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Lte principles overview

This document provides an overview of LTE technology from Huawei, including: 1. It describes the evolution of radio technologies leading up to LTE, which can achieve downlink speeds of 100Mbps and uplink speeds of 50Mbps. 2. It explains the LTE network architecture, which uses a flat, simplified design compared to previous standards. Key elements include the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces like S1 and X2. 3. It introduces LTE air interface principles like OFDMA for downlink multiple access and SC-FDMA for uplink multiple access, allowing high spectrum efficiency through orthogonal frequency division.

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www.huawei.com LTE System Overview
Page1 Contents 1. LTE Industry Briefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview
Evolution of Radio Technologies Page2 1Gbps LTE-A EV-DO Rel. 0 DL: 2.4Mbps UL:153.6kbps cdma2000 1x 153.6kbps DO Rel. A DL: 3.1Mbps UL: 1.8Mbps DO Rev B DL：46.5Mbps UL: 27Mbps HSPA+ DL>42M UL>11MWCDMA 384Kbps HSDPA DL:14.4Mbp s HSPA DL:14.4Mbps UL:5.8Mbps LTE FDD DL:100Mbps UL:50Mbps GSM EDGE TD-HSDPA DL:2.8Mbps TD-HSUPA UL:2.2Mbps LTE TDD DL:100Mbps UL:50Mbps TD-HSPA+ DL:>25.2Mbps UL:>19.2MbpsTD-SCDMA 384Kbps GPRS 3GPP 3GPP2 R97 R99 R5 R6 R7 R8/R9 R10
3GPP Evolution : From LTE to LTE-A/B/C Page3 HomoNet LTE-A LTE-B LTE-C OFDMA, MIMO Small Cell CA, CoMP HO MIMO, eICIC 50xSmall Cell Per Macro, (4G certif., 1Gpbs DL Peak .) Fundamental (Capacity Boosting) (Optimized diverse service support) Performance 3GPP Time 2005~2007 2008~2012 2013~2016 2017~2020 10xSmall Cell Per Macro, 256QAM LTE HetNet Fusion-Net
LTE Technical Objectives Page4 LTE Requirements from ITU LTE Technical Features from 3GPP Flexible bandwidth 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz, 20MHz Higher spectrum efficiency DL: 5(bit/s)/Hz, 3~4 times than R6HSDPA UL: 2.5(bit/s)/Hz, 2~3 times than R6HSDPA Higher peak throughput (@20MHz) DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms Shall support stationary/pedestrian/vehicular/high speed vehicular Shall support high speed vehicular(>350km/h) for 100kbps access service. Support inter-system handover Support interoperability between 3GPP existed and non- 3GPP VoIP Capacity Remove CS domain, CS service realized in PS domain which can support multiple service, especially voice service (such as VoIP). Decrease network evolution cost Remove BSC/RNC Reduce CAPEX and OPEX SON
LTE Global Spectrum Distribution Page5 •1.8GHz is the most popular for commercialization •GL1800 refarming is hot in Europe and Asia Pacific area •Low frequency could be used for coverage •TD-LTE global main frequency bands: 2.3/2.6(Band 38/40); •Typical bandwidth resource≥20MHz •1.9/2.0GHz: Some bands which are applicable to TD-LTE are mainly used in Europe.
Type Function Appearance Application Scenarios Dongle Data card B323 is a wireless signal converter of which the size is similar to a USB flash drive. It can be inserted into a SIM card to receive and transmit data signals. CPE(Custo mer Premise Equipment) Data services,VoIP services Safety services (firewall and PIN protection mechanism) Local O&M management (equipment management and network configuration) Optional functions: printing and faxing MiFi (Mobile WiFi) Functions of the modem, router, and access point Used for nomadic wireless access for individual subscriber. PAD or mobile phone User equipment that support circuit service and packet service Anywhere, anytime, anyone LTE Main Terminal Type Page6 Wi-Fi RJ45 RJ11 LAN switch or Hub Used for LTE network access in areas covered with strong signals for individual and enterprise customers. Used for broadband access for home or enterprise customers
LTE Mobile Services Page7 P2P communications  HD VoIP  HD video call  MIM  Mobile community  Dynamic and connected address book  High-speed data access, such as mobile Internet services  Social multimedia  Mobile HD music  Online gaming MBB connection Mobile HD video  Mobile 3DTV, IPTV  Video surveillance  Video conference  Video sharing and transferring, such as instant transferring after shooting  MBMS M2M  Public affairs, such as automatic data recording and electric meter  Transportation, such as vehicle communications, navigation, and tracing  Health care, such as remote medical treatment  Financial services, such as mobile vending and automatic selling  Smart homing, such as smart buildings and smart homes  Industrial manufacturing: such as equipment tracing and management Enhanced positioning services Ubiquitous mobile trade  Mobile payment and electronic money  Mobile advertisement  Mobile office  Interactive digital signs and virtual stylists Cloud computing  Cloud storage (photo storage and data backup)  Cloud services, such as public, private, community, and hybrid cloud services Local MobileSocial  GPS  LBS (Location based services)  AR (Augmented Reality)
LTE Voice Solution Page9 IMS/SR-VCC: Voice over IMS over LTE; handover & roaming to 2G/3G is supported Data on LTE Voice on CS Voice & Data on LTE CS Fallback: UE is attached on LTE, and fallback to 2G/3G for voice calls (MTC and MOC) OTT Mode: To rely on OTT applications for voice service offering SVLTE (Dual Standby): Dual simultaneously radio access running on the same UE allowing data on LTE and voice on 2G/3G CS in parallel LTE Voice Solution
Page10 Contents 1. LTE Industry Briefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview
Network Architecture Evolution  Flat and simple network architecture  Less network nodes, reduced transmission and radio access delay  Reduced costs on network deployment and maintenance Page 11 UTRAN RNC NodeB NodeB NodeB SGSN eNodeB MMESGW X2 X2X2 S1-U S1-C S1-C S1-U E-UTRAN Iub Iub Iub Iu-CS Iu-PS eNodeB eNodeB CS PS EPC UMTS LTE GGSN MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN page CN HLR P-GW HSS
EPS Network Architecture  EPC is based on packet domain, and does not support circuit domain any longer. Page12 S1-U MME SGi E-UTRAN S1-C S11 Operator’s IP Service S6a HSS SGW S5 PDN-GW Rx Gx PCRF UE Uu S1-C S1-U X2 UE EPCUE Control Plane User Plane GERAN /UTRAN CS CN PS CN E-UTRAN EPC “LTE” “SAE” EPS
EPS Control Plane Protocol Page13
EPS User Plane Protocol Page14
X2 Interface Page15 eNB eNB X2 IP Layer 2 Layer 1 SCTP X2AP Control Plane IP Layer 2 Layer 1 UDP GTP-U User Plane
Typical Packet Service eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW ICP/ISP internet Data Signaling 1 2
Typical Voice Service eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW EPC Data (VOIP) EPC Signaling 1 4 CSCF IMS domain MGCF IMS-MGW MSC 2 4 IMS Signaling PLMN SS7 SS7 Signaling 3
Page18 EPS Network Structure of GUL Access S-GW eNodeB MME SGSN HSS LTE NodeB RNC UTRAN BSC/PCUBTS GERAN Gx S1-U S1-MME S12 S4 S6a S3 S11 Operator's IP Services PCRF Rx SGi P-GW S5
Page19 Questions  Which network elements form parts of the EPC? a. UE. b. eNB. c. MME. d. S-GW. e. PDN-GW. f. HSS.
Page20 Questions  Which interface links the eNB to the MME? a. Uu. b. S1. c. X2 d. S5.
Page21 Contents 1. LTE Industry Briefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview
Page22 Contents 3 LTE Air Interface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
Division Multiplexing Overview  Division Multiplexing (DM)  Multiplexed data streams can be used for one or multiple UEs. Page 23 Frequency Power Time Datastream1 Datastream2 Datastream3 Datastream4 Frequency Power Time Data stream 1 Data stream 2 Data stream 3 Data stream 4 Frequency Power Time Data stream 3 Data stream 4 Data stream 2 Data stream 1 FDM: Multiplex multiple data streams in the frequency domain TDM: Multiplex multiple data streams in the time domain CDM: Multiplex multiple data streams in the code domain
OFDM Overview  OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is essentially a FDM.  Multiple orthogonal frequencies are used to achieve data transmission on a greater bandwidth.  OFDM subcarriers are overlapping and orthogonal, greatly improving the spectral efficiency. Page 24 FDM OFDM
eNB UE Page25 OFDM and Multiple Access in LTE OFDM (OFDMA) OFDM (SC-FDMA)
Page26 Contents 3 LTE Air Interface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
Multiple Access Technology: Distinguishing Users Page 27 OFDMA FDMA TDMA CDMA Frequency Power Time FDMA Each user is allocated with a specific sub- frequency band or channel. Frequency Power Time TDMA Each user is allocated with a specific time on a channel. Frequency Power Time CDMA Each user is allocated with a specific code on a channel. Frequency Power Time OFDMA Each user is allocated with a specific resource, which varies in the time domain and frequency domain.
Comparison between DM and DMA Page28 Frequency Code Time DS1 DS2 DS4 DS3 CDM: Reuse data streams in code domain Frequency Time TDMA: Reuse users in time domain U1 U2 U3 U4 Code Frequency Time U1 U2 U4 U3 CDMA: Reuse users in code domain Code Frequency Code Time U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4 FDMA: Reuse users in frequency domain Multiplex data streams mapping to different users separately Frequency Time DS 1 DS 2 DS 3 DS 4 FDM: Reuse data streams in frequency domain Code Frequency Code Time TDM: Reuse data streams in time domain DS4 DS3 DS2 DS1 DS: Data Stream U: User
