Reducing the wastage of power
Reducing physical efforts
Improve the system in our daily life
Light falls on LDR, it shows its minimum resistance and voltage drops across LDR less than VBE of Transistor Q1.
So, no current will go from the collector to the emitter and transistor remains turn off.
Reducing the wastage of power
Reducing physical efforts
Improve the system in our daily life
Light falls on LDR, it shows its minimum resistance and voltage drops across LDR less than VBE of Transistor Q1.
So, no current will go from the collector to the emitter and transistor remains turn off.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
STEPS FOR DOING WIRED RC CAR IS SHOWN HERE.
EVERY STEPS ARE SHOWN WITH PICTURES .
LIST OF COMPONENTS ARE ALSO MENTIONED IN THIS PPT WITH ITS PICTURE.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND CONNECTIONS ARE SHOWN WITH PICTURE.GIVE CONNECTIONS AS PER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.
DESCRIPTION
Nowadays everybody has overhead tank at their homes, but the one who has a water tank above knows the kind of problems that they face. Water tank overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage of water. Being electronics enthusiastic made a simple and handy circuit which will detect the water level and will raise an alarm upon getting the water tank full or a preset level.
This simple transistor based water level indicator circuit is very useful to indicate the water levels in a tank. Whenever tank gets filled, we get alerts on particular levels. Here we have created levels by alarms & we have added LEDs to indicate the level of water and one buzzer to indicate full level. When tanks gets filled completely we get beep sound from buzzer. So now we do not have to worry about overflow and water out anymore.
TEAM MEMBERS
SHAHRUKH JAVED
MOHAMMED AMIR
For more log on to: http://shahrukhjaved.webs.com/apps/blog/
E-mial: shahrukh.tjit14@gmail.com
Presentation on Over-/under-voltage protection of electrical applianceNishant Kumar
Sudden fluctuation in supply is a very big problem in industries and domestic applications. It causes a major loss for industries, offices and homes.
This project gives a low cost and powerful solution for this problem. This Circuit protects refrigerators ,ACs, Microwave ovens as well as other appliances from over and under voltage fluctuations.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
STEPS FOR DOING WIRED RC CAR IS SHOWN HERE.
EVERY STEPS ARE SHOWN WITH PICTURES .
LIST OF COMPONENTS ARE ALSO MENTIONED IN THIS PPT WITH ITS PICTURE.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND CONNECTIONS ARE SHOWN WITH PICTURE.GIVE CONNECTIONS AS PER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.
DESCRIPTION
Nowadays everybody has overhead tank at their homes, but the one who has a water tank above knows the kind of problems that they face. Water tank overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage of water. Being electronics enthusiastic made a simple and handy circuit which will detect the water level and will raise an alarm upon getting the water tank full or a preset level.
This simple transistor based water level indicator circuit is very useful to indicate the water levels in a tank. Whenever tank gets filled, we get alerts on particular levels. Here we have created levels by alarms & we have added LEDs to indicate the level of water and one buzzer to indicate full level. When tanks gets filled completely we get beep sound from buzzer. So now we do not have to worry about overflow and water out anymore.
TEAM MEMBERS
SHAHRUKH JAVED
MOHAMMED AMIR
For more log on to: http://shahrukhjaved.webs.com/apps/blog/
E-mial: shahrukh.tjit14@gmail.com
Presentation on Over-/under-voltage protection of electrical applianceNishant Kumar
Sudden fluctuation in supply is a very big problem in industries and domestic applications. It causes a major loss for industries, offices and homes.
This project gives a low cost and powerful solution for this problem. This Circuit protects refrigerators ,ACs, Microwave ovens as well as other appliances from over and under voltage fluctuations.
