It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is the most commonly used method to support voice services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks today, as the deployment of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is still in its infancy.
VoLTE Voice over LTE Explained - Complete End to End VoLTE Overview - What is...Vikas Shokeen
Complete End to End Tutorial on Fundamentals & Basics of VoLTE , IMS Technology & VoLTE Overview ( Voice Over LTE )
- What is VoLTE
- Network Evolution to VoLTE
- How to Enable VoLTE in handset
- Differences between VoLTE & CSFB Call
- Voice call in LTE & VoLTE Networks
- Evolution of Voice Call
- VoLTE - Benefits for Users
- VoLTE - Benefits for Operators
- VoLTE Challenges
- Congestion handling for VoLTE Traffic
5G Interview Questions: 50 Questions on Spectrum3G4G
These slides are for information purposes only. The questions asked in this has been covered in other tutorials and opinion videos. The latest PDF version of this document can be downloaded from here: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/5Gtech_Interview0001_Spectrum.pdf
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
I have described VoLTE IMS Architecture in simplified way . Are you also finding 3GPP Specs complicated & Complex for VoLTE IMS . It covers Role played by individual Networks Elements as mentioned below :-
# VoLTE SIP Handset : SIP Support , UAC , UAS , User Agent , SIP-UA
# Underlying LTE Network : MME , SGW , PGW , PCRF , HSS , Dedicated Bearer , QCI , Default Bearer
# IMS Core : SIP Servers , P-CSCF , I-CSCF , S-CSCF , TAS , MMTEL , BGw , MRF , ATCF , ATGW , IBCF , MGCF , IM-MGW , TrGW
# Voice Core or PSTN Network for Break-in or Break-out Calls
A presentation / video looking at 5G spectrum auctions and allocations and how different types of spectrum is required for providing a perfect 5G coverage
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
VoLTE Basic callflows in IMS network v2 - includes Registration, Basic VoLTE Call, SDP, Interconnect, Roaming, highlights important SIP headers for session routing and user identities.
Aide à la Planification Cellulaire dans un Réseau LTE (4G)Fatiha Merazka
Les réseaux de télécommunications ont pris de plus en plus d'importance dans notre vie quotidienne. Pour satisfaire au mieux les besoins et les intérêts des clients, les opérateurs doivent pouvoir offrir, au meilleur prix, des services d'excellente qualité. C'est dans ce cadre que s'inscrit le problème de planification cellulaire des réseaux qui consiste à optimiser les coûts engendréspar l'installation et l'utilisation du système. Une planification bien effectuée a pour effet de réduire le temps de mise en marche, le coût des dépenses d'investissement ainsi que le coût des dépenses opérationnelles.
Le réseau mobile est aujourd'hui un domaine en pleine effervescence. Pendant la dernière décennie, les évolutions de télécommunications ont explosé une nouvelle gamme de service qui a écarté les services classiques afin de satisfaire l’augmentation du nombre des utilisateurs et les exigences de taux de données élevés.
Cette motivation laisse les générations mobiles se succéder et se développer, de la technologie GSM vers un système de paquets tout IP optimisé dénommé Long Term Evolution (LTE).
L’opérateur se trouve, devant ces technologies, obligé de répondre à la croissance continue du trafic, avec une faible latence, une meilleure fiabilité, et une meilleure efficacité spectrale par rapport aux précédentes générations. Ces exigences ont stimulé les évolutions des réseaux pour mettre aujourd’hui le premier pas vers la quatrième génération avec LTE.
A ce stade, l’opérateur doit réduire le coût d’investissement et augmenter la qualité de service pour assurer la rentabilité.
Pour le faire il doit passer par les phases primordiales : dimensionnement et planification de système radio mobile, qui consiste à déterminer l'ensemble des composantes matérielles et logicielles de ces systèmes, les positionner, les interconnecter et les utiliser de façon optimale, en respectant, entre autres, une série de contraintes de qualité de service.
De façon générale, le problème de planification fait intervenir plusieurs sous-problèmes avec chacun un niveau de complexité différent. Dans ce travail, le sous-problème qui est traité concerne l'affectation des cellules aux commutateurs. Ce problème consiste à déterminer un modèle d'affectation qui permet de minimiser le coût d'investissement des équipements du réseau 4G, tout en maximisant l'utilisation faite des équipements du réseau 3G déjà en place.
Ainsi, la solution proposée est un modèle qui décrit la marche à suivre lors de la planification initiale d’un réseau LTE qui se base sur la planification et le dimensionnement des zones de suivi ou Tracking Area.
Dans ce projet, nous allons donc effectuer une planification et un dimensionnement des zones Tracking Area.
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is the most commonly used method to support voice services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks today, as the deployment of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is still in its infancy.
VoLTE Voice over LTE Explained - Complete End to End VoLTE Overview - What is...Vikas Shokeen
Complete End to End Tutorial on Fundamentals & Basics of VoLTE , IMS Technology & VoLTE Overview ( Voice Over LTE )
- What is VoLTE
- Network Evolution to VoLTE
- How to Enable VoLTE in handset
- Differences between VoLTE & CSFB Call
- Voice call in LTE & VoLTE Networks
- Evolution of Voice Call
- VoLTE - Benefits for Users
- VoLTE - Benefits for Operators
- VoLTE Challenges
- Congestion handling for VoLTE Traffic
5G Interview Questions: 50 Questions on Spectrum3G4G
These slides are for information purposes only. The questions asked in this has been covered in other tutorials and opinion videos. The latest PDF version of this document can be downloaded from here: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/5Gtech_Interview0001_Spectrum.pdf
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
I have described VoLTE IMS Architecture in simplified way . Are you also finding 3GPP Specs complicated & Complex for VoLTE IMS . It covers Role played by individual Networks Elements as mentioned below :-
# VoLTE SIP Handset : SIP Support , UAC , UAS , User Agent , SIP-UA
# Underlying LTE Network : MME , SGW , PGW , PCRF , HSS , Dedicated Bearer , QCI , Default Bearer
# IMS Core : SIP Servers , P-CSCF , I-CSCF , S-CSCF , TAS , MMTEL , BGw , MRF , ATCF , ATGW , IBCF , MGCF , IM-MGW , TrGW
# Voice Core or PSTN Network for Break-in or Break-out Calls
A presentation / video looking at 5G spectrum auctions and allocations and how different types of spectrum is required for providing a perfect 5G coverage
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
VoLTE Basic callflows in IMS network v2 - includes Registration, Basic VoLTE Call, SDP, Interconnect, Roaming, highlights important SIP headers for session routing and user identities.
Aide à la Planification Cellulaire dans un Réseau LTE (4G)Fatiha Merazka
Les réseaux de télécommunications ont pris de plus en plus d'importance dans notre vie quotidienne. Pour satisfaire au mieux les besoins et les intérêts des clients, les opérateurs doivent pouvoir offrir, au meilleur prix, des services d'excellente qualité. C'est dans ce cadre que s'inscrit le problème de planification cellulaire des réseaux qui consiste à optimiser les coûts engendréspar l'installation et l'utilisation du système. Une planification bien effectuée a pour effet de réduire le temps de mise en marche, le coût des dépenses d'investissement ainsi que le coût des dépenses opérationnelles.
Le réseau mobile est aujourd'hui un domaine en pleine effervescence. Pendant la dernière décennie, les évolutions de télécommunications ont explosé une nouvelle gamme de service qui a écarté les services classiques afin de satisfaire l’augmentation du nombre des utilisateurs et les exigences de taux de données élevés.
Cette motivation laisse les générations mobiles se succéder et se développer, de la technologie GSM vers un système de paquets tout IP optimisé dénommé Long Term Evolution (LTE).
L’opérateur se trouve, devant ces technologies, obligé de répondre à la croissance continue du trafic, avec une faible latence, une meilleure fiabilité, et une meilleure efficacité spectrale par rapport aux précédentes générations. Ces exigences ont stimulé les évolutions des réseaux pour mettre aujourd’hui le premier pas vers la quatrième génération avec LTE.
A ce stade, l’opérateur doit réduire le coût d’investissement et augmenter la qualité de service pour assurer la rentabilité.
Pour le faire il doit passer par les phases primordiales : dimensionnement et planification de système radio mobile, qui consiste à déterminer l'ensemble des composantes matérielles et logicielles de ces systèmes, les positionner, les interconnecter et les utiliser de façon optimale, en respectant, entre autres, une série de contraintes de qualité de service.