From FDM/FDMA to OFDM/OFDMA Page29 f1 f2 Traditional FDM Spectrum f3 f4 Frequency Time D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 Traditional FDM Code Frequency Code Time U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4 Traditional FDMA Time Frequency D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 D 7 D 8 D 9 D 10 D 11 D 12 OFDM Code Time Frequency U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4 U 5 U 6 U 7 U 8 U 9 U 10 U 11 U 12 OFDMA Code Frequency Bandwidth High spectrum efficiency
LTE DL Multiple Access - OFDMA  OFDMA defines the technology of orthogonal frequency division multiple access.  OFDMA is essentially the combination of TDMA and FDMA. Page30 Subcarrier TTI: 1 ms Frequency Time Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1 System bandwidth Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2 Time and frequency resources allocated to user 3
LTE UL Multiple Access - SC-FDMA  To eliminate the limitation of the high PAPR on the PA, LTE uses single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC- FDMA) in the uplink. Page310 Single carrier TTI: 1 ms Frequency Time Frequency bandwidth Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1 Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2 Time and frequency resources allocated to user 3
OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA Page32
Duplex Technologies: Distinguishing UL/DL Signals  TDD: The uplink and downlink use different slots.  Applications: LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX Page33  FDD: The uplink and downlink use different frequencies.  Applications: LTE FDD, WCDMA, CDMA2000
Page34 Contents 3 LTE Air Interface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
Page35 LTE Frame Structure Type1-FDD One Slot,Tslot = 15360 x Ts=0.5ms Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms Subframe (1ms) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Ts = 1/(15000x2048) = 32.552083ns  Radio frame: 10ms  Subframe: 1ms  Slot: 0.5ms
LTE Frame Structure Type2-TDD  Special subframe = DwPTS+GP+UpPTS=1ms  GP is reserved for downlink to uplink transition. Page36 Type 2 Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms 0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 One half-frame, 153600Ts=5ms One subframe, 30720Ts=1ms DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot) GP (Guard Period) UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot) Special Subframe Special Subframe
Type 2 Radio Frame DL/UL Subframe Allocation Page37 DL-UL Configuration Switch-point periodicity Subframe number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U 1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D 2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D 3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D 4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D 5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D D: Downlink subframe U: Uplink subframe S: Special subframe
Special Subframe Configuration Page38 Special Subframe Configuration Special Subframe Length in Normal CP（Symbol Number ) RTD max (us) Largest coverage distance by theory (km)DwPTS GP UpPTS 0 3 10 1 677.06 101.56 1 9 4 1 248.42 37.26 2 10 3 1 177.06 26.56 3 11 2 1 105.71 15.86 4 12 1 1 34.35 5.15 5 3 9 2 605.71 90.86 6 9 3 2 177.06 26.56 7 10 2 2 105.71 15.86 8 11 1 2 34.35 5.15
GP Functions in TDD system Page39 DwPTSDwPTS UpPTS L UpPTS DL subframe Gp UL subframe UL subframe DL subframe DwPTS T=2 △t UpPTS
Page40 CP(Cyclic Prefix) Radio Frame = 10ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 7 OFDM Symbols (Normal CP) 6 OFDM Symbols (Extended CP) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 CP Tsymbol Tsymbol  Extended CP is generally used in cells with extended coverage.
Time Domain Interference Energy Time Delay Spread Page41
Inter Symbol Interference 1st Received Signal Delayed Signal Interference Caused Page42
Cyclic Prefix CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP Frequency Time Symbol Period T(s) T(g) Symbol Period T(s) Bit Period T(b) Cyclic Prefix Page43
PRB and RE Radio Frame = 10ms 0 2 3 4 5 7 8 961 Slot 8 Slot 9 Subframe NRB DL NSC RBSubcarriers=12 Physical Resource Block Resource Element NSymbDL Page44
Page45 Channel BW and RB Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20 Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB 6 15 25 50 75 100 Transmission Bandwidth [RB] Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB] Channel Bandwidth [MHz] Resourceblock Channeledge Channeledge DC carrier (downlink only)Active Resource Blocks  For details, please refer to protocol 36.101
Page46 Contents 3 LTE Air Interface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
Page47 Location of LTE Physical Channels RLC MAC PHY Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels Radio Channel Logical channels indicate the type of information transferred. Transport channels describe what typical configuration the physical layer uses to provide transport services on the air interface. Physical channels describe the physical features of signals, such as coding and modulation. eNB UE Radio Channel FDD Radio Channel UE TDD Radio channel
Downlink / Uplink Channel Mapping Page48 DL-SCH Physical Layer MAC Layer RLC Layer PDCP Layer RRC Layer Physical Channels Transport Channels Logical Channels PDSCHPDCCHPHICHPCFICHPBCH BCH PCH BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH TM TM TM UM/AM UM/AM Ciphering Integrity Ciphering ROHC RRC ESM EMM IPNAS Layer PUSCHPUCCHPRACH RACH CCCH TM UM/AM UM/AM Ciphering Integrity Ciphering ROHC RRC ESM EMM IP UL-SCH DCCH DTCH Downlink Channel Uplink Channel
• Sounding Reference Signal  Provides the eNB with uplink channel quality information(CQI) which can be used for scheduling. Reference Signals Page49 • Cell Specific Reference Signals (non-MBSFN) • MBSFN Reference Signals(only for MBSFN) • UE Specific Reference Signals (It is typically used for beamforming) • Demodulation Reference Signal  Used for channel estimation to help the demodulation of the control and data channels in the eNB. CRS DMRS SRS UL RS DL RS
Cell Specific Reference Signals Page50  It is worth nothing that the position of the reference signals is dependent on the value of the Physical Cell ID. 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l OneantennaportTwoantenna ports Resource element (k,l) Not used for transmission on this antenna port Reference symbols on this antenna port 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 1R 1R 1R 1R 6l 0l 1R 1R 1R 1R 6l 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 1R 1R 1R 1R 6l 0l 1R 1R 1R 1R 6l Fourantennaports 0l 6l 0l 2R 6l 0l 6l 0l 6l 2R 2R 2R 3R 3R 3R 3R even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots Antenna port 0 even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots Antenna port 1 even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots Antenna port 2 even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots Antenna port 3 R1：The RS of NO.1 antenna port R2： The RS of NO.2 antenna port R3： The RS of NO.3 antenna port R4： The RS of NO.4 antenna port
RS Measurement  After receiving all necessary system messages, UE starts to measure RS for cell selection and reselection  The following quantity should be evaluated for UE idle status measurement  RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power  RSRQ: Reference Signal Received Quality Page51
eNodeB DL Data Transmission and Channel State Acquisition Page52 PDCCH: DL UEscheduling &PDSCH: DL UEdata eNB UE PUCCH/PUSCH: CQI, PMI, RI ReportC-RS PUCCH/PUSCH: ACK/NACK feedback
eNodeB UL Data Transmission and Channel State Acquisition Page53 PDCCH: UL Grant eNB UE Sounding RS PHICH: ACK/NACK feedbackPUSCH: User UL Data PUCCH: SRor PUSCH: BSR&PHR
Page54 Questions  True / False. A cyclic prefix is used to combat multipath delays. a. True. b. False.
Page55 Questions  How many symbols are there in a slot when a normal CP is used? a. 5. b. 6. c. 7. d. 8.
Page56 Questions  Which of the following are downlink transport channels? a. BCH. b. PCH. c. RACH. d. UL-SCH. e. DL-SCH.
Page57 Contents 3 LTE Air Interface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
LTE Cell Search Procedure Page58 Power On Cell Search PLMN/Cell Selection RACH Process Downlink Synchronization Complete Uplink Synchronization Complete
Downlink Synchronization Signals eNB UE Page59 Cell Search and Downlink Synchronization cell (1) (2) (1) (2) Where: NID = 3NID + NID NID = 0,…..167 NID = 0, 1, or 2 eNB eNB eNB PSS- One of 3 Identities SSS- One of 168 Group Identities 504 Unique Cell Identities
System Information Page60 System Information MIB SIB1 SI An MIB contains SFN (8 bits), cell bandwidth, and PHICH configuration parameters. PLMN ID, Cell ID, TAC, Cell barred, cell selection parameters, SI scheduling information. SI message carriesSIB2~SIB13 SIB2 SIB10 SIB11 SIB12 SIB13 SIB3 SIB4 SIB5 SIB6 SIB7 SIB8 SIB9 Radio parameters shared by all UE in the cell: Access parameters, UE timer and common channel parameter configuration (RACH, PRACH, BCCH, PCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, SRS…) cell reselection information intra-frequency neighboring cell information inter-frequency neighboring cell information UMTS neighboring cell information GSM neighboring cell information CDMA neighboring cell information Name of Home eNodeB primary notification of ETWS secondary notification of ETWS CMASnotification Information to request MBSFN control information related to one or more region The first three are key SIBs, including PLMN ID, cell selection parameters, etc.
PLMN Selection Page61 Last RPLMN HPLMN & EHPLMN User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology The PLMN with signals of high received quality Other PLMN Based On Wireless Quality Stored in UE Set in SIM Set in SIM Set in UE Suggested PLMN List in SIM card:  PLMN + E-UTRAN  PLMN + UTRAN  PLMN + GSM PLMN Select When UE Switch On The Timer of HPLMN Reselection is Saved in SIM Card (no less 6 min)
Page62 Cell Selection Qrxlevmeas Qqualmeas Qrxlevmeas Qqualmeas Qrxlevmeas Qqualmeas Cell selection are based on measured RSRP and RSRQ value
Page63 Random Access Procedure UE eNB PRACH Preamble Sequence RACH MACScheduling Grant RRCConnection Request UL-SCH RRCConnection Setup Complete UL-SCH Signalling Radio Bearer (RRCConnected) RRC Connection Setup DL-SCH MAC Contention Resolution If two UEs send their s-TMSIs simultaneously, the eNodeB needs to choose a UE to connect.
Page64 Contents 3 LTE Air Interface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
Page65 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1 MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
Radio Channel Access Mode Page66  Diversity receiving mode  Diversity transmitting mode  MIMO mode Transmitting antenna Receiving antenna Physical channel SISO MISO SIMO MIMO  Traditional antenna mode
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Page 67 Two-channel stereo, feel so good. Two speakers + two ears MIMO doubles network access rate Two receive antennas + two transmit antennas
Forms of MIMO Page 68 Spatial multiplexing UE A (f) I J K L M N O P Transmit Diversity A (f) A (f) A (f) UE Cell A Cell B Cell C Beamforming Attention please! Attention please! Attention please! Attention please!
SU-MIMO/MU-MIMO Page69 Two different data streams After Precoding, the two data streams mixed in different transmit antennas with different transmit power and phase •Uplink •Downlink •Uplink
Benefits of MIMO  Improve the system capacity  Increase the peak rate  Optimize the system coverage Page70
High Order MIMO Page71  Provide Peak Data Rate  DL:  300 ～600 Mbps (4x4 MIMO, 8x8 MIMO) in 20MHz  >1Gbps (4x4 MIMO) with CA.  UL:  150 ～300 Mbps (2x4 MIMO, 4x4 MIMO) in 20MHz  >1Gbps (4x4 MIMO) with  Increase system capacity and spectral efficiency  DL HO MIMO up to 8x8, enhanced DL MU-MIMO  UL SU-MIMO up to 4T, enhanced UL MU-MIMO
Page72 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1 MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
Deployment stage O&M stage Network plan and design Installation and commissionin g Network performance improvement Network O&M Network upgrade and reconstruction Self-Organizing Network (SON) Page 73 Self-configuration Reduces CAPEX Self-optimization Reduces OPEX Self-healing Improves user experience
Page75 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1 MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
CA Spectrum Schemes and Benefits Page76 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Intra-band CA non-continuous Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Intra-band CA continuous Carrier 1 Inter-band CA Carrier 2 Band 1 Band 2 Spectrum Schemes for CA Peak Rate per User Doubled 150Mbps 150Mbps 300Mbps R10 UE Better Experience in Cell Edge DL 2*2MIMO @ 20MHz, CA: 40MHz Assign more RB for cell edge UE cente r edge Carrier 2 Carrier 1 No-CA CA Mbp s  CA requires R10 UE  Up to 5 Component Carriers defined in 3GPP R10
Page77 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1 MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
CoMP Introduction Page78 Benefits:  Interference from other transmission points is utilized to improve transmission  Improve Cell Edge User SNR  Reduce inter-cell-interference Downlink CoMP Intra-eNB CoMP Inter-eNB CoMP Features Uplink CoMP Homogeneous network with intra-site CoMP Homogeneous network with inter-site CoMP Cloud BB • UL intra-site CoMP has no dependency with UE and Backhaul • Inter-site CoMP bases on Cloud BB Architectur e
Without CoMP Intra-eNB CoMP Cell0 Cell1 Cell2 UE1 UE2 Uplink Intra-eNodeB CoMP  Intra-site UL CoMP  2Rx (eRAN 3.0)  UL CoMP from Joint Reception  Signal combination Including Receiving diversity gain and Array gain  Interference rejection  Performance gain  2Cell CoMP@2Rx(vs. Non-CoMP 2Rx)  7% Cell Capacity,  up to 130% Edge Throughput Page79
Site1 Site2 Cloud BB Uplink Inter-eNodeB CoMP@Cloud BB  Intra-site UL CoMP  2Rx (2 Cells)  Inter-Site Joint Receiving is coherently Not base on X2 but Cloud BB:  Latency of Inter-site CoMP should be ~us level which is much less than X2’s ~ms level.  X2 Capacity is insufficient to bear CoMP Data.  performance gain  2Cell CoMP@2Rx(vs. Non-CoMP 2Rx)  up to 220% Edge Throughput Page80
Page81 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1 MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
HetNet Overview Page82 Macro Macro Micro Micro Macro Macro Micro Femto Femto Femto Micro 1 - 5x 10 - 50x 100 - 500x Micro Micro Pico Femto Macro Macro Macro WiFi Telecom architecture becomes Flat, radio network becomes Heterogeneous
Page83 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1 MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
Huawei eMBMS Network Architecture  NEs working for Huawei eMBMS feature:  NE for higher layer: Content Provider, BM-SC, MBMS GW and MME  NE for eRAN: MCE, eNodeB and UE Content Provider M3 M2 Sm S11 S1-User Plane S1-Control Plane SG-mb SGi-mb M1 S5 SGi Service Gateway PDN Gateway MBMS Gateway BM-SCeNodeBUE MME MCE
MBMS Areas Page85 •MBMS also utilize a number of “areas“. These include the MBSFN Synchronization Area, MBSFN Area and MBSFN Area Reserved Cell.
Page 86 Comparison between Unicast Transmission and MBSFN Transmission MBSFN: Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Single Frequency Network SINR = P1 P1+P2+P3 N P2 P3 SINR = P1 P1 P2+P3+N P2 P3 Unicast transmission The signal of neighbor cells (P2,P3) and noise(N) can be a interference resource to the useful signal(P1). MBSFN transmission The UE combine signals of neighbor cells (P2,P3) and serving cell (P1), get a high MBSFN gain compare with uni-cast.  Unicast transmission is used for normal LTE service  MBSFN transmission is used for eMBMS service.
Channel Mapping for eMBMS
LTE-A Key Technogies Page88 Carrier Aggregation HetNet High Order MIMO [06- 2012] Av. DL 3.7bps/Hz Av. UL 2.0bps/Hz Coordinate d Multi- Point 1. To boost LTE radio capacity and spectrum efficiency 2. To fulfill ITU-R “IMT- Advanced” recommendation
LTE/LTE-A UE Categories and Capabilities Page89 3GPP R8/R9/R10 LTE UE (up to 20MHz): • Cat 1, 2, 3, 4 (MIMO DL2x2， UL1T2R) • Cat5 (MIMO DL4x4, UL1T4R) 3GPP R10/R11 LTE-A UE (up to 40MHz): • Cat 6 (MIMO DL4x4, UL1x2) • Cat 7 (MIMO DL4x4, UL2x4) • Cat 8 (MIMO DL8x8, UL4x4 or 4x8 )
Page90 Contents 1. LTE Industry Briefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview
Page91 Contents 4 eNodeB Product Overview 4.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview 4.2 Operations and Maintenance
Versatile Site solutions for Diversified Deployment Scenarios Page92 Outdoor eNodeB BTS 3900AL Indoor eNodeB BTS3900 Multimodal RRU • CDMA/WCDMA/LTE, or • GSM/UMTS//LTE Multimodal BBU • 2U 19-in rack mount design • Simultaneous 2G/3G/4G operation Distributed eNodeB DBS3900 BBU RFU RRU Outdoor eNodeB BTS3900A Micro- eNodeB BTS3202E All-in-one design. Compact, light weight. Support on wall / on pole installation. Indoor eNodeB BTS 3900L
Page93 Application Scenario of BTS3900  The BTS3900, the indoor macro base station, is applicable to the indoor centralized installation scenario
Distributed Base Station  DBS3900 for distributed base stations for large coverage area, site construction difficult scene. Page94
Page95 DBS3900 Scenarios  Scenes including city coverage, rural coverage, indoor distribution, highway, railway
SingleRAN Blade Site Page96 Blade RRU Blade BBU  Seamless Installation  “0” Footprint  All RATs, all bands with high capacity  Fast installation, saving 80% deployment time Blade Battery Blade Power 12 L 12 L 12 L 28 L
Page97 Micro eNodeB BTS3203E  The BTS3203E is an integrated base station  Low power consumption, simple installation, easy deployment, and loose site conditions  Supports LTE and WLAN accesses  Eliminate coverage holes and expand capacity for network hotspots in both indoor and outdoor
LampSite Solution  The LampSite solution is used for providing indoor coverage in heavy- traffic indoor scenarios, such as office buildings, shopping malls, and hotels. Page98
LampSite Architecture Page99 RHUB pRRU BBU Cat5/6 Fiber • 3 mode,UL+WiFi • U2.1GHz • L1.8/ 2.1/2.6GHz • Wi-Fi, 2.4&5GHz • Only 2.5L • POE for pRRU • 4 level cascade • 8pRRU/rHUB LampSite= BBU + RHUB + pRRU
Page100 Contents 4 eNB Product Overview 4.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview 4.2 Operations and Maintenance
Page101 Structure of Operation and Maintenance System M2000 ServereNodeB LMT M2000 Client Local Maintenance Remote Maintenance
Functions of Operation and Maintenance System  Configuration Management  Fault Management  Performance Management  Security Management  Software Management  Deployment Management  Equipment / Inventory Management Page102
Page103 Questions  The DBS3900 LTE is comprised of which elements? a. BBU3900. b. RRU. c. LRFU. d. TMC11H.
Page104 Questions  Which of the following comprise an O&M function? a. Configuration Management. b. Performance Management. c. RF Management. d. Deployment Management. e. Access Control Management..
Summary 1. LTE Industry Briefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview Page105
Thank you www.huawei.com

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In this document
Powered by AI

Introduction to LTE system, key contents covered in the presentation.

Details the evolution of radio technologies leading to LTE, including performance metrics.

Technical objectives and global spectrum distribution for LTE, emphasizing bandwidth and throughput.

Overview of LTE mobile services including HD voice, data access, and diverse application scenarios.

Describes various voice solutions including VoIP over LTE and CS fallback options.

Evolution and architecture of LTE networks featuring flat design and reduced delays.

Overview of EPS control and user plane protocols utilized in LTE networks.

Illustrates typical packet and voice services in LTE, detailing eNodeB roles.

Principles of OFDM and multiple access technologies crucial for LTE air interfaces.

Overview of multiple access techniques including OFDMA and SC-FDMA used in LTE.

Details on LTE frame structures for FDD and TDD, including subframe allocations.

Discusses management of interference using cyclic prefixes and reference signals.

Cell selection and downlink synchronization procedures within LTE systems.

Introduction to critical LTE technologies like MIMO and SON that enhance performance.

Benefits of carrier aggregation and coordinated multi-point (CoMP) techniques for LTE.

Discussion on eMBMS architecture and its comparison with traditional unicast services.

Detailed overview of Huawei's eNodeB products including operation and maintenance systems.

A conclusion summarizing the content and topics discussed in the LTE presentation.

Lte principles overview

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Page1 Contents 1. LTE IndustryBriefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview
  • 3.
    Evolution of RadioTechnologies Page2 1Gbps LTE-A EV-DO Rel. 0 DL: 2.4Mbps UL:153.6kbps cdma2000 1x 153.6kbps DO Rel. A DL: 3.1Mbps UL: 1.8Mbps DO Rev B DL：46.5Mbps UL: 27Mbps HSPA+ DL>42M UL>11MWCDMA 384Kbps HSDPA DL:14.4Mbp s HSPA DL:14.4Mbps UL:5.8Mbps LTE FDD DL:100Mbps UL:50Mbps GSM EDGE TD-HSDPA DL:2.8Mbps TD-HSUPA UL:2.2Mbps LTE TDD DL:100Mbps UL:50Mbps TD-HSPA+ DL:>25.2Mbps UL:>19.2MbpsTD-SCDMA 384Kbps GPRS 3GPP 3GPP2 R97 R99 R5 R6 R7 R8/R9 R10
  • 4.
    3GPP Evolution :From LTE to LTE-A/B/C Page3 HomoNet LTE-A LTE-B LTE-C OFDMA, MIMO Small Cell CA, CoMP HO MIMO, eICIC 50xSmall Cell Per Macro, (4G certif., 1Gpbs DL Peak .) Fundamental (Capacity Boosting) (Optimized diverse service support) Performance 3GPP Time 2005~2007 2008~2012 2013~2016 2017~2020 10xSmall Cell Per Macro, 256QAM LTE HetNet Fusion-Net
  • 5.
    LTE Technical Objectives Page4 LTERequirements from ITU LTE Technical Features from 3GPP Flexible bandwidth 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz, 20MHz Higher spectrum efficiency DL: 5(bit/s)/Hz, 3~4 times than R6HSDPA UL: 2.5(bit/s)/Hz, 2~3 times than R6HSDPA Higher peak throughput (@20MHz) DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms Shall support stationary/pedestrian/vehicular/high speed vehicular Shall support high speed vehicular(>350km/h) for 100kbps access service. Support inter-system handover Support interoperability between 3GPP existed and non- 3GPP VoIP Capacity Remove CS domain, CS service realized in PS domain which can support multiple service, especially voice service (such as VoIP). Decrease network evolution cost Remove BSC/RNC Reduce CAPEX and OPEX SON
  • 6.
    LTE Global SpectrumDistribution Page5 •1.8GHz is the most popular for commercialization •GL1800 refarming is hot in Europe and Asia Pacific area •Low frequency could be used for coverage •TD-LTE global main frequency bands: 2.3/2.6(Band 38/40); •Typical bandwidth resource≥20MHz •1.9/2.0GHz: Some bands which are applicable to TD-LTE are mainly used in Europe.
  • 7.
    Type Function AppearanceApplication Scenarios Dongle Data card B323 is a wireless signal converter of which the size is similar to a USB flash drive. It can be inserted into a SIM card to receive and transmit data signals. CPE(Custo mer Premise Equipment) Data services,VoIP services Safety services (firewall and PIN protection mechanism) Local O&M management (equipment management and network configuration) Optional functions: printing and faxing MiFi (Mobile WiFi) Functions of the modem, router, and access point Used for nomadic wireless access for individual subscriber. PAD or mobile phone User equipment that support circuit service and packet service Anywhere, anytime, anyone LTE Main Terminal Type Page6 Wi-Fi RJ45 RJ11 LAN switch or Hub Used for LTE network access in areas covered with strong signals for individual and enterprise customers. Used for broadband access for home or enterprise customers
  • 8.
    LTE Mobile Services Page7 P2P communications HD VoIP  HD video call  MIM  Mobile community  Dynamic and connected address book  High-speed data access, such as mobile Internet services  Social multimedia  Mobile HD music  Online gaming MBB connection Mobile HD video  Mobile 3DTV, IPTV  Video surveillance  Video conference  Video sharing and transferring, such as instant transferring after shooting  MBMS M2M  Public affairs, such as automatic data recording and electric meter  Transportation, such as vehicle communications, navigation, and tracing  Health care, such as remote medical treatment  Financial services, such as mobile vending and automatic selling  Smart homing, such as smart buildings and smart homes  Industrial manufacturing: such as equipment tracing and management Enhanced positioning services Ubiquitous mobile trade  Mobile payment and electronic money  Mobile advertisement  Mobile office  Interactive digital signs and virtual stylists Cloud computing  Cloud storage (photo storage and data backup)  Cloud services, such as public, private, community, and hybrid cloud services Local MobileSocial  GPS  LBS (Location based services)  AR (Augmented Reality)
  • 9.
    LTE Voice Solution Page9 IMS/SR-VCC:Voice over IMS over LTE; handover & roaming to 2G/3G is supported Data on LTE Voice on CS Voice & Data on LTE CS Fallback: UE is attached on LTE, and fallback to 2G/3G for voice calls (MTC and MOC) OTT Mode: To rely on OTT applications for voice service offering SVLTE (Dual Standby): Dual simultaneously radio access running on the same UE allowing data on LTE and voice on 2G/3G CS in parallel LTE Voice Solution
  • 10.
    Page10 Contents 1. LTE IndustryBriefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview
  • 11.
    Network Architecture Evolution Flat and simple network architecture  Less network nodes, reduced transmission and radio access delay  Reduced costs on network deployment and maintenance Page 11 UTRAN RNC NodeB NodeB NodeB SGSN eNodeB MMESGW X2 X2X2 S1-U S1-C S1-C S1-U E-UTRAN Iub Iub Iub Iu-CS Iu-PS eNodeB eNodeB CS PS EPC UMTS LTE GGSN MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN page CN HLR P-GW HSS
  • 12.
    EPS Network Architecture EPC is based on packet domain, and does not support circuit domain any longer. Page12 S1-U MME SGi E-UTRAN S1-C S11 Operator’s IP Service S6a HSS SGW S5 PDN-GW Rx Gx PCRF UE Uu S1-C S1-U X2 UE EPCUE Control Plane User Plane GERAN /UTRAN CS CN PS CN E-UTRAN EPC “LTE” “SAE” EPS
  • 13.
    EPS Control PlaneProtocol Page13
  • 14.
    EPS User PlaneProtocol Page14
  • 15.
    X2 Interface Page15 eNB eNB X2 IP Layer2 Layer 1 SCTP X2AP Control Plane IP Layer 2 Layer 1 UDP GTP-U User Plane
  • 16.
    Typical Packet Service eNodeB MME S-GWP-GW ICP/ISP internet Data Signaling 1 2
  • 17.
    Typical Voice Service eNodeB MME S-GWP-GW EPC Data (VOIP) EPC Signaling 1 4 CSCF IMS domain MGCF IMS-MGW MSC 2 4 IMS Signaling PLMN SS7 SS7 Signaling 3
  • 18.
    Page18 EPS Network Structureof GUL Access S-GW eNodeB MME SGSN HSS LTE NodeB RNC UTRAN BSC/PCUBTS GERAN Gx S1-U S1-MME S12 S4 S6a S3 S11 Operator's IP Services PCRF Rx SGi P-GW S5
  • 19.
    Page19 Questions  Which networkelements form parts of the EPC? a. UE. b. eNB. c. MME. d. S-GW. e. PDN-GW. f. HSS.
  • 20.
    Page20 Questions  Which interfacelinks the eNB to the MME? a. Uu. b. S1. c. X2 d. S5.
  • 21.
    Page21 Contents 1. LTE IndustryBriefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview
  • 22.
    Page22 Contents 3 LTE AirInterface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
  • 23.
    Division Multiplexing Overview Division Multiplexing (DM)  Multiplexed data streams can be used for one or multiple UEs. Page 23 Frequency Power Time Datastream1 Datastream2 Datastream3 Datastream4 Frequency Power Time Data stream 1 Data stream 2 Data stream 3 Data stream 4 Frequency Power Time Data stream 3 Data stream 4 Data stream 2 Data stream 1 FDM: Multiplex multiple data streams in the frequency domain TDM: Multiplex multiple data streams in the time domain CDM: Multiplex multiple data streams in the code domain