The projected diode assisted Neutral Point Diode Clamed (NPC-MLI) with the photovoltaic system produces a maximum voltage gain that is comparatively higher than those of other boost conversion techniques. This paper mainly explores vector selection approach pulse-width modulation (PWM) strategies for diode-assisted NPC-MLI to obtain a maximum voltage gain without compromising in waveform quality. To obtain a high voltage gain maximum utilization of dc-link voltage and stress on the power switches must be reduced. From the above issues in the diode assisted NPC-MLI leads to vector selection approach PWM technique to perform capacitive charging in parallel and discharging in series to obtain maximum voltage gain. The operation principle and the relationship of voltage gain versus voltage boost duty ratio and switching device voltage stress versus voltage gain are theoretically investigated in detail. Owing to better performance, diode-assisted NPC-MLI is more promising and competitive topology for wide range dc/ac power conversion in a renewable energy application. Furthermore, theoretically investigated are validated via simulation and experimental results.
This paper presents the three-phase CHB inverter fed induction motor suitable for renewable energy source applications. Normally, all present existing multilevel inverters produce multilevel output, but the number of components required is more, bulk in size, more in cost. Which are more burdens to small capacity renewable sources. These challenges are eliminated in CHB inverter. This CHB mainly consisting of one DC source, one capacitor and eight switches in each phase. To generate a five-level output in phase to ground voltage, it is required to maintain the capacitor voltage (V2) at fifty percent of the DC source voltage (V1). This capacitor voltage is regulated by a sensor less voltage regulating technique. The sensor less voltage regulation works without any sensor devices. We can implement this technique with very less cost compared to other techniques. The sensor less voltage regulation is realized by level-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation. The simulation results show a very good dynamic performance. Controller maintains the capacitor voltage at fifty percent of the source voltage irrespective of main source voltage changes and load changes. Inverter generates a five-level wave at the output from line to ground and seven-level wave from line to line with fewer Harmonic. It is implemented in matlab/simulink and showing good dynamic performance.
Abstract:-This paper deals with open loop study of fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) system simulation using Matlab/Simulink for various loading. The modelling of the FC-TCR is verified using the Matlab/Simulink. First power flow results are obtained and power profile have been studied for an uncompensated then results are compared with the results obtained after compensating using the FC-TCR.Its observed that current drawn by FC-TCR is varied by changing firing angle. In compensation without FC-TCR, load increases and power factor become less and in compensation with FC-TCR, load increases and power factor become near to the unity.Hence by providing compensation Voltage, power profile of system will be improved and system losses are reduced.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transient response of shunt s...Editor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
When a plane polarized light passses through a polarizer then analyzer analyse this light this intensity of light transmitted called malus law.
It is also known as half shade polarimeter hello guys mun Kalia apana mananku swagat karuchhi ajira ei Manorama mancha uparaku . Jaha ki aji ranapratap saha nka birthday ate. Ta apana mananku anurodha ki apana mane sabu asi white jogadanaa dele bhala huanta nahele nai kichhi asubidha nahin ma
An Approach to Voltage Quality Enhancement by Introduction of CWVM for Distri...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presented with problems related with voltage flicker in power
system networks. Several international standard issued to control the voltage
flicker are briefly described and some important methods to analyse
electrical circuits with sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveforms are
introduced and evaluated. One of these methods-Cockcroft Walton Voltage
Multiplier (CWVM) has been used to increase the voltage of a filter, which is
also described in this paper as a practical application. The filter can
compensate for harmonic currents, power factor, and unbalance voltage.The
simulation results using Multisimare presented, showing that good dynamic
and steady-state response can be achieved with this approach.
Lightning Characteristics and Impulse Voltage.Milton Sarker
Lightning characteristics and standard impulse
waveform are related to each other. But the lack
of realization about the relation between them
would make the solution to produce better
protection against lightning surge becomes
harder. Natural lightning surge waveform has
been compared to standard impulse waveform as
evidence that there have similarity between
them. The standard impulse waveform could be
used to test the strength of electrical equipment
against the lightning. Therefore designing and
simulating the impulse generator are the purpose
of this project beside to get better understanding
about lightning characteristics. This project aims
to develop an impulse generator circuit. The
main objectives of this work are two folds: the
first is the characterization of impulse voltages
and the second is the designing of an impulse
voltage generator. Our working purpose is to
give a concept about Impulse voltages and
impulse generator to the students and
researchers.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
Performance and Analysis of Hybrid Multilevel Inverter fed Induction Motor Drivernvsubbarao koppineni
This paper presents the Five level inverter with single DC source which is used to generate a five level output with two bridges and six switches and performance of three phase induction motor is analyzed when connected to PV array For this two identical dc sources of 50V each for two bridges in five levels using Multi level inverter and five level output is obtained by using a single DC source of 100V with six switches. A virtual DC source (charged capacitor acts as virtual DC source) is used for getting the output. The same technique is implemented for three-phase circuit i.e. by using single DC source. An asynchronous motor (three-phase) is connected as load and its performance characteristics are analyzed. And further the DC source is replaced by a renewable resource such as solar panels, fuel cell etc. and DC voltage is obtained. Performance characteristics of three-phase asynchronous motor are analyzed with PV array connected. The method can be easily extended to an m-level inverter.
Similar to Basic electrical lab manual 2018 scheme (20)
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 1
BASIC ELECTRICAL LABAROTARY
EXPERIMENT MANUAL
18EEL17/27
[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) scheme]
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
SRI SAIRAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,ANEKAL ,BENGALURU
Prepared by
Prashanth krushi .Mtech,Msc ,(Ph.D)
Mail ID: prashanthgate14@gmail.com
3. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 3
EXPERIMENT-1
VERIFICATION of KCL & KVL THEOREM
AIM:
To Verify KCL & KVL from the given circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Bread Board - 1
2 Resistor 1 KΩ 3
3 Ammeter 0-25 mA 3
4 Voltmeter 0-30 V 2
5 RPS 0-30 V 1
THEORY:
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
states that the sum of the currents entering into any node/point/junction is equal to
the sum of the currents leaving that node/point/junction. In the figure 1.1, if KCL is
applied then the equation is
IT = I1 + I2 + I3
4. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 4
Figure 1.1
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): states that the algebraic sum of all branch
voltages around any closed path in a circuit is always zero at all instants of time.
In the figure 1.2, if KVL is applied then the equation is
Vs = V1+V2+V3
Figure 1.2
PROCEDURE:
a. Verification of KCL
1. Give the connection according to circuit shown in figure 1.3
2. Vary the supply voltage and take the corresponding readings of IL, I1 & I2
from the ammeter.
3. Verify the reading.
5. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 5
b. Verification of KVL
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 1.4
2. Vary the supply voltage and take the corresponding readings V1 & V2 from
the voltmeter.
3. Verify the reading.
Tabulation:
Table 1(for KCL):
Vin I1 (mA) I2 (mA) IL = I1 + I2 (mA)
(v)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
7. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 7
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-FL
IL
8. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 8
EXPERIMENT-2
MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT,POWER
AND POWER FACTOR OF INCANDESCENT
LAMP,FLUORESCENT LAMP AND LED LA
MP
Aim : To Measure the current,power and power factor of incandescent
lamp,fluorescent lamp and LED lamp
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus
Required: Sl
No
Components Specification Type Quantity
01 Ammeter 0-2A MI 1
02 Voltmeter 0-300V MI 1
03 Wattmeter 230V,5/10A DM 1
04 Choke 40W,230V IRON CORE 1
05 Starter 230V,50Hz GLOW 1
06 Fluorescent
Tube/
incandescent/LE
D
40W,230V,50H
z
- 1
07 Variac 1-PH,0-
300V,5A
- 1
08 Connecting
Wire
3/20SWG PVC L
THEORY:
Fluorescent lamp constitutes a glass tube whose inside is coated with a fluorescent
powder. When the two filaments of the lamp are maintained at potential difference
sufficient enough t produce electric discharge through the gap, then electron are
emitted from one electrode and move towards the other electrodes. In the mean
9. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 9
time, these electrons collide with the fluorescent coating and emit cool light. In
most fluorescent lamp, a mixture of argon and mercury gas contained in a glass
tube is stimulated by an electric current, producing ultraviolet ray. These rays
strike fluorescent phosphorous coating on the interior surface of the bulb.
Unfortunately a fluorescent lamp can’t just work as is case of incandescent lamp.
The main reason is that it is normally takes a voltage greater than the typical line
voltage to start. It requires several hundreds of volts (700-800v).
PROCEDURE:
1 Do the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2 Keep the variac in the zero position and switch on the power supply.
the variac voltage slowly until the fluorescent tube flickers and glows. Measure the current,
voltage, and power.
3 Take another 4 sets of ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter reading at different positions of
variac while the tube is glowing.
10. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 10
4 Record the reading in observation table.
5 Switch off the power supply.
OR
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram with the switch (S/W) is in off position. .
2. Switch on D.C supply, close the switch and vary the rheostat to obtain different voltage
and current values. Note the voltage and corresponding current values. Record the
Calculate percentage error.
3. Switch of supply then open the switch
Precautions:
1. Make the connections properly.
2. Note the readings of voltmeters and ammeters properly.
3. Remove insulations from the connecting wire so as the current will flow properly
TABULATION:CFL
SL NO Voltmeter
Reading(V)
Ammeter
Reading(A)
Wattmeter
Reading(W)
Power Factor
INCANDESCENCE LAMP
LED LAMP
CALCULATION:
11. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 11
(I) Power Factor, Cos ɸ= W/VI.
(II) (II) Calculate mean power factor.
RESULT:
13. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 13
EXPT-3
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE AND
INDUCTANCE OF A CHOKE-COIL USING 3
VOLTMETER METHOD.
AIM- Measurement of power consumed,powerfactor and inductance of achoke by 3 –
Voltmeter
Apparatus required:
Sl.No Name of the apparatus Quantity
1 2 Amps, Auto – transformer 1 No
2 0 -300 V, A.C. Voltmeter 1 No
3 Load – Choke-R &L 1 No
THEORY-
Three Voltmeter method :
In this method, three voltmeters and a known non inductive resistance is used. This
resistance is connected in series with the load. As shown in the circuit one
voltmeter is used in the experiment to measure the supply voltage V1, Voltage V2
across the resistance and voltage V3 across the load (choke). The circuit diagram
and phasor diagram are as shown
15. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 15
Procedure :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Set the Auto transformer at zero position.
3. Close switch
4. Increase the input supply gradually and note down the readings V1, V2 and V3.
The voltage across the load shall not be increased beyond its rating.
5. Tabulate the values as shown in the table.
6. Switch off the supply.
18. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 18
EXPT-4
DETERMINATION OF PHASE AND LINE
QUANTITIES IN THREE PHASE STAR AND
DELTA CONNECTED LOADS
AIM :- Measurement of various line and phase quantities for a three phase ac circuit
Apparatus Required :-
SL.no Name of the component and range type Quantity
1 Voltmeter-(0-300) 2
2 Ammeter(0-2amp) 2
3 3 phase auto transformer(0-300) 1
4 Connecting loads
5 Resistive load 1
S
Theory:-
Three phase supply system:-
an A.C. system having three equal voltages of same frequency arranged to have
equal phase difference between adjacent e.m.f. is called a three phase supply
system.
Three phase supply system is divided into two categories.
(1) 3-phase balanced system: -
A supply system is said to be balanced when the tree voltages of the same
frequency have equal magnitude and one displaced from another by equal time
19. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 19
angle i.e. 120 electrical degree with respect to each other is called three phase
balanced system.
(2) 3-phase unbalanced system:-
A three phase supply system will be unbalanced when either of the three phase
voltages are unequal in magnitude or the phase angle between them is not equal to
120 electrical degree with respect to each other is called three phase unbalanced
system.
Procedure:-
1) Connect the voltmeter and ammeter to the load through three phase auto
transformer as shown in figure and set the autotransformer at zero position.
2) Switch on the three phase supply and adjust the auto transformer till a suitable
voltage. Note down the readings of voltmeter and ammeter.
3) Vary the voltage by the autotransformer and note down the various readings.
4) Now after the observation switch off and disconnect all the equipments.
Observation table:-
(1) FOR STAR CONNECTED LOAD:-
Sl
.No
Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading
Line voltage Phase
voltage
Line
current
Phase
current
(2) FOR DELTACONNECTED LOAD:-
Sl
.No
Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading
Line voltage Phase
voltage
Line
current
Phase
current
20. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 20
.
Result:-
(1) In star connected load :- Line voltages are √3 times of phase voltages
Line currents are equal to phase currents
(2) In delta connected load :-
Line currents are √3 times of phase currents
Line voltages are equal to phase voltages
Precautions:-
(1) Make the connections as shown in figure.
(2) Connections should be tight.
(3) Ensure that auto transformer should be at zero position before switching on the
main supply.
(4) Please get the circuit checked before switching on the main supply.
(5) Do not touch any live wire.
(6) Supply should be off after the completion of experiment
REFERENCES
Books:
1. Fundamentals of Electrical engineering by Ashfaq Husain.
2. A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L Thereja.
3. Electrical Science by J. B. Gupta
URLS:
1. www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
22. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 22
EXPERIMENT - 5
MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER
USING TWO WATTMETER METHOD
AIM:To MeasureThree Phase Power By 2 Watt Meter Method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SLNO NAME OF ITEM SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1. Watt meter 5A/600V 2
2. Volt meter MI(0-300V) 1
3. Ammeter MI(0-5A) 3
4. Rheostat 50Ω/5A 3
5. 3 phase variac 0-100V 1
THEORY:
A watt meter is an instrument for measuring power directly in a circuit. It
has two coils which when connected in series give the lower current range of
the instrument and when connected in parallel gives the double the range. The
pressure circuit has a coil of high resistant. The current coil is connected in
series with the circuit in which power is measured and pressure coil across the
circuit. Two wattmeter’scan be used to measure power in a three phase 3-wire
circuit, by making the connections as shown in below. The load may be
balanced or unbalanced. The current coils are connected in series with two
phases and the pressure coils between either phase and the third. If one of the
wattmeters tends to read negative, the current coil is reversed, but reading of
23. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 23
this instrument must be regarded as negative the total power consumed=
w1+w2(alzebric sum).
Here current through the current coil W1=IR and W2=IB
While potential difference across voltage coil of W1=VRY
and W2=VBY According to the phasor diagram given below
W1=VRYIRcos(30+ ) and
W2=VBYIB cos(30- )
24. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 24
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on A.C supply
3. For balanced load condition measured the values of wattmeters, ammeters and
voltmeter
. 4. Repeat the same process for unbalance load condition.
5. Switch off all the loads and supply
25. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 25
TABULAR COLOUMN
SL .NO
LINE
Voltage LINE Current Power W1 Power W2 Power Power factor
`
TOTAL POWER=
RESULT---
Precautions: 1. All the connections should be tight and clean.
2. The readings in ammeters should not exceed the current ratings of wattmeters.
3. With negative deflection in wattmeter the connection should be reversed.
26. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 26
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Two way control :
THREE WAY CONTROL OF LAMP
27. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 27
EXPERIMENT-6
TWO WAY AND THREE WAY CONTROL OF
LAMP AND FORMATION OF SWITCHING
TABLE
AIM: controlling the condition of lamp by using two switches and three switches
Apparatus Required:
Sl.no Name of the apparatus Quantity
1 Lamp 2
2 SPDT switches 4
3 Intermediate switch 1
THEORY :
Two-way control is usually used for staircase lighting. The lamp can be controlled
from two different points: one at the top and the other at the bottom - using two-
way switches which strap wires interconnect. They are also used in bedrooms, big
halls and large corridors. The circuit is shown in the figure.
Switches S1 and S2 are two-way switches with a pair of terminals 1&2, and 3&4
respectively. When the switch S1 is in position1 and switch S2 is in position 4, the
circuit does not form a closed loop and there is no path for the current to flow and
hence the lamp will be OFF. When S1 is changed to position 2 the circuit gets
completed and hence the lamp glows or is ON. Now if S2 is changed to position 3
with S1 at position 2 the circuit continuity is broken and the lamp is
off. Thus the lamp can be controlled from two different points.
Three- way Control of lamp:
In case of very long corridors it may be necessary to control the lamp from 3
different points. In
such cases, the circuit connection requires two; two-way switches S1and S2 and an
intermediate
28. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 28
switch S3. An intermediate switch is a combination of two, two way switches
coupled together. It
has 4 terminals ABCD. It can be connected in two ways
a) Straight connection
b) Cross connection
In case of straight connection, the terminals or points AB and CD are connected as
shown in
figure 1(a) while in case of cross connection, the terminals AB and
PROCEDURE:
Before switching ON the supply to the circuit,
1. The pipe layout of the respective wiring is laid on the board.
2. The PVC pipes are fixed to the wooden board.
3. The junction box and switch box are fixed at appropriate positions.
4. The round blocks are tightened in their position with the help of a screw driver.
5. The wires are inserted into the pipes and the connections for different types of
switch connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
6. Switch ON the supply to the circuit and verify the operations using table
After switching ON the supply to the circuit,
1. The lamp is checked for its glow.
2. After making all the changes in the circuit, the sequential process for the lamp
glow is checked.
1,Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2,switch on the supply
3, change the switching connection
4,condition of lamp is noted on switching table
SWITCHING TABLE:
SL.no Switch -1 Switch-2 Condition of lamp
1
2
3
4
Theory –
Case-1
30. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. CURRENT ELECTRODE
2. POTENTIAL ELECTRODE
3. EARTH
31. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 31
EXIPERIMENT-7
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO
EARTH OF
AN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
AIM:To measure the earth resistance using Megger
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Megger
2.Electrodes
3.Hammer
4.Connecting Wires
5.Tester
THEORY:
Earthing means generally connected to the mass of the earth. It shall be in such a
means as to ensure at all times an immediate & safe discharge o f electric current
due to leakage, fault etc. All metallic parts of every electrical insulation such as
conduit, metallic sheathing, metallic panels, motor, gear, Transformer regulator
shall be earthed using continuous bus wire if one earth bus for installation is found
impracticable move than one earthing system shall be introduced the earthing
conductors when taken outdoors to the earthing point, shall be incased in pipe
securely supported and continued upto point not less than 0.3m below the ground.
No joints are permitted in earth bus whenever there is lighting conductors system
installed in a building. Its earthing shall not be bonded to the earthing of electric
installation. Before the electric supply on apparatus is energized all earthing
system shall be tested for electrical resistance to ensure efficient earthing. It shall
not be more than 2ohms including the ohmic value of earth electrode.
32. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 32
PROCEDURE:
1. Collect the materials required for this experiment.
2. The terminal of ohmmeter E is first connected to earth.
3. The two earth rods are fixed to feet away from the ohmmeter. So that they are
triangle with base 50 feet.
4. The wires are connected to each rod and the ohmmeter terminals are shown.
5. The ohmmeter is ranked and the readings are taken.
RESULTS:
35. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 35
EXPERIMENT-8
STUDY OF OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT OF
SIMPLE CIRCUIT
AIM: To Study Of Open And Short Circuit Of Any Simple Circuit
Apparatus required
1,Lamp
2,Connecting Wires
3,Rps
THEORY:
You need a closed path, or closed circuit, to get electric current to flow. If there’s a
break anywhere in the path, you have an open circuit, and the current stops flowing
— and the metal atoms in the wire quickly settle down to a peaceful, electrically
neutral existence.
36. Prepared By Prashanth Krushi ,Mtech,MSc,(PhD) SSCE Blore. Page 36
PROCEDURE:
1,Connect the circuit as per Circui diagram
2,Switch ON the supply
3,place one Switch series with circuit
4,Place one Switch parallel with circuit
5,keep open for open circuit
6,close all the switches for short sircuiting
Result: