to efficiencies of around 35–42%. Many new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine type. Such an arrangement is also used for marine propulsion, and is called a combined gas and steam (COGAS) plant. Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles are also common.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant Part 1Anurak Atthasit
Introduction to Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant. Describing the advantage and design limit of the CCGT. Overview of Brayton Cycle and Rankine Cycle - showing some basic thermodynamic to explain some background of CCGT.
In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators. The principle is that after completing its cycle (in the first engine), the temperature of the working fluid engine is still high enough that a second subsequent heat engine may extract energy from the waste heat that the first engine produced. By combining these multiple streams of work upon a single mechanical shaft turning an electric generator, the overall net efficiency of the system may be increased by 50–60%. That is, from an overall efficiency of say 34% (in a single cycle) to possibly an overall efficiency of 51% (in a mechanical combination of two cycles) in net Carnot thermodynamic efficiency. This can be done because heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%). In an ordinary (non combined cycle) heat engine the remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted.
Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall efficiency, reducing fuel costs. In stationary power plants, a widely used combination is a gas turbine (operating by the Brayton cycle) burning natural gas or synthesis gas from coal, whose hot exhaust powers a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle). This is called a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant, and can achieve a best-of-class real (HHV - see below) thermal efficiency of around 54% in base-load operation, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant which is limited to efficiencies of around 35–42%. Many new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine type. Such an arrangement is also used for marine propulsion, and is called a combined gas and steam (COGAS) plant. Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles are also common.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
A brief study on different Power Generation Units in Pakistan. Progress of Energy Sector 1947 - 2017. Production Capacity and Resources all are compiled in this brief presentation.
Turbine Inlet Air Cooling (TIAC) - Case Studies - Economics - Performance - C...Salman Haider
Efficiency Enhancement of a Gas Turbine in Hot climate conditions. Design strategies and technology varieties. Detailed Case Studies of TIAC equipped power plants, economic and performance analysis. Study of Climate effect on GT Performance in three different locations.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
THERMODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF YEAR ROUND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR VARIABLE R...IAEME Publication
This paper presents a study on different kinds of air conditioning systems in comparison to existing one to use through of the year. Mainly the system imparts all three regular weather conditions. Like hot and dry, hot and wet and cool and dry. For this the out let condition will be fix ed 25 °C dry bulb temperature (DBT) and 50% relative humidity. In the present paper, for maintaining room condition thermodynamic simulation is being done. For simulation we used excels solver software. If atmospheric condition like relative humidity of air is changed, the year round air conditioning equipments change own parameters such as volume of cellulose cooling pad of evaporating cooler, temperature of cooling coil in hot and dry as well as hot and wet weather conditions, temperature of preheat and reheat coil in cold and dry weather to maintain the room condition.
A OVERVIEW OF THE RANKIN CYCLE-BASED HEAT EXCHANGER USED IN INTERNAL COMBUSTI...IAEME Publication
The majority of the heat produced by automobiles, primarily by diesel engines, is squandered in various ways. If this waste heat is collected, it can be applied in a variety of other ways. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on the global issue of rapid economic growth, a relative energy scarcity, internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat, and environmental degradation. The remaining heat is released into the environment through exhaust gases and engine cooling systems, leading to an increase in entropy and significant environmental pollution, so it is necessary to convert waste heat into useful work. Of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately 30 to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work. At 4000 RPM, the exhaust gas temperature is at its highest. So a recovery system is created for a constant RPM of 4000. A shell and tube heat exchanger and a uniflow steam engine connected to the main engine make up the recovery system. By reducing the frictional power at the main engine's power stroke and idle stroke, the linked steam engine increases the efficiency of the main engine. Due to the additional recovery system, the system's initial cost is significant. But over time, the system turns out to be profitable.
Use of Process Analyzers in Fossil Fuel PlantsIves Equipment
In spite of all efforts concerning energy savings and efficiency, the growing world population and the aspired higher 'standard of living' will lead to a further in- crease of world energy demand. In this context, almost half of the primary energy demand will continue to be covered by solid fuels, particularly by coal, until 2020 and many years beyond.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. P a g e | 1
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
Power Plants____________________
Power plants or power stations are industrial facility that produces Electric Power. A power
station is equipped with mechanical equipment running on Thermodynamic cycle converting
Thermal Energy into Electrical Energy by the virtue of rotational motion of the prime mover.
The engines installed in a Power Station harvest energy from the fossil fuels which in exchange
produces Electric Power
Fossil Fired Power Station
A Fossil fired Power Station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas or
petroleum to produce electricity. Fossil-fuel power stations have machinery to convert the heat
energy of combustion into mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The
prime mover may be a steam turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal
combustion engine. All plants use the energy extracted from expanding gas, either steam or
combustion gases.
Alternative Energy Harvesting Stations
Alternatives to fossil fuel power plants include nuclear power, solar power, geothermal power,
wind power, tidal power, hydroelectric power and other renewable energies. Some of these are
proven technologies on an industrial scale.