  • 24.
    OFDM Overview  OFDM(Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is essentially a FDM.  Multiple orthogonal frequencies are used to achieve data transmission on a greater bandwidth.  OFDM subcarriers are overlapping and orthogonal, greatly improving the spectral efficiency. Page 24 FDM OFDM
  • 25.
    eNB UE Page25 OFDM and MultipleAccess in LTE OFDM (OFDMA) OFDM (SC-FDMA)
  • 26.
    Page26 Contents 3 LTE AirInterface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
  • 27.
    Multiple Access Technology: DistinguishingUsers Page 27 OFDMA FDMA TDMA CDMA Frequency Power Time FDMA Each user is allocated with a specific sub- frequency band or channel. Frequency Power Time TDMA Each user is allocated with a specific time on a channel. Frequency Power Time CDMA Each user is allocated with a specific code on a channel. Frequency Power Time OFDMA Each user is allocated with a specific resource, which varies in the time domain and frequency domain.
  • 28.
    Comparison between DMand DMA Page28 Frequency Code Time DS1 DS2 DS4 DS3 CDM: Reuse data streams in code domain Frequency Time TDMA: Reuse users in time domain U1 U2 U3 U4 Code Frequency Time U1 U2 U4 U3 CDMA: Reuse users in code domain Code Frequency Code Time U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4 FDMA: Reuse users in frequency domain Multiplex data streams mapping to different users separately Frequency Time DS 1 DS 2 DS 3 DS 4 FDM: Reuse data streams in frequency domain Code Frequency Code Time TDM: Reuse data streams in time domain DS4 DS3 DS2 DS1 DS: Data Stream U: User
  • 29.
    From FDM/FDMA toOFDM/OFDMA Page29 f1 f2 Traditional FDM Spectrum f3 f4 Frequency Time D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 Traditional FDM Code Frequency Code Time U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4 Traditional FDMA Time Frequency D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 D 7 D 8 D 9 D 10 D 11 D 12 OFDM Code Time Frequency U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4 U 5 U 6 U 7 U 8 U 9 U 10 U 11 U 12 OFDMA Code Frequency Bandwidth High spectrum efficiency
  • 30.
    LTE DL MultipleAccess - OFDMA  OFDMA defines the technology of orthogonal frequency division multiple access.  OFDMA is essentially the combination of TDMA and FDMA. Page30 Subcarrier TTI: 1 ms Frequency Time Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1 System bandwidth Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2 Time and frequency resources allocated to user 3
  • 31.
    LTE UL MultipleAccess - SC-FDMA  To eliminate the limitation of the high PAPR on the PA, LTE uses single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC- FDMA) in the uplink. Page310 Single carrier TTI: 1 ms Frequency Time Frequency bandwidth Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1 Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2 Time and frequency resources allocated to user 3
  • 32.
  • 33.
    Duplex Technologies: Distinguishing UL/DLSignals  TDD: The uplink and downlink use different slots.  Applications: LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX Page33  FDD: The uplink and downlink use different frequencies.  Applications: LTE FDD, WCDMA, CDMA2000
  • 34.
    Page34 Contents 3 LTE AirInterface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
  • 35.
    Page35 LTE Frame StructureType1-FDD One Slot,Tslot = 15360 x Ts=0.5ms Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms Subframe (1ms) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Ts = 1/(15000x2048) = 32.552083ns  Radio frame: 10ms  Subframe: 1ms  Slot: 0.5ms
  • 36.
    LTE Frame StructureType2-TDD  Special subframe = DwPTS+GP+UpPTS=1ms  GP is reserved for downlink to uplink transition. Page36 Type 2 Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms 0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 One half-frame, 153600Ts=5ms One subframe, 30720Ts=1ms DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot) GP (Guard Period) UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot) Special Subframe Special Subframe
  • 37.
    Type 2 RadioFrame DL/UL Subframe Allocation Page37 DL-UL Configuration Switch-point periodicity Subframe number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U 1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D 2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D 3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D 4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D 5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D D: Downlink subframe U: Uplink subframe S: Special subframe
  • 38.
    Special Subframe Configuration Page38 Special Subframe Configuration SpecialSubframe Length in Normal CP（Symbol Number ) RTD max (us) Largest coverage distance by theory (km)DwPTS GP UpPTS 0 3 10 1 677.06 101.56 1 9 4 1 248.42 37.26 2 10 3 1 177.06 26.56 3 11 2 1 105.71 15.86 4 12 1 1 34.35 5.15 5 3 9 2 605.71 90.86 6 9 3 2 177.06 26.56 7 10 2 2 105.71 15.86 8 11 1 2 34.35 5.15
  • 39.
    GP Functions inTDD system Page39 DwPTSDwPTS UpPTS L UpPTS DL subframe Gp UL subframe UL subframe DL subframe DwPTS T=2 △t UpPTS
  • 40.
    Page40 CP(Cyclic Prefix) Radio Frame= 10ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 7 OFDM Symbols (Normal CP) 6 OFDM Symbols (Extended CP) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 CP Tsymbol Tsymbol  Extended CP is generally used in cells with extended coverage.
  • 41.
  • 42.
    Inter Symbol Interference 1stReceived Signal Delayed Signal Interference Caused Page42
  • 43.
    Cyclic Prefix CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP CP Frequency Time Symbol PeriodT(s) T(g) Symbol Period T(s) Bit Period T(b) Cyclic Prefix Page43
  • 44.
    PRB and RE RadioFrame = 10ms 0 2 3 4 5 7 8 961 Slot 8 Slot 9 Subframe NRB DL NSC RBSubcarriers=12 Physical Resource Block Resource Element NSymbDL Page44
  • 45.
    Page45 Channel BW andRB Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20 Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB 6 15 25 50 75 100 Transmission Bandwidth [RB] Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB] Channel Bandwidth [MHz] Resourceblock Channeledge Channeledge DC carrier (downlink only)Active Resource Blocks  For details, please refer to protocol 36.101
  • 46.
    Page46 Contents 3 LTE AirInterface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
  • 47.
    Page47 Location of LTEPhysical Channels RLC MAC PHY Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels Radio Channel Logical channels indicate the type of information transferred. Transport channels describe what typical configuration the physical layer uses to provide transport services on the air interface. Physical channels describe the physical features of signals, such as coding and modulation. eNB UE Radio Channel FDD Radio Channel UE TDD Radio channel
  • 48.