De façon générale, le problème de planification fait intervenir plusieurs sous-problèmes avec chacun un niveau de complexité différent. Dans ce travail, le sous-problème qui est traité concerne l'affectation des cellules aux commutateurs. Ce problème consiste à déterminer un modèle d'affectation qui permet de minimiser le coût d'investissement des équipements du réseau 4G, tout en maximisant l'utilisation faite des équipements du réseau 3G déjà en place.
Ainsi, la solution proposée est un modèle qui décrit la marche à suivre lors de la planification initiale d’un réseau LTE qui se base sur la planification et le dimensionnement des zones de suivi ou Tracking Area.
Dans ce projet, nous allons donc effectuer une planification et un dimensionnement des zones Tracking Area.
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems. In this paper, authors show interest on the security features and the cryptographic algorithms used to ensure confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data. A closer look is taken upon EPS confidentiality and integrity algorithms. The authors also defined AKA, AS and NAS security and key derivations during normal Attach process and Handover also.
Comparison Static ICIC and Adaptive ICIC on TD-LTERay KHASTUR
The subscriber on the cell edge will have bad experience due to impact of this co-channel interference. There is function of SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) in LTE-TDD that is manipulated BW into several cell edge style. On Genex U-Net we can use this feature to minimize of inter cell interference, we can chose static ICIC or adaptive ICIC based on field condition.
LONG HAUL MULTI-GIGABIT MICROWAVE: A NEW APPROACHAviat Networks
As the data capacity demand on mobile phone and other wireless operator networks booms, their telecom backbones, or backhaul infrastructures, have struggled to keep pace. To get high volumes of data from coast to coast, operators have in more recent times relied on fiber optic technology for their voice and data traffic. However, for these long-haul operations, fiber lacks practicality, flexibility, cost effectiveness, security and quick time-to-market. Increasingly, operators are turning to the original long-haul telco solution to meet all these needs: microwave radio.
Microwave technology options are various and highly dependent on the specific application being deployed. However, by focusing on the three key factors of capacity, cost and reliability, a network operator can decide if all-indoor, split-mount or all-outdoor microwave radio is the best choice. These slides looks at these factors and microwave technology options.
Mobile phone generations (Protocols, Terminology,interfaces)AliVahedifar
A great power point about : 2G/3G/4G/5g/OSI/SS7/GSM/UMTS/SCCP(protocols,stack,interface)
with emphasis on the protocols and interfaces and communication.
We tried to make a regular list of the information provided.
and we tried to make mobile networks easier to train.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
Detailed presentation on Wireless Communication Technologies.
The communication technology has evolved to provide lower latency network, faster and efficient data services.
This presentation is for the people who are interested in mobile release and specifications announced by 3GPP every year, presentation cover all release up to release 12.
Introduction to 4G, with a historical background from 1G to 4G. Why wee need new generation? What is 4G? What is LTE? What are the architectural advantage of 4G? This presentation tries to answer these questions.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
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➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
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➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
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➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
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Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
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The key differences between the MDR and IVDR in the EUAllensmith572606
In the European Union (EU), two significant regulations have been introduced to enhance the safety and effectiveness of medical devices – the In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR) and the Medical Device Regulation (MDR).
https://mavenprofserv.com/comparison-and-highlighting-of-the-key-differences-between-the-mdr-and-ivdr-in-the-eu/
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This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
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VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirements
Lte
1. LTE Network and Radio Planning Design
Ali Al Sarraf
Ali Al Sarraf
1
Htc.alsarraf@gmail.com
2. •
•
•
•
•
LTE Introduction and Architecture Overview.
The LTE Radio Interface and Channels.
LTE Link Budgets.
Capacity Planning Principles.
CPE Testing Procedure.
Ali Al Sarraf
Course Outline
2
8. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High peak user data rates.
High average data throughput rates.
Low latency.
Guaranteed radio coverage.
Individual quality of service (QoS).
Service continuity between access networks.
Single sign-on to all network access.
Competitive prices, flat-rate fees.
Ali Al Sarraf
Typical Enablers for Next Generation Services
8
9. • The next child in a long generation of 3GPP standards
LTE
“Long Term Evolution”
GSM
WCDMA
GPRS
HSDPA
EDGE
HSUPA
E-EDGE
HSPA+
LTE
4G
LTE Advanced
Ali Al Sarraf
What is LTE ?
