The document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It discusses that LTE is the next generation mobile network standard that uses an all-IP flat network architecture. LTE networks employ OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. Key performance targets of LTE include peak data rates of over 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink, low latency, and improved spectrum efficiency. The document also outlines the LTE network architecture including components like the eNodeB, MME, SGW, and PGW.

2.  Bharti Airtel Limited, commonly known as Airtel. Airtel is the
fifth largest telecom operator in the world with over 207.8 million
subscribers across 19 countries at the end of 2010.
 The company was founded on July 7, 1995 by its chairman and
MD Mr. SUNIL BHARTI MITTAL.
 Airtel is the 3rd largest in-country mobile operator by subscriber
base, behind China Mobile and China Unicom .

3. LTE : INTRODUCTION
LTE : TECHNOLOGY INSIGHT
LTE FEATURES

4. What is LTE ?
Driving Forces Behind LTE
LTE Vendor Ecosystem
LTE & 2G/3G Interworking Network Architecture
LTE Network Architecture - EPS
Technology Standardization Timeline
LTE Performance Targets
LTE Market Assessment
Overview of TD-LTE Market
LTE Indian Market Scenario
3GPP Worldwide LTE Bands [ FDD & TDD ]
Radio Technology Options
LTE Modes : TDD & FDD

5. “LTE” stands for Long -Term Evolution
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation 3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project) radio access network
LTE has an all IP Flat Network Architecture
LTE consists of SAE (System Architecture Evolution) And E-UTRAN, together known
as EPS (Evolved Packet System)
LTE works on 2 duplexing methods: TDD (Time Division Duplex) & FDD (Frequency
Division Duplex)

6. Higher peak
rate
Higher
bandwidth
Low
delay/latency
Low OPEX
Flexible
bandwidth
Low cost per
bit
Simpler
operation
Duplex
flexibility:
FDD and
TDD

7. Higher Performance : Downlink - >100 Mbps & Uplink - >50 Mbps
Seamless Mobility : Optimized for low mobile speeds (0 -15 kmph)
Wide Applications : Video on demand and Pay TV, Online Gaming
Backward Compatible : CS Fallback and Supports hand-over and
roaming to existing mobile networks
Reduced CAPEX/OPEX : Less complexity in RAN and Flat IP architecture

8. FDD requires two radios at each end of a
link; one transmitting while the other
receives.
Efficient when the traffic is fairly
constant and balanced in both directions.
TDD send and receive both voice and
data over the same radio channel.
It provide much better data rates on
one radio channel in case of burstly IP
type traffic.

9. Technology Standardization Timeline
The Evolution of Mobile Technologies

10. OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface
User 1 User 2 User 3 User ..
2G 3G 4G

11. The Bandwidth allocated for INDIA is 2.3 GHz

12. ***Source : www.gsacom.com
[Latest by 2011, Aug 31st ]
 174 LTE network commitments in 64 countries
 63 pre-commitments trials in 21 more
countries
 26 commercial LTE networks launched
 At least 93 LTE networks are expected to be
in commercial service by end 2012
237 operators in 85 countries are
investing in LTE

13. Confirms LTE as the fastest developing mobile system technology ever
Some industry market forecasts
Juniper Research : Global LTE service revenues will exceed $200bn by 2015
Infonetics : The number of LTE subscribers is forecast to top 290 million by 2015
Pyramid Research : India set to have over 17 million mobile broadband customers using
LTE TDD networks by the end of 2016 following the launch of BWA (Broadband Wireless
Access) services

14. CHINA Mobile
Airtel
Softbank
Mobile
Vodafone
Aero2
E-Plus
Clearwire
The Global TD-LTE Initiative (GTI) was launched at
MWC 2011
GTI aims to bring together leading industry partners to
steer the TD-LTE ecosystem
GTI will focus on promoting the convergence of LTE
TDD and FDD modes

15. The 2.3 GHz BWA auction began with 11 companies bidding for 2 blocks in
each of the 22 circles.
Operators No. of Circles Circles
Infotel 22 All Circles
Aircel 8
AP, Tamil Nadu, WB, Orissa,
Assam, Bihar, N-E, J&K
Bharti Airtel 4
Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Punjab, Kolkata
Tikona Digital 5
Gujarat, UP(E), UP(W),
Rajasthan, HP
Qualcomm 4 Delhi, Mumbai, Kerala, Haryana
Augere 1 Maharashtra
The State operators BSNL (20 Circles) and MTNL (2 Circles) have already been
given spectrum , ahead of the private players.
LTE is yet to be launched in INDIA

16. Chipset vendors ODM Vendors Infrastructure Vendors

17. The overall EPS network architecture, giving an overview of the functions provided
by the Core Network (CN or EPC) and E-UTRAN.