    Downlink / UplinkChannel Mapping Page48 DL-SCH Physical Layer MAC Layer RLC Layer PDCP Layer RRC Layer Physical Channels Transport Channels Logical Channels PDSCHPDCCHPHICHPCFICHPBCH BCH PCH BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH TM TM TM UM/AM UM/AM Ciphering Integrity Ciphering ROHC RRC ESM EMM IPNAS Layer PUSCHPUCCHPRACH RACH CCCH TM UM/AM UM/AM Ciphering Integrity Ciphering ROHC RRC ESM EMM IP UL-SCH DCCH DTCH Downlink Channel Uplink Channel
  • 49.
    • Sounding ReferenceSignal  Provides the eNB with uplink channel quality information(CQI) which can be used for scheduling. Reference Signals Page49 • Cell Specific Reference Signals (non-MBSFN) • MBSFN Reference Signals(only for MBSFN) • UE Specific Reference Signals (It is typically used for beamforming) • Demodulation Reference Signal  Used for channel estimation to help the demodulation of the control and data channels in the eNB. CRS DMRS SRS UL RS DL RS
  • 50.
    Cell Specific ReferenceSignals Page50  It is worth nothing that the position of the reference signals is dependent on the value of the Physical Cell ID. 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l OneantennaportTwoantenna ports Resource element (k,l) Not used for transmission on this antenna port Reference symbols on this antenna port 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 1R 1R 1R 1R 6l 0l 1R 1R 1R 1R 6l 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 0R 0R 0R 0R 6l 0l 1R 1R 1R 1R 6l 0l 1R 1R 1R 1R 6l Fourantennaports 0l 6l 0l 2R 6l 0l 6l 0l 6l 2R 2R 2R 3R 3R 3R 3R even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots Antenna port 0 even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots Antenna port 1 even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots Antenna port 2 even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots Antenna port 3 R1：The RS of NO.1 antenna port R2： The RS of NO.2 antenna port R3： The RS of NO.3 antenna port R4： The RS of NO.4 antenna port
  • 51.
    RS Measurement  Afterreceiving all necessary system messages, UE starts to measure RS for cell selection and reselection  The following quantity should be evaluated for UE idle status measurement  RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power  RSRQ: Reference Signal Received Quality Page51
  • 52.
    eNodeB DL DataTransmission and Channel State Acquisition Page52 PDCCH: DL UEscheduling &PDSCH: DL UEdata eNB UE PUCCH/PUSCH: CQI, PMI, RI ReportC-RS PUCCH/PUSCH: ACK/NACK feedback
  • 53.
    eNodeB UL DataTransmission and Channel State Acquisition Page53 PDCCH: UL Grant eNB UE Sounding RS PHICH: ACK/NACK feedbackPUSCH: User UL Data PUCCH: SRor PUSCH: BSR&PHR
  • 54.
    Page54 Questions  True /False. A cyclic prefix is used to combat multipath delays. a. True. b. False.
  • 55.
    Page55 Questions  How manysymbols are there in a slot when a normal CP is used? a. 5. b. 6. c. 7. d. 8.
  • 56.
    Page56 Questions  Which ofthe following are downlink transport channels? a. BCH. b. PCH. c. RACH. d. UL-SCH. e. DL-SCH.
  • 57.
    Page57 Contents 3 LTE AirInterface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
  • 58.
    LTE Cell SearchProcedure Page58 Power On Cell Search PLMN/Cell Selection RACH Process Downlink Synchronization Complete Uplink Synchronization Complete
  • 59.
    Downlink Synchronization Signals eNB UE Page59 CellSearch and Downlink Synchronization cell (1) (2) (1) (2) Where: NID = 3NID + NID NID = 0,…..167 NID = 0, 1, or 2 eNB eNB eNB PSS- One of 3 Identities SSS- One of 168 Group Identities 504 Unique Cell Identities
  • 60.
    System Information Page60 System Information MIB SIB1 SI An MIBcontains SFN (8 bits), cell bandwidth, and PHICH configuration parameters. PLMN ID, Cell ID, TAC, Cell barred, cell selection parameters, SI scheduling information. SI message carriesSIB2~SIB13 SIB2 SIB10 SIB11 SIB12 SIB13 SIB3 SIB4 SIB5 SIB6 SIB7 SIB8 SIB9 Radio parameters shared by all UE in the cell: Access parameters, UE timer and common channel parameter configuration (RACH, PRACH, BCCH, PCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, SRS…) cell reselection information intra-frequency neighboring cell information inter-frequency neighboring cell information UMTS neighboring cell information GSM neighboring cell information CDMA neighboring cell information Name of Home eNodeB primary notification of ETWS secondary notification of ETWS CMASnotification Information to request MBSFN control information related to one or more region The first three are key SIBs, including PLMN ID, cell selection parameters, etc.
  • 61.
    PLMN Selection Page61 Last RPLMN HPLMN& EHPLMN User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology The PLMN with signals of high received quality Other PLMN Based On Wireless Quality Stored in UE Set in SIM Set in SIM Set in UE Suggested PLMN List in SIM card:  PLMN + E-UTRAN  PLMN + UTRAN  PLMN + GSM PLMN Select When UE Switch On The Timer of HPLMN Reselection is Saved in SIM Card (no less 6 min)
  • 62.
  • 63.
    Page63 Random Access Procedure UEeNB PRACH Preamble Sequence RACH MACScheduling Grant RRCConnection Request UL-SCH RRCConnection Setup Complete UL-SCH Signalling Radio Bearer (RRCConnected) RRC Connection Setup DL-SCH MAC Contention Resolution If two UEs send their s-TMSIs simultaneously, the eNodeB needs to choose a UE to connect.
  • 64.
    Page64 Contents 3 LTE AirInterface Principles 3.1 Principles of OFDM 3.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies 3.3 LTE Frame Structure 3.4 LTE Physical Channel 3.5 Physical Procedures 3.6 Key Technologies
  • 65.
    Page65 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
  • 66.
    Radio Channel AccessMode Page66  Diversity receiving mode  Diversity transmitting mode  MIMO mode Transmitting antenna Receiving antenna Physical channel SISO MISO SIMO MIMO  Traditional antenna mode
  • 67.
    Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Page67 Two-channel stereo, feel so good. Two speakers + two ears MIMO doubles network access rate Two receive antennas + two transmit antennas
  • 68.
    Forms of MIMO Page68 Spatial multiplexing UE A (f) I J K L M N O P Transmit Diversity A (f) A (f) A (f) UE Cell A Cell B Cell C Beamforming Attention please! Attention please! Attention please! Attention please!
  • 69.
    SU-MIMO/MU-MIMO Page69 Two different data streams AfterPrecoding, the two data streams mixed in different transmit antennas with different transmit power and phase •Uplink •Downlink •Uplink
  • 70.
    Benefits of MIMO Improve the system capacity  Increase the peak rate  Optimize the system coverage Page70
  • 71.
    High Order MIMO Page71 Provide Peak Data Rate  DL:  300 ～600 Mbps (4x4 MIMO, 8x8 MIMO) in 20MHz  >1Gbps (4x4 MIMO) with CA.  UL:  150 ～300 Mbps (2x4 MIMO, 4x4 MIMO) in 20MHz  >1Gbps (4x4 MIMO) with  Increase system capacity and spectral efficiency  DL HO MIMO up to 8x8, enhanced DL MU-MIMO  UL SU-MIMO up to 4T, enhanced UL MU-MIMO
  • 72.
    Page72 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
  • 73.
    Deployment stage O&Mstage Network plan and design Installation and commissionin g Network performance improvement Network O&M Network upgrade and reconstruction Self-Organizing Network (SON) Page 73 Self-configuration Reduces CAPEX Self-optimization Reduces OPEX Self-healing Improves user experience