9
10. What Is 3GPP:
Ali Al Sarraf
• The 3rd Generation partnership project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration that was
established in December 1998. The collaboration agreement brings together
a number of telecommunications standards bodies which are known as
“Organizational partners”. The current Organizational partners from Asia,
Europe, and North America.
10
11. • To produce technical specifications and technical reports for a 3G Mobile
system based on evolved GSM core networks and radio access technologies
that they support.
• The scope was amended to include the maintenance and development of
the global system for mobile communication (GSM) technical specifications
and technical reports including evolved radio access technologies (e.g.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Rates for Evolution
(EDGE)).
Ali Al Sarraf
3GPP Scope
11
12. • Release 99: defined the original UMTS system, supporting circuit voice
services as well as theoretical peak date rates of up to 2 Mbps.
• Release 4: defined a bearer-independent circuit-switched architecture,
separating switched into gateways and controllers.
• Release 5: defined High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), which
boosted packet data rates to 14 Mbps on the downlink. Release 5 also
completed the design of IMS.
• Release 6: Increased data rated to more than 5 Mbps on the uplink with
High Speed Packet Access (HSUPA) and introduced support for multimedia
broadcast/multicast services (MBMS).
• Release 7: provided further enhancement to HSDPA and HSUPA, called
HSPA+, support for higher-order modulation and ( MIMO) antenna systems
offers a significant increase in data rates, potentially up to 42 Mbps.
• Release 8: defined the long term Evolution (LTE) systems, starting the
transition to 4G technology.
Ali Al Sarraf
3GPP Releases
12
13. • The global system of mobile communication (GSM) is the most popular 2G standard
for mobile communication. It is estimated that over 80% of the global market uses
GSM. Standardized in two phases in 1992-1995, GSM initially supported circuitswitched voice services, circuit-switched data at 2.4,4.8 and 9.6 Kbps, and introduced
Short Message Service (SMS).
• GSM release 96 introduced higher speed circuit-switched data rates.
• The 2G GSM network uses a 200 KHz air interface, and a Circuit Switched (CS) domain
for digital voice/signaling . The CS domain consists of one or more Mobile Switching
Centers (MSC) and Telephone Network (PSTN).
• The Home Location Register (HLR) contains the subscriber records, including
authentication information and services associated with a subscriber.
Ali Al Sarraf
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
CS Domain
RAN
BTS
BSC
MSC
GMSC
PSTN
200 KHz
13
HLR,
AUC
14. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
SGSN
MSC
BTS
GMSC
PSTN
BSC
200 KHz
• Introduced in GSM release 97, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a 2.5G packet
data network that shares the radio access network with GSM but has a separate
Packet Switch (PS) core network.
• In a GSM/GPRS network, data traffic is forwarded through the PS domain, while voice
and SMS traffic goes through the CS domain.
• GPRS consists of Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Nodes
(GGSN). SGSNs and GGSNs support IP mobility tunnels based on the GPRS Tunneling
Protocol (GTP),GPRS has theoretical data rates between 56 and 114 Kbps.
Ali Al Sarraf
RAN
SGSN
External
Data
Network
14
15. Enhanced Data Rates For GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Ali Al Sarraf
• Introduced in release 99, Enhanced Data Rates For GSM Evolution (EDGE) provides
coding and modulation improvements to GPRS that support minimum 3G data rates
from 236 Kbps to 473 Kbps depending on coding and modulation techniques used.
EDGE does not introduce any changes to the network other than coding and
modulation enhancements to the air interface to increase data speed.
PS Domain
GGSN
SGSN
RAN
BTS
External
Data
Network
GMSC
PSTN
HLR
AuC
BSC
MSC
CS Domain
15
16. • UMTS release 5 (R5) introduced big changes to the UMTS network. Beginning in R5, all traffic is
transported via the PS domain using IP. Because all traffic is now forwarded by the PS domain,
release 5 removes the circuit switch domain from the network architecture.
• Critical circuit switched functions, such as voice call setup, interconnecting with PSTN, and so on,
are preformed by the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). An R5 compliant UE must communicate
with IMS using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) signaling, and generate and receive voice over IP
traffic within the subscriber device.
• UMTS R5 also introduced High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), and it is increased peak
downlink throughput to 14.4 Mbps.
