This document traces the history and evolution of writing instruments from ancient times to modern ballpoint pens. It describes early writing tools like stone carving, clay tablets, reed pens, quill pens and their replacements by metal dip pens and steel nib pens. Key developments include the invention of the fountain pen in the 10th century by order of the Fatimid caliph Al-Mu'izz, and the replacement of quill pens by steel nib pens in the 19th century. The document also discusses various writing surfaces used over time like stone, clay, papyrus, parchment and paper.
Started to create milestones, we, Uma Plastics Limited marked our presence in the year 1999 and operate in the manufacturing / servicing of Rectangular Dining Table, Cushioned Plastic Chair, Plastic Medium Back Chair With Arms, Injection Molded Components, Plastic High Back Chair With Arms since 13 years. Our quality services / products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Rectangular Dining Table, Cushioned Plastic Chair, Plastic Medium Back Chair With Arms, Injection Molded Components, Plastic High Back Chair With Arms, Plastic Chairs & Tables has deepened our roots in the market. We, Uma Plastics Limited breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products / services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Manufacture and Export of quality molded plastic products, plastic moulded furniture and industrial plastic components such as Plastic High Back Chair With Arms, Plastic Medium Back Chairs With Arms, Plastic High Back Chairs With Arms, Plastic Medium Back Chair with Arms, Plastic Armless Chair, High Back Plastic Chair Without Arms, Plastic High Back Chair Shell, Plastic Designer Chair, Round Dining Table, Oval Dining Table, Plastic Bath Stools (Patla), wPlastic Square Stools, Plastic Round Stool.
Manufacture of Paint, Varnishes (Acrylic Emulsion Paints, Aluminium Paint, Cement Paint, Industrial Paints, N.C Thinner, Oil Based Paint, Paint Additives, Red Oxide Paint, Stoving Paint)
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.
Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film that is primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.
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Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
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Paint Manufacturing Process, Paint Formulation and Process, Paint Manufacturing, Production Process of Paint, Raw Materials Used in Paint Manufacturing, Emulsion Paint Manufacturing Process, Manufacture of Paint, Paint Manufacturing Machines, Industrial Paint Manufacture, Manufacture of Paint, Acrylic Paint Manufacturing Process, Process of Paint Production, Paint Manufacture, Paint and Coating Manufacture, Paint & Coatings Manufacturing, Paint Production, Manufacturing Oil Paints, Paint Manufacturing, Paints and Allied Products Manufacturing, Interior Paint Manufacture, Manufacture of Paint and Allied Coating, Industrial Paint Manufacture, How to Manufacture Paints, Emulsion Paint Production, Production of Emulsion Paints, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, Paint Manufacturing Plant, Emulsion Manufacturing Process, Acrylic Emulsion Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Oil Paints, Acrylic Emulsion Paint Manufacturing Machine, Manufacturing Process of Emulsion Paint, Manufacture of Varnishes, Paint and Varnish Manufacture, Varnish Manufacturing, Process for Producing Varnish, Varnish Manufacturing Plant, Business Plan for Paint, Production of Paint and Varnish, Business Plan for Paint Manufacturing, Paint Manufacturing Business Plan, Business Plan on Paint Production, How to Start Paint Production Business, Business Plan for Paint Industry, Paint Production Business Plan, Paint Production Business, Small Scale Paint Production, Oil Paint Manufacture, Oil Paint Manufacturing Process, Process of Manufacturing Oil Paint, How to Start Aluminium Paint Production Business, Business Plan for Aluminium Paint, Business Plan for Aluminium Paint Industry, Aluminium Paint Production Business
The Top Skills That Can Get You Hired in 2017LinkedIn
We analyzed all the recruiting activity on LinkedIn this year and identified the Top Skills employers seek. Starting Oct 24, learn these skills and much more for free during the Week of Learning.
#AlwaysBeLearning https://learning.linkedin.com/week-of-learning
Introduction; Decipehring and Rawlinson who deciphered Cuneiform; multi-lingual inscription on the Behustun hill; writing materials, picture to pictogram, to ideogram, to alphabet; Hammurabi’s Code.
Art and Culture - 01 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers how the invention of writing in Mesopotamia and then also examines other writing technologies, including papyrus, parchments, and then the printing press.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Introduction to Western Humanities - 1 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First lecture for GNED 1202 (Texts and Ideas). It is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Introduction to Western Civilization style course.
Started to create milestones, we, Uma Plastics Limited marked our presence in the year 1999 and operate in the manufacturing / servicing of Rectangular Dining Table, Cushioned Plastic Chair, Plastic Medium Back Chair With Arms, Injection Molded Components, Plastic High Back Chair With Arms since 13 years. Our quality services / products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Rectangular Dining Table, Cushioned Plastic Chair, Plastic Medium Back Chair With Arms, Injection Molded Components, Plastic High Back Chair With Arms, Plastic Chairs & Tables has deepened our roots in the market. We, Uma Plastics Limited breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products / services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Manufacture and Export of quality molded plastic products, plastic moulded furniture and industrial plastic components such as Plastic High Back Chair With Arms, Plastic Medium Back Chairs With Arms, Plastic High Back Chairs With Arms, Plastic Medium Back Chair with Arms, Plastic Armless Chair, High Back Plastic Chair Without Arms, Plastic High Back Chair Shell, Plastic Designer Chair, Round Dining Table, Oval Dining Table, Plastic Bath Stools (Patla), wPlastic Square Stools, Plastic Round Stool.
Manufacture of Paint, Varnishes (Acrylic Emulsion Paints, Aluminium Paint, Cement Paint, Industrial Paints, N.C Thinner, Oil Based Paint, Paint Additives, Red Oxide Paint, Stoving Paint)
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.
Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film that is primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.
See more
https://goo.gl/ZDgoSS
https://goo.gl/rj38UN
https://goo.gl/Y9885i
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Paint Manufacturing Process, Paint Formulation and Process, Paint Manufacturing, Production Process of Paint, Raw Materials Used in Paint Manufacturing, Emulsion Paint Manufacturing Process, Manufacture of Paint, Paint Manufacturing Machines, Industrial Paint Manufacture, Manufacture of Paint, Acrylic Paint Manufacturing Process, Process of Paint Production, Paint Manufacture, Paint and Coating Manufacture, Paint & Coatings Manufacturing, Paint Production, Manufacturing Oil Paints, Paint Manufacturing, Paints and Allied Products Manufacturing, Interior Paint Manufacture, Manufacture of Paint and Allied Coating, Industrial Paint Manufacture, How to Manufacture Paints, Emulsion Paint Production, Production of Emulsion Paints, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, Paint Manufacturing Plant, Emulsion Manufacturing Process, Acrylic Emulsion Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Oil Paints, Acrylic Emulsion Paint Manufacturing Machine, Manufacturing Process of Emulsion Paint, Manufacture of Varnishes, Paint and Varnish Manufacture, Varnish Manufacturing, Process for Producing Varnish, Varnish Manufacturing Plant, Business Plan for Paint, Production of Paint and Varnish, Business Plan for Paint Manufacturing, Paint Manufacturing Business Plan, Business Plan on Paint Production, How to Start Paint Production Business, Business Plan for Paint Industry, Paint Production Business Plan, Paint Production Business, Small Scale Paint Production, Oil Paint Manufacture, Oil Paint Manufacturing Process, Process of Manufacturing Oil Paint, How to Start Aluminium Paint Production Business, Business Plan for Aluminium Paint, Business Plan for Aluminium Paint Industry, Aluminium Paint Production Business
The Top Skills That Can Get You Hired in 2017LinkedIn
We analyzed all the recruiting activity on LinkedIn this year and identified the Top Skills employers seek. Starting Oct 24, learn these skills and much more for free during the Week of Learning.
#AlwaysBeLearning https://learning.linkedin.com/week-of-learning
Introduction; Decipehring and Rawlinson who deciphered Cuneiform; multi-lingual inscription on the Behustun hill; writing materials, picture to pictogram, to ideogram, to alphabet; Hammurabi’s Code.
Art and Culture - 01 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers how the invention of writing in Mesopotamia and then