  • 74.
    Page75 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
  • 75.
    CA Spectrum Schemesand Benefits Page76 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Intra-band CA non-continuous Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Intra-band CA continuous Carrier 1 Inter-band CA Carrier 2 Band 1 Band 2 Spectrum Schemes for CA Peak Rate per User Doubled 150Mbps 150Mbps 300Mbps R10 UE Better Experience in Cell Edge DL 2*2MIMO @ 20MHz, CA: 40MHz Assign more RB for cell edge UE cente r edge Carrier 2 Carrier 1 No-CA CA Mbp s  CA requires R10 UE  Up to 5 Component Carriers defined in 3GPP R10
  • 76.
    Page77 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
  • 77.
    CoMP Introduction Page78 Benefits:  Interferencefrom other transmission points is utilized to improve transmission  Improve Cell Edge User SNR  Reduce inter-cell-interference Downlink CoMP Intra-eNB CoMP Inter-eNB CoMP Features Uplink CoMP Homogeneous network with intra-site CoMP Homogeneous network with inter-site CoMP Cloud BB • UL intra-site CoMP has no dependency with UE and Backhaul • Inter-site CoMP bases on Cloud BB Architectur e
  • 78.
    Without CoMP Intra-eNBCoMP Cell0 Cell1 Cell2 UE1 UE2 Uplink Intra-eNodeB CoMP  Intra-site UL CoMP  2Rx (eRAN 3.0)  UL CoMP from Joint Reception  Signal combination Including Receiving diversity gain and Array gain  Interference rejection  Performance gain  2Cell CoMP@2Rx(vs. Non-CoMP 2Rx)  7% Cell Capacity,  up to 130% Edge Throughput Page79
  • 79.
    Site1 Site2 Cloud BB Uplink Inter-eNodeBCoMP@Cloud BB  Intra-site UL CoMP  2Rx (2 Cells)  Inter-Site Joint Receiving is coherently Not base on X2 but Cloud BB:  Latency of Inter-site CoMP should be ~us level which is much less than X2’s ~ms level.  X2 Capacity is insufficient to bear CoMP Data.  performance gain  2Cell CoMP@2Rx(vs. Non-CoMP 2Rx)  up to 220% Edge Throughput Page80
  • 80.
    Page81 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
  • 81.
    HetNet Overview Page82 Macro Macro Micro Micro Macro Macro Micro Femto Femto Femto Micro 1- 5x 10 - 50x 100 - 500x Micro Micro Pico Femto Macro Macro Macro WiFi Telecom architecture becomes Flat, radio network becomes Heterogeneous
  • 82.
    Page83 Contents 3.6 Key Technologies 3.6.1MIMO 3.6.2 SON 3.6.3 CA 3.6.4 CoMP 3.6.5 HetNet 3.6.6 eMBMS
  • 83.
    Huawei eMBMS NetworkArchitecture  NEs working for Huawei eMBMS feature:  NE for higher layer: Content Provider, BM-SC, MBMS GW and MME  NE for eRAN: MCE, eNodeB and UE Content Provider M3 M2 Sm S11 S1-User Plane S1-Control Plane SG-mb SGi-mb M1 S5 SGi Service Gateway PDN Gateway MBMS Gateway BM-SCeNodeBUE MME MCE
  • 84.
    MBMS Areas Page85 •MBMS alsoutilize a number of “areas“. These include the MBSFN Synchronization Area, MBSFN Area and MBSFN Area Reserved Cell.
  • 85.
    Page 86 Comparison betweenUnicast Transmission and MBSFN Transmission MBSFN: Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Single Frequency Network SINR = P1 P1+P2+P3 N P2 P3 SINR = P1 P1 P2+P3+N P2 P3 Unicast transmission The signal of neighbor cells (P2,P3) and noise(N) can be a interference resource to the useful signal(P1). MBSFN transmission The UE combine signals of neighbor cells (P2,P3) and serving cell (P1), get a high MBSFN gain compare with uni-cast.  Unicast transmission is used for normal LTE service  MBSFN transmission is used for eMBMS service.
  • 86.
  • 87.
    LTE-A Key Technogies Page88 Carrier Aggregation HetNet HighOrder MIMO [06- 2012] Av. DL 3.7bps/Hz Av. UL 2.0bps/Hz Coordinate d Multi- Point 1. To boost LTE radio capacity and spectrum efficiency 2. To fulfill ITU-R “IMT- Advanced” recommendation
  • 88.
    LTE/LTE-A UE Categoriesand Capabilities Page89 3GPP R8/R9/R10 LTE UE (up to 20MHz): • Cat 1, 2, 3, 4 (MIMO DL2x2， UL1T2R) • Cat5 (MIMO DL4x4, UL1T4R) 3GPP R10/R11 LTE-A UE (up to 40MHz): • Cat 6 (MIMO DL4x4, UL1x2) • Cat 7 (MIMO DL4x4, UL2x4) • Cat 8 (MIMO DL8x8, UL4x4 or 4x8 )
  • 89.
    Page90 Contents 1. LTE IndustryBriefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview
  • 90.
    Page91 Contents 4 eNodeB ProductOverview 4.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview 4.2 Operations and Maintenance
  • 91.
    Versatile Site solutionsfor Diversified Deployment Scenarios Page92 Outdoor eNodeB BTS 3900AL Indoor eNodeB BTS3900 Multimodal RRU • CDMA/WCDMA/LTE, or • GSM/UMTS//LTE Multimodal BBU • 2U 19-in rack mount design • Simultaneous 2G/3G/4G operation Distributed eNodeB DBS3900 BBU RFU RRU Outdoor eNodeB BTS3900A Micro- eNodeB BTS3202E All-in-one design. Compact, light weight. Support on wall / on pole installation. Indoor eNodeB BTS 3900L
  • 92.
    Page93 Application Scenario ofBTS3900  The BTS3900, the indoor macro base station, is applicable to the indoor centralized installation scenario
  • 93.
    Distributed Base Station DBS3900 for distributed base stations for large coverage area, site construction difficult scene. Page94
  • 94.
    Page95 DBS3900 Scenarios  Scenesincluding city coverage, rural coverage, indoor distribution, highway, railway
  • 95.
    SingleRAN Blade Site Page96 BladeRRU Blade BBU  Seamless Installation  “0” Footprint  All RATs, all bands with high capacity  Fast installation, saving 80% deployment time Blade Battery Blade Power 12 L 12 L 12 L 28 L
  • 96.
    Page97 Micro eNodeB BTS3203E The BTS3203E is an integrated base station  Low power consumption, simple installation, easy deployment, and loose site conditions  Supports LTE and WLAN accesses  Eliminate coverage holes and expand capacity for network hotspots in both indoor and outdoor
  • 97.
    LampSite Solution  TheLampSite solution is used for providing indoor coverage in heavy- traffic indoor scenarios, such as office buildings, shopping malls, and hotels. Page98
  • 98.
    LampSite Architecture Page99 RHUB pRRU BBU Cat5/6 Fiber • 3mode,UL+WiFi • U2.1GHz • L1.8/ 2.1/2.6GHz • Wi-Fi, 2.4&5GHz • Only 2.5L • POE for pRRU • 4 level cascade • 8pRRU/rHUB LampSite= BBU + RHUB + pRRU
  • 99.
    Page100 Contents 4 eNB ProductOverview 4.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview 4.2 Operations and Maintenance
  • 100.
    Page101 Structure of Operationand Maintenance System M2000 ServereNodeB LMT M2000 Client Local Maintenance Remote Maintenance
  • 101.
    Functions of Operationand Maintenance System  Configuration Management  Fault Management  Performance Management  Security Management  Software Management  Deployment Management  Equipment / Inventory Management Page102
  • 102.
    Page103 Questions  The DBS3900LTE is comprised of which elements? a. BBU3900. b. RRU. c. LRFU. d. TMC11H.
  • 103.
    Page104 Questions  Which ofthe following comprise an O&M function? a. Configuration Management. b. Performance Management. c. RF Management. d. Deployment Management. e. Access Control Management..
  • 104.
    Summary 1. LTE IndustryBriefing 2. LTE Network Architecture 3. LTE Air Interface Principles 4. eNodeB Product Overview Page105
  • 105.