SGSN
Ali Al Sarraf
UMTS Release 5
IMS
GGSN
Voice, Data over IP
External
Data
Network
HSS
RAN
5 MHz
Node
B
RNC
PSTN
MSC
Server
16
BICC
WCDMA
MGW
MGW
PSTN
17. • With the introduction of High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), UMTS
release 6 increased the peak uplink speed to 5.76 Mbps. UMTS R6 also
enhanced IMS, and introduced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services
(MBMS) to support broadcast services such as Mobile TV.
• MBMS offers broadcast and/or multicast, unidirectional, point to multipoint
, multimedia flows.
• Broadcast and multicast are two completely different services. A broadcast
service is transmitted to all user devices which have the service activated in
their equipment. A service provider does not attempt to charge for limit the
broadcast transmission.
• In contrast, a multicast service is subscription-based. A UE must have
subscribed to the service and explicitly joined the multicast group to receive
the multicast transmission. A service provider may track, control, and charge
for multicast transmission.
• Examples of possible MBMS applications include audio/video streaming,
audio/video downloading, file downloading, and text/image distribution.
Ali Al Sarraf
UMTS Release 6
17
18. UMTS Release 6
MBMS
RAN
5 MHz
WCDMA
HSUPA
Node
B
IMS
RNC
HSS
External
Data
Network
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PS Domain
SGSN
GGSN
PSTN
18
19. UMTS Release 7
MBMS
PS Domain
SGSN
GGSN
RAN
5 MHz
WCDMA
HSPA+
MIMO
Node
B
Ali Al Sarraf
• Along with enhancing IMS, UMTS Release 7 introduced Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna technology and High Speed Packet
Access+ (HSPA+). MIMO antenna systems significantly improve radio
network throughput and coverage. HSPA+ with 2X2 MIMO increases uplink
speeds to 11.5 Mbps and downlink speeds to 22Mbps.
IMS
RNC
HSS
External
Data
Network
PSTN
19
20. • UMTS release 8 introduce the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN) And the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
• To reduce latency, the E-UTRAN collapsed the UMTS Node B and RNC
functionality into the evolved NodeB ( eNodeB). In addition to 5Mhz, the EUTRAN radio access network supports 1.4,3,10,15 and 20MHz Channels.
• R8 with 2X2 MIMO and 64 QAM modulation increases UL speeds to 23
Mbps, and DL Speeds to 42 Mbps.
• In the evolved packet core, the SGSN and GGSN are Replaced by the Serving
Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). The Mobility
Management Entity (MME) manages UE mobility and paging functions.
Ali Al Sarraf
UMTS Release 8 (LTE)
20
21. UMTS Release 8 (LTE)
MBMS
HSS
MME
RAN
Node
B
1.4 – 20 MHz
S-GW
P-GW
IMS
PSTN
Ali Al Sarraf
Evolved Packet Core
External
data
network
Evolved UTRAN
21
22. • The UMTS release 8 architecture consists of the EPC, E-UTRAN, and user
entities (UEs).
• The Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network (E-UTRAN) is defined by
UMTS Release 8 as Long Term Evolution (LTE).
• System Architecture Evolution (SAE) defines the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
The EPC is an all IP, packet switched network.
• The Evolved Packet System (EPS) includes the EPC, LTE, and the user
terminals called User Equipment (UE).
MME
S-GW
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EPS Architecture
P-GW
22
UE
eNodeB
eNodeB
UE
23. Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
S1
MME/S-GW
S1
S1
Ali Al Sarraf
MME/S-GW
S1
X2
E-UTRAN
X2
X2
23
24. • Radio Recourse Management (RRM): like radio bearer control and radio admission
control.
• IP header compression and encryption od the users data stream.
• Uplink/Downlink radio resource allocation in both the pulink and downlink.
• Transfer of paging messages over the air.
• Transfer of broadcast information over the air.
• Selection of the MME when attached to network.
• Handover management.
MME
S-GW
P-GW
Ali Al Sarraf
eNodeB Functions
External
Data
Network
24
eNodeB
25. • Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) contains a single elements
known as the evolved Node B (eNB). The eNB supports all the user plane
and control plane protocols to enable communication with the UE. It also
supports radio resource management, admission control, scheduling , uplink
QoS enforcement, cell broadcast, encryption and compression
/decompression of user data.
• The eNB is connected to the core network on the S1 interface. The S1
interface allows the eNB to communicate with Mobility Management Entity
(MME) via the S1-MME a many to many relationship between eNB and
SGW/MME.