Environment Hazards
The world's power demands are expected to rise 60% by 2030. World organizations and
international agencies, like the IEA, are concerned about the environmental impact of burning
fossil fuels, and coal in particular. The combustion of coal contributes the most to acid rain and
air pollution, and has been connected with global warming. Modern day coal power plants
pollute less than older designs due to new "scrubber" technologies that filter the exhaust air in
smoke stacks; however, emission levels of various pollutants are still on average several times
greater than natural gas power plants. In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power
plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur
dioxide into the air.
3. P a g e | 2
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
Types of Power Plants
On the basis of thermodynamic cycles or working mechanism, power plants can be categorized
as followed
Thermal Power Plant
Hydro-Electric Power Plant
Nuclear Power Plant
Renewable Energy Plants
Commissioning of a Power Plant is a multi-Million Dollar Project. Furthermore, the venue of the
plant and its type adds further into the budget. I.e. Solar Plant is a costly project compared to
Simple Cycle Power Plant. But in long run Solar is found expensive and less energy is harvested.
Whereas, Simple Cycle Plant can run 24/7 provided supply of fuel is not compromised.
Following chart displays facts and figures of different types of Power Station.
4. P a g e | 3
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
Thermodynamic Cycles – Power Plant______
One of the most important application of Thermodynamics is Power Generation. The devices
or systems used to produce a net power output are often calledengines, and the thermodynamic
cycles they operate on are called power cycles.
5. P a g e | 4
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
Gas cycles, the working fluid remains in the gaseous phase throughout the entire cycle.
Vapor cycles the working fluid exists in the vapor phase during one part of the cycle and
in the liquid phase during another part.
Otto Cycle – SI Engines
Otto Cycle is the only thermodynamic cycle used
today in SI engines was first developed in
Germany in 1876 by Nikolaus A. Otto. The 4-
Stroke SI engines comprise of four mechanical
process and two revolutions of the Crankshaft
Assuming the piston is at TDC1 at start-up, all
valves are closed. The piston travels downwards
towards BDC2, during the process inlet valve
opens and fresh charge3 enters the cylinder, this
is the Intake Stroke. Soon after reaching BDC inlet
valve closes and piston travels to TDC
compressing the freshly entered charge, this is
the Compression Stroke. The Spark-plug situated
at TDC ignites the charge to produce the Power
Stroke, the piston is forced downwards to BDC.
The piston then returns to TDC, while exhaust
valves are open, this is the Exhaust Stroke.
1 Top dead center TDC is the position of the piston when it forms the smallestvolume in the cylinder.
2 BDC Bottom Dead Center is the position of the piston when itforms the largestvolume in the cylinder.
3 Charge is the air-fuel mixtureentering the IC engine.
Thermodynamics
Cycles
Gas Cycles Vapor Cycles
6. P a g e | 5
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
The actual and ideal process diagrams are shown in figure.
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
There exist2-Stroke Gasolineengines but they aren’t popular now due to their inefficiencies.Low
thermal and net efficiency. They work on the same principle and thermodynamic process as 4-
Stroke engines. The MEP4 and Compression Ratio5 “r” for a Gasoline engine are also a major
factor to consider. In SI engines compression ratio ranges from 6-10 before Auto-Ignition and
knocking.
Diesel Cycle – CI Engines
Diesel Cycle is the only thermodynamic cycle used today
in CI Engines.During 1890s Rudolph Dieselproposed the
Diesel Cycle which is used today in modern Diesel
engines. Different from SI engines, CI engines have
Glow-plug and Fuel Injector in against to Spark-plug and
Carburetor in SI engines. The compression ratios are
higher in CI engines due to the elimination of knocking6
phenomenon and auto-ignition 7since only air is
compressed in the cylinder. The compression is high
enough to reach the self-ignition temperature of the
fuel. Thus at the end of compression stroke fuel is
injected through the nozzle into the compressed air
stream having temperatures higher then self-ignition
temperature of the fuel (self-ignition temperature of
Diesel is 256oC). The compression ratios in CI engines
ranges from 12-24. The function of the glow-plug is to
preheat the air in the cylinder at start-up only.
4 Mean Effective Pressureis a fictitiouspressurethat,if it acted on the piston duringthe entire power stroke,
would produce the same amount of net work as that produced duringthe actual cycle.
5 Compression ratio r of an engine is the ratio of the maximum volume formed in the cylinder to the minimum
(clearance) volume.
6 is the audiblenoiseoccurringin the engine because of auto-ignition,the premature ignition of the fuel.
7 Auto-ignition is the premature ignition of the fuel that produces an audiblenoise,which is called engineknock.
7. P a g e | 6
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
The Thermodynamic process as shown in fig(a) is elaborated as followed.