18. Each UE category supports different peak data rates in UL/DL
64 QAM is supported in DL by all UE categories; UL support for 64 QAM only UE category
5

19. e-Node functions :
 Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio
Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of
resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink(scheduling);
 IP header compression and encryption of user data stream ;
 Selection of an MME at UE attachment;
 Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;

20. Mobility Management Entity
 Interacts with HSS for user authentication, profile download, etc.;
Idle state mobility handling;
 Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication;
 NAS signaling;

21. Serving Gateway
 Anchor point in visited network for 3GPP Access (2G/3G/LTE)
 Processes all IP packets to/from UE (QoS control, LI)
 Retains information about bearers when UE is in idle state (ECM-IDLE)

22. Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)
 IP address allocation for the UE;
 QoS enforcement and flow based charging acc. to rules from the PCRF;
 filtering of downlink user IP packet based on TFTs;
 mobility anchor for inter-working with non-3GPP technologies

23. Policy & Charging Rule Function
 responsible for policy control decision-making;
 controlling the flow based charging functionalities;
 QoS authorization in accordance with user’s subscription profile.

24. Home Subscriber Services (HSS)
Centralized database holding user profile;
 Interacts with MME for user authentication and profile download
 Stores current location information (ex. assigned MME, Serving SGW)
 One or more subscription profiles containing IMSI, QoS, Services, etc.

25. Air Interface – Multiple access technology
LTE TDD – radio frame structure
LTE Downlink : OFDMA
LTE Uplink : SC-FDMA
Cyclic Prefix
Field measurement parameters
Downlink Resource Block

26. Frame structure (Type 2)
DwPTS = Downlink Pilot Time Slot
GP = Guard Period for DL/UL switching
UpPTS = Uplink Pilot Time Slot

27. LTE consists of time domain and
frequency domain resources :
The minimum unit for schedule is RB
(Resource Block)

28. In areas where inter-symbol interference is expected, it can be avoided by
inserting a guard period into the timing at the beginning of each data symbol.
This is known as the cyclic prefix, CP.
The length of the cyclic prefix, CP is important.
 If it is not long enough, then it will not counteract the multipath reflection
delay spread.
 If it is too long, then it will reduce the data throughput capacity.
For LTE, the standard length of the cyclic prefix has been chosen to be 4.69
µs.
Sequence 101101 is to be sent, dashed line is
the shape that is actually sent
Each symbol is spread by a medium

29. Disadvantage : High PAPR.
 Carriers have a common, precisely-chosen frequency spacing equal to the inverse of the
duration of the "active symbol period" over which the receiver will examine the signal
 The demodulator for one carrier does not "see" the modulation of the others =
"Orthogonality" = There is no "Carrier Interference”
 A “Guard Period” is added to each symbol to prevent “Intersymbol Interference”
LTE provides QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM modulation schemes

30. SC-FDMA is acronym of Single Carrier – Frequency Division Multiple Access.
Similar to OFDM signal, but…
 …in OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information related to one specific symbol,
 …in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of ALL transmitted symbols.
Advantage: Low PAPR.
It is the better option for a cellular uplink in LTE because battery usage is an important
concern.

31. RSRP - Reference signal receive power.
 Indicator of wanted signal strength
Used to rank different cells according to their signal strength and is used as an input
for handover and cell reselection decisions
 Range is from -44 ~ -133 dB
RSRQ - Reference signal receive quality.
 Indicator of signal strength combined with interference levels due to the inclusion of
RSSI
 Also used to rank different cells according to their signal strength and is used as an
input for handover and cell reselection decisions
Range is from -3 ~ -19.5 dB

32. Difference between those to is difference between carrier and signal ;
RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indicator
Total power observed by UE from all sources including adjacent channel interference &
thermal noise
 Used as an input for RSRQ measurement
 Reporting range is from -30 ~ -133 dB
SINR - SINR is Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio.
Measure of the received signal strength relative to the strength of the received noise
 Strong SINR allows use of higher-order modulations resulting in higher data rates
 Range is from 1dB ~ 28dB