• The eNB are also networked together using the X2 interface, the X2
interface is based on the same set of protocols as the S1 and is primarily in
place to allow user plane tunneling of packets during handover to minimize
packet loss.
Ali Al Sarraf
eNodeB Functions
25
26. X2 Interface
Multi-cell RRM (Radio Recourse Management)
Handover functions: handover cancellation.
Uplink load Management.
Tunneling of user packets.
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•
•
•
•
X2
eNodeB
eNodeB
X2
X2
eNodeB
Evolved -UTRAN
26
27. User Equipment
Ali Al Sarraf
The User Equipment (UE) must preform the following functions:
• Signal network entry and other state changes.
• Report its tracking area location while in idle mode.
• Request UL grants to transmit data while in active mode.
MME
S-GW
P-GW
External
Data
Network
27
eNodeB
28. The Evolved Packet Core network is an all IP, packet switched network. The
EPC consists of:
• Mobility Management Entity (MME) : key control node for the LTE access
network.
• Serving Gateway (S-GW) : routes and forwards data packets.
• Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) : provides connectivity to external
packet data networks.
External
Data
P-GW
Network
EPC
MME
Ali Al Sarraf
EPC Components
S-GW
28
eNodeB
29. Mobility Management Entity (MME)
Idle mode UE tracking and paging.
Bearer activation/deactivation.
Chooses S-GW for UE.
Authentication with HSS.
Assigns temporary identity to UE.
MME
S-GW
Ali Al Sarraf
•
•
•
•
•
P-GW
External
Data
Network
29
eNodeB
30. Mobility Management Entity (MME)
The primary signaling node in the EPC.
Managing and storing UE context.
Idle-state mobility control.
Distributing paging (Communicate with UE when the network does not
know the cell location for UE) massages to eNBs.
• Security control.
• Roaming , Authentications.
• Admission control and communication with the home HSS on the S6a
interface.
MME
S-GW
P-GW
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•
•
•
•
External
Data
Network
30
eNodeB
31. Serving Gateway
•
•
•
Internet
S5 Interface
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•
•
There are two Gateways in the EPC:
One facing towards the E-UTRAN (the S-GW).
One facing towards the external packet data
network (the P-GW).
S-GW functions:
Anchoring the user plane for inter-eNB
handover.
Anchoring the user plane for inter -3GPP
mobility (LTE with 3G).
Packet routing and forwarding.
S1 Interface
eNodeB
31
X2 Interface
32. •
•
•
•
•
•
P-GW functions:
Provide connectivity to the PDN and Packet routing for the UE.
Allocates IP addresses to the UE.
The entry and exit point for UE connectivity with external data networks.
Accounting and QoS.
Anchor the user plan during MME/SGW handover and during 3GPP-to Non3GPP handover.
Ali Al Sarraf
Packet Data Network Gateway
32
33. • The HSS is a user database that stores subscription-related information to
support other call control and session management entities.
• It’s a storehouse for user identification, numbering , service profiles and
location.
• It is mainly involved in user authentications and authorization.
• Generates security-related information.
Ali Al Sarraf
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
33
34. LTE SAE Reference Points
IMS
SGI
S2a
P-GW
S3
MME
S11
Ali Al Sarraf
SGI
UMTS
Non-3GPP
access
Internet
S5
S-GW
S1-MME
S1-U
X2
34
eNodeB
eNodeB
35. S1 Interface
Ali Al Sarraf
•
•
•
•
S1 Functionalities are split into C-Plane and U-plane Functionalities :
The S1 Control Plane:
Delivering a signaling between the eNB and MME.
Handover signaling procedure.
Paging procedure.
NAS transport procedure.
The S1 User plane:
• Responsible for delivering user data between the eNB and S-GW.
MME
S-GW
S1-MME
P-GW
SGi
S1-U
Uu
35
Uu
UE
eNodeB
X2
eNodeB
UE
36. • S2a/b: it provides the user plane with related control and mobility support
between a trusted/ not-trusted non-3GPP Ip access and the SAE anchor.
• S2a ( Between Trusted Non 3G and LTE P-GW)
• S2b( Between Non- Trusted Non 3G and LTE P-GW)
• S3: it enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access
system mobility in idle and/or active state. It is based on Gn reference point
defined between SGSNs.
• SGI: it is the reference point between the inter AS anchor and the packet
data network, packet data network may be an operator external public or
private packet data network or an intra operator packet data network.
Ali Al Sarraf
LTE Reference Points
36
37. Interworking with trusted 3GPP & Non 3GPP
Networks
• Trusted Non-3GPP Access
• Non-3GPP IP access describes access to the EPC by technologies not defined
by 3GPP. Non-3GPP access technologies include WiFi, WiMAX, fixed access
such as cable or DSL, and so on. System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
describes trusted and untrusted non-3GPP IP access.
• The individual carrier must decide if a non-3GPP network is trusted or
untrusted. This is a business decision and dies not depend on the access
network technology.
Ali Al Sarraf
• Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
• In 2G and 3G systems, the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is responsible
for the delivery of data packets to and from UEs within its geographical
service area. The SGSN provides the interfaces between the MME and S-GW
in the EPC.
37
38. Interworking with trusted 3GPP & Non 3GPP
Networks
PCRF
SGSN
S4, S12
GERAN,
UTRAN
HSS
MME
S-SW
P-GW
Ali Al Sarraf
S3
S2a/S2c
UE
eNodeB
Trusted
non-3GPP
Access
38
39. Evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG)
• The evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG) connects the LTE network to an
untrusted, non-3GPP network. To access the LTE network, the non-3GPP
subscriber must establish an IP Security (IPSec) tunnel via the ePDG. The
ePDG is the encapsulation- de capsulation point for Mobile IP / Proxy
Mobile IP (MIP/PMIP).
• The ePDG also authenticates, authorizes, and enforces QoS policies in
conjunction with the 3GPP AAA server.
3GPP AAA Server
• The 3GPP AAA server provides authentication, authorization, and
accounting services for untrusted non-3GPP IP access.
Ali Al Sarraf
Interworking with Untrusted 3GPP networks
39
40. Interworking with Untrusted 3GPP networks
HSS
MME
S-SW
Ali Al Sarraf
PCRF
P-GW
S2a/S2c
ePDG
3GPP
AAA
UE
eNodeB
UnTrusted
non-3GPP
Access
40
41. Two additional interfaces are specified, S3 and S4:
• S3 supports the user and bearer information exchange so the SGSN and the
MME during handover/cell reselection.
• QoS and user context will be exchange so the target system has all the
information required to re-establish the bearer on the new cell.
• S3 is based on the IP GN interface designed for 2G/3G core architecture.
• S4 carries the user plane data between the SGSN and the S-GW.
• The S-GW play the role of the mobility anchor in inter-system exchanges, it
has a very similar role to the GGSN in 2G/3G networks.
• The S4 interface is also based on the Gn interface.
Ali Al Sarraf
Inter working with 2G/3G Networks
41
42. Trusted access (the operator owns and operates the WLAN network):
• The user data sent directly to the P-GW via the IP based S2 interface.
• Information relating to subscriber profiles, authentication vectors, network
identity, charging and QoS information may all be provides to the WLAN
access via the Ta interface.
• The information is provided via the 3GPP AAA server which acts as an interworking point between the 3GPP and IETF worlds.
• The main purpose of the 3GPP AAA server is to allow end to end interaction,
such as authentications to take place using 3GPP credentials stored in the
HSS via the Wx interface.
Non-trusted case (a corporate entity has its own WLAN network):
• The ePDG (evolved Packet Data Gateway) element carried all the traffic from
the WLAN via a secure tunnel (IPSec) over the Wn interface.
• The Wn interface allows the user related data from the HSS via the 3GPP
AAA server, to be exchanged, ensuring proper tunneling and encryption
between the user terminal and the P-GW.
Ali Al Sarraf
NON-3GPP Access
42
43. • HeNB deployed as small E-UTRAN cells in domestic, small office etc.
• HeNB interconnects with the evolved Packet Core, over a fixed broadband
access network.
• Support for full mobility into and out of a HeNB Coverage including service
continuity where applicable.
• Operators and owners of HeNB will be able to control access to the
resources provided.
Ali Al Sarraf
LTE Femto Cells
43
44. • Femto Functions:
• HNB and HeNB deployed as small UTRA and E-UTRAN cells, respectively, in
domestic, small office and similar environments.
• The HNB and HeNB interconnects with the 3G core and evolved Packet
Core, respectively, over a fixed broadband access network.
• Support for full mobility into and out of a HeNB coverage including service
continuity where applicable.
• Operators and owners of HeNB and HNB will be able to control access to the
resources provided.
Ali Al Sarraf
Femto Cell
44
45. Handover
• Source eNB configures UE measurements.
• Source eNB receives UE measurement reports.
• HO decision is made and target eNB is selected by the source eNB.
S-GW
S1-MME
S1-U
Source
eNodeB
Control plane
User plane
User data
Ali Al Sarraf
MME
X2
eNodeB
Target
Measurements
45
UE
46. Handover
• HO request sent from source eNB to target eNB.
• Target eNB performs admission control and accespts the HO request.
• HO Ack. Sent to source eNB from target eNB.
S-GW
S1-MME
Ali Al Sarraf
MME
S1-U
HO Request
Source
eNodeB
Control plane
User plane
User data
HO ACK.
eNodeB
Target
Measurements
46
UE
47. Handover
• HO command is sent to the UE ( RRC connection reconfiguration including
the mobility control info.
• Data forwarding initiated towards the target eNB.
S-GW
S1-MME
S1-U
Source
eNodeB
Control plane
User plane
User data
Ali Al Sarraf
MME
X2
eNodeB
Target
HO Command
47
UE
48. Handover
• UE accesses the target eNB and confirms the HO (RACH procedure is
initiated and RRC connection reconfiguration complete is sent)
S-GW
S1-MME
Source
eNodeB
Ali Al Sarraf
MME
S1-U
eNodeB
Target
X2
HO Confirm
Control plane
User plane
User data
48
UE
49. •
•
•
•
•
•
Target eNB requests EPC to switch the data path
eNB MME : path switch request.
MME S-GW: modify bearer request.
S-GW MME: modify bearer response.
MME
eNB: path switch request ACK.
Target eNB notifies the source eNB that UE resources can be released.
MME
S-GW
S1-MME
Source
eNodeB
Ali Al Sarraf
Handover
S1-U
eNodeB
Target
X2
HO Confirm
Control plane
User plane
User data
UE
49
51. Self Organizing Networks
Automatic software management
Self test.
automatic neighbor relation configuration.
Tracking area planning .
Existing
eNodeB
Physical cell ID planning.
Load balancing.
Handover optimaisations.
New eNodeB
DHCP/DNS
S-GW
MME
OSS
Ali Al Sarraf
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Configuration
And
performance
51
52. • The objective of the self- configuration SON functionality is to reduce the
amount of human intervention in the overall installation process by
providing “plug and play” functionality in the eNodeBs.
• Self-Configuration of eNodeBs will reduce the amount of manual processes
involved in the planning, integration and configuration of new eNodeBs.
• This will result in a faster network deployment and reduced costs for the
operator.
Ali Al Sarraf
Self Organizing Networks (SON)
52
53. SON Processing
• After switching in eNB, its called Self Configuration starts.
• The eNB is already physically connected with the network, but the RF is still
switched off. An IP address and a connection to an O&M is assigned to the
eNB.
• After an authentication in the network, the eNB gets an association to the
MME and S-GW, and the connections to the core (S1)and to the neighbored
eNBs (X2) are established. Ig available there may be a software update.
• Also the physical cell identities (PCI) for all supported cells in the eNB are
assigned here, as these are required to go on air.
Self configuration
Ali Al Sarraf
SON Processing
Self Optimization
53
Self Healing
Switch on RF
54. SON Processing
The Self Optimization:
• This stage starts by switching in the RF.
• Mobiles may now connect with the cells and return feedback to improve
the initial radio configuration and also to adopt the to traffic load or
measured propagation conditions.
• For this feedback, existing RRC measurements have been extended.
Self configuration
Ali Al Sarraf
• After these basic setup procedures, the eNB gets the initial radio
configuration. This is comprised by the initial neighbor list, the coverage and
capacity related parameter configuration like transmission power, antenna
tilt, and all remaining parameters for operation. These parameters are
finally optimized at the next stage, the Self optimization.
Self Optimization
54
Self Healing
Switch on RF
55. SON Processing
Self Healing:
In the case of a failure, the so called Self Healing applies.
In case of a hardware failure, the eNB switches to a spare part.
In case of a failure was caused by a not properly running software update,
the eNB reloads a former software.
• When none of these remaining eNBs change their setting in order to fill the
coverage gap created by the failure.
Self configuration
Ali Al Sarraf
•
•
•
•
Self Optimization
55
Self Healing
Switch on RF