1-2 Isentropic Compression
2-3 Constant Pressure Heat Addition
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
4-1 Constant Volume Heat Rejection
The higher efficiency and lower fuel costs of diesel engines make them attractive in applications
requiring relatively large amounts of power, such as in locomotive engines, emergency power
generation units, large ships, and heavy trucks.
The EDG (emergency diesel generator) used in BQPS II – K-Electric is a 1.8MW V-16 CI Engine.
Brayton Cycle – GT Engines
Brayton Cycle on a Gas Turbine was first
proposed by George Brayton and his first
development came into existence in 1870.
Gas Turbines operate on an open cycle as shown
in fig. 9-29. Fresh Air at ambient8 conditions is
sucked into the compressor where it’s
temperature and pressure are raised. The
compression ratio ranges from 15-40 in modern
GTs. The compressed air then travels to the
combustion chamber where the burners are
present and fuel is injected and burned at
constant pressure. The high temperature and
pressure gases then expands in the turbine
section where it’s pressure is reduced back to
ambient or atmospheric pressure.
8 Ambient conditions arethe liveatmospheric temperature and pressurereadings.
8. P a g e | 7
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
The Thermodynamic Brayton cycle as closed cycle is as
followed.
1-2 Isentropic compression 9(in a compressor)
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
The T-s and P-v diagrams of an ideal Brayton cycle are shown
in Fig. 9–31.
The two major application areas of gas-turbine engines are
aircraft propulsion and electric power generation. When it is
used for aircraft propulsion, the gas turbine produces just
enough power to drive the compressor and a small generator
to power the auxiliary equipment. The high-velocity exhaust
gases are responsible for producing the necessary thrust to
propel the aircraft. Gas turbines are also used as stationary
power plants to generate electricity as stand-alone units or in
conjunction with steampower plants on the high-temperature
side.In these plants,the exhaust gases of the gas turbine serve
as the heat source for the steam.
There are 3 GTs General ElectricPG9171E - 129.1 MW installed
in BQPS II K-Electric.
9 Isentropic process is an internally reversibleand adiabatic process.In such a process theentropy remains
constant.
9. P a g e | 8
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
Rankine Cycle – ST Engine
Rankine Cycle is a type of Vapor cycle, based on
closed cycle configuration. An Ideal Rankine
Cycle involves the following thermodynamic
processes.
1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a
condenser
The saturated water in entered into the pump at
state 1 where its compressed and pressure is
increased to boiler operating pressure. The temperature is also raised in the isentropic
compression process from state 1 to state 2. The saturated compressed water is then entered in
the boiler region where it exits as a high temperature and pressure Super-Heated Vapor at state
3. The energy required for phase
transformation is provided through a nuclear
reactor, Coal or Natural Gas burner or through
the exhaust of GT in HRSG. The super-heated
vapor at about 90-100bar pressure then enters
into the turbine section where it drives the
Steam Turbine, from state 3 to state 4. The low
pressure wet steam at the exit of the turbine is
then drawn into the condenser, where pressure
is maintained below atmospheric pressure. The
condenser acts as a heat sink where all the heat
of wet steam is extracted and saturated water
is re-produced from state 4 to state 1.
The ST’s used in conjunction with GTs have a net efficiency of 45%, installed in BQPS II K-Electric.
10. P a g e | 9
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
Combined Cycle Power Plants
The conquest to produce more power brings us to
mechanical limit, where more energy was at expense
of material design and metallurgy. Here Combined
Cycle was introduced, boosting the relative efficiency
to 45% and in some cases 60%for Advanced Combined
Cycle Power Plants.
A combined cycle is a junction of Gas cycle and Vapor
Cycle. Brayton and Rankine cycle and junction
together to give higher work output.
The Exhaust of aGT is a very high temperature gas.The
temperature of exhaust ranges from 500-700oC+.
Since over time the metallurgy of the material used in
GT has improved and is more temperature resistant
was ceramic coating and can bear upto 1500oC+
temperature, resulting in higher exhaust temperature.
The exhaust gases then are sent to heat exchangers
HRSG (heat regenerative steam generation), here the
heat of exhaust is exchanged with the boiler water.
This results in high super-heated vapor formation for
running a ST. The pressure of super-heated vapor is
maintained at 90-100bar before sending it to the ST.
The efficiencies of a CCPP is 45% at average. The
evolution of mechanical design and calibration has
resulted into a more productive and lower cost energy
production.
The two cycles in the combined cycle system are
independent, with the syncing medium is a heat
exchanger HRSG.
A 560MW CCPP Bin Qasim Power Station II K-Electric
was commissioned in 2012 and is fully operational.
11. P a g e | 10
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi ME-305 Batch 2013-17 Mechanical Department
Submitted to Dr. Prof. Ahmed Hussain NED University of Engineering and Technology
References
1. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook – Meherwan P. Boyce 2nd Edition
2. Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach – Yunus A. Cengel
3. Internal Combustion Engines – G.W. Ganeson
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station