33. Advanced Antenna Systems
Beamforming
Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
Self Organization Network (SON)
LTE Handover
MIMO
ARQ and HARQ
Circuit Switched (CS) Fallback

34. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) & Beamforming
 Uses multiple antenna configurations( Tx &Rx ) for implementation(2X2,4X4,4X2…..)
 Superior performance in multi path fading
 Enhances coverage & capacity as per network requirements
 Increases throughput & spectral efficiency

35. • MIMO refers to the use of multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver side.
• Meets the ambitious requirements for throughput and spectral efficiency.
Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing allows to transmit different
streams of data simultaneously on the same
resource block to increase data rates
Transmit Diversity
Each transmit antenna transmits the same stream of
data, so the receiver gets replicas of the same signal.
This increases the signal to noise ratio at the receiver.
Advantage :
 Increases data rate for one user
 Allows to increase the overall capacity
Advantage :
 It increases signal to noise ratio at the receiver side
 Increase the robustness of data transmission

36. Beam forming is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal
transmission or reception.
 Signals at particular angle experience constructive interference
 Beamforming takes advantage of interference to change the directionality of the array.
For example in sonar, send a sharp pulse of underwater sound.
Advantages :
 Significantly Improves interference level
 Enhances System capacity
 MIMO with Beamforming aims to enhance approx 10% more in DL throughput

37.  The main goal of ICIC is to improve the average
experienced SINR for the so-called “cell-edge”
users
 ICIC keeps the inter-cell interference low in
those parts of the spectrum where “cell-edge”
users are likely to be scheduled.
 Such a situation is given e.g. if the neighbor
cells do not schedule users in the grey area on
the same frequency resources allocated to users
in the red area.

38.  Automatic Neighbor Relation function
Allows the eNB to build and maintain its neighbor
relations based on UE reports (Function relies on
connected mode UEs that can read and report the Cell
Global Identity (CGI) of a neighbor cell)
 Automatic PCI selection
Allows the eNB to select its own PCI based on UE reports
and information received from neighbor eNBs
 Dynamic configuration of X2/S1 interfaces
Allows the eNB to dynamically configure the S1‐MME
interface with the serving MMEs and the X2 interface with
neighbor eNBs
 Load Balancing
 Load Balancing is to intelligently spread user traffic
across the system’s radio resources in order to provide
quality end-user experience and performance

39. S1 Handover
 No X2 connectivity between
source eNB and target eNB;
 Both eNB’s are served by
different MME’s;
 Source and target MME’s can
communicate over S10 interface
Since all the handover decisions
are taking place on S1 interface,
it’s called as S1 based handover.

40. X2 Handover
 X2 is the interface between two
eNB’s X2-AP is the protocols
used for communication over it;
 Handover - when the eNB
detects that UE can no longer be
served by it because of the power
constraint;
 RRC Report Measurement

41. Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
 Present at the MAC layer
 N-process Stop-And-Wait HARQ is used
 The HARQ is based on ACK/NACKs
 In the Downlink Asynchronous re-transmissions are supported
 The Uplink HARQ is based on Synchronous re-transmissions
There are two levels of re-transmissions for providing reliability, namely HARQ and
ARQ.
Automatic Repeat reQuest
 Present at the RLC layer
 Handles residual errors that are not corrected by HARQ
 The ARQ retransmits RLC SDUs (IP packets)
 ARQ retransmissions are based on HARQ/ARQ interactions

42. A CS Fallback capable UE, which is attached to E-UTRAN, may use GERAN or UTRAN to
establish CS services.
 Technology for notifying a mobile terminal in an LTE cell that a call request is being made
from a 3G-CS system;
 Technology for enabling the mobile terminal receiving the call request to switch radio
access systems;
 Technology for LTE/3G combined mobility management

43. LTE Services and Applications
Emerging Devices
LTE – The Future Lifeline

44. Remarkable user experience improvements in handheld and tablet devices

45. Watch “Live” Event Online
Online Gaming
HD Video Download
Video Surveillance
Car Tracking

46. Video.. To know all about LTE

47. 2.6.2010
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48. 20.9.2010
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