The document provides an overview of 3G standards and the radio access network architecture. It discusses the reasons for switching from 2G to 3G technologies, including higher data rates and improved security. It then describes the components of the UMTS network architecture, including user equipment, Node B base stations, radio network controllers, mobile switching centers, and connections to external networks. The document also compares 2G and 3G network structures.

1. 3G STANDARDS OVERVIEW
&
RADIO ACCESS NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
Basic of 3G technologies

2. 3G standards overview
 Reasons to switch from 2G to 3G
 The main advantage of 3G technology is that is has much
higher data rate (384kbps up to 2 Mbps).
 3G technology offers a high level of security as compared to
2G technology.
 3G technologies provide improved telephone service and
significantly increased system capacity.

3.  3G data speed
 Second-generation systems only provide speeds from 9.6
kbit/s to 28.8 kbit/s.
 WCDMA is commonly operated on the Channel Bandwidth
5 MHz And 384kbps bit rate.
 High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) can support
down-link speeds of up to 42.3 Mbit/s and High Speed
Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) can support up-link speeds
of up to5.76 Mbit/s.
 HSPA+ can support 168 (Mbit/s) to the mobile device
(downlink) and 22 Mbit/s from the mobile device (uplink)

4.  Background on UMTS
 December 1, 2001 Telenor launched in Norway the first
commercial UMTS network.
 December 19, 2001 Nortel Networks and Vodafone in Spain
completed first live international UMTS 3GPP standard
roaming calls between Madrid (Vodafone network) and
Tokyo (J-Phone network).
 January 31, 2003 Ericsson conducts the world's first IPv6
over 3G UMTS/WCDMA network demonstration.
 December 16, 2004 (Freeze date) UMTS Release 6

5.  History on development towards WCDMA
 Since 1985, ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
has been developing IMT-2000, previously termed Future
Public Land Mobile Telephone System (FPLMTS).
 In 1992, the World Administrative Radio Conference
(WARC) of the ITU identified the frequencies around 2 GHz
for future 3rd generation mobile systems, both terrestrial and
satellite.
 Within the ITU, the 3rd generation systems are called
International Mobile Telephony 2000 (IMT-2000). In
Europe, it is called UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone
Service).

6. Radio Access Network Architecture
UMTS-3G Network Architecture Block is given below

7. Comparison between 2G and 3G structure

8. UE (User Equipment)
 The UE is the hardware that a user uses to access the
network. Example- Mobile.
 It is consisted of ME (Mobile Equipment) and
USIM(UTMS subscriber identity module).
 The USIM is a smartcard that holds the subscriber
identity, performs authentication algorithms, and
stores authentication and encryption keys and some
subscription information that is needed at the
terminal.

9. UE (User Equipment)

10. Node B
Communicates directly with UE.
Is controlled by an RNC (Radio Network Controller).
Sends voice information and data and control
signaling to the UE(User Equipment).
Assigns and maintains the voice channels through
which the UE communicates with another user.

11. Node B

12. RNC (Radio Network Controller)
Controls Node B.
Provides Soft hand-off.
Manages radio channels and the terrestrial
channels.
Each RNC is connected to a SGSN the packet
switched part of the core network through the Iu-
ps interface, thus provides internet usage option to
the UEs.

13. RNC (Radio Network Controller)

14. MSC (Mobile switching Centre)
 Works as a normal switching node.
 Inter-MSC handovers and Call routing to a mobile
subscriber.
 Provides an interface to the PSTN so that calls can be
routed from the mobile network to a phone connected to
a landline.

15. HLR (Home Location Register)
 HLR is a central database that contains details of each
mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the
GSM core network.
 The HLRs store details of every SIM card issued by the
mobile phone operator.

16. VLR (Visitor Location Register)
 It informs the HLR that a subscriber has arrived in the
particular area covered by the VLR.
 Tracks where the subscriber is within the VLR area
(location area) when no call is ongoing.
 Allows or disallows which services the subscriber may
use.

17. GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching
Center)
Find and interrogate HLR for roaming number.
Route the call according to the interrogation.
Enable calls to be made to mobiles on different
networks

18. SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
Delivers data packets from and to the mobile stations
within its geographical service area.
Packet routing and transfer, mobility management,
logical link management, and authentication and
charging functions.

19. GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
The GGSN is responsible for the internetworking
between the GPRS network and external packet
switched networks.
Mobile-originated packets are routed to the right
network by the GGSN.
The GGSN converts the GPRS packets coming from
the SGSN into the appropriate packet data protocol
(PDP) format

20. External networks
An external network consists of:
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
ISDN (Integrated Services for Digital Network)
Internet
PSTN, PLMN, ISDN etc are connected with the GMSC
(Gateway MSC) of the core network.

21. How these all elements are connected in a way
to establish a call?
 Mobile to Mobile:

22. Mobile to Mobile under different network

23.  Mobile to PSTN:

24.  UE’s Use of Internet:

25. Network Architecture
 Physical layer-
 Sending bits through physical medium
 Error detection , channel coding, modulation
 Data link layer-
 Appropriately framing the message
 Providing the mechanism of sharing the medium
 Medium access(MAC)layer
 Network layer-
 Routing over the subnets
 Congestion control
 To provide communication over asymmetric networks
 Transport layer-
 End to end data recovery
 Flow control
 Ensuring complete data transfer
 Application layer-
 The interface with the user for an application
 Email, FTP HTTP

26. WCDMA OSI model
Logical channels
(What is transmitted)
Transport channels
(How it is transmitted)
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Physical Layer
Medium Access Control (MAC)
RLC RLC RLC
Physical channels
(Code,frequency,etc)

27. WCDMA OSI MODEL
Layer 1-Physical layer
 This layer is responsible for transporting data across the
available physical path (radio link).
 Layer 2-Datalink layer
 It is the upper neighbor of the physical layer. 3GPP divides it into
the radio link control (RLC) and the medium access control
(MAC) layer. It delivers data block by block to layer 1 via
transport channels (or fetches the data when receiving).
Layer 3-Network layer
 It is also known as RRC layer.RRC layer is directly above the
layer 2 and is responsible for radio resource control.

28. What is a Femtocell?
 Mobile phone base station for home/office
 Connects via broadband internet
 Provides excellent capacity/coverage

29. What problems do they solve?
coverage
capacity
Area

30. What types of Femtocell are there?
DOMESTIC
ENTERPRISE
METRO-FEMTO

31. How do they work?

32. Some technical issues of FemtoCell
Interference
 The placement of a femtocell has a critical effect on the
performance of the wider network, and this is one of the key
issues to be addressed for successful deployment.
Emergency calls
Access control
 There are issues in this regard for access point base
stations sold to consumers for home installation, for
example. Further, a consumer might try to carry their
base station with them to a country where it is not
licensed.
Handover

33. ANTENNA SUBSYTEM TYPES
 Cell splitting:
 subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells each with its own base
station .
 Cell splitting increases the capacity of cellular.
 It increases the number of times the channel are reused
microcell

34. ANTENNA SUBSYTEM TYPES
Sectoring:
 The sectoring is done by replacing a single Omni-directional antenna
with 3 directional antennas(120sectoring)or with 6 directional
antennas(60sectoring)
 Achieves capacity improvement by essentially rescaling the system.
 less co-channel interference, number of cells in a cluster can be reduced
 Larger frequency reuse factor, larger capacity.

35. 3G UMTS frequencies

36. We see that there are 15 slots in a frame
and each slot time, Ts = .667ms. There are
2560 chips in each slot.
UMTS time
slot:
UMTS has several
different time slot
configuration
depending on the
used channel.

37. UMTS Channels
 There are three types of channel in WCDMA. They
are:
Logical channels.
Transport channels.
Physical channels.

38. UMTS Interfaces
Cu Interface: this is the electrical interface
between the USIM smartcard and the ME.
Uu Interface: this is the WCDMA radio interface
Iu Interface: this connects UTRAN to the CN.
Iur Interface: the open Iur interface allows soft
handover between RNCs from different
manufacturers.
Iub Interface: the Iub connects a Node B and an
RNC.

39. UMTS Quality of service(QoS)
 What is QoS ?
 Quality of Service (QoS) in cellular networks is
defined as the capability of the cellular service
providers to provide a satisfactory service which
includes voice quality, signal strength, low call
blocking and dropping probability, high data rates
for multimedia and data applications etc.

40. UMTS Link Budget
What is link budget ?
 Link budget planning is part of the network planning
process, which helps to dimension the required
coverage, capacity and quality of service requirement
in the network.
A simple link budget equation looks like this:
Received Power (dBm) = Transmitted Power (dBm) +
Gains (dB) − Losses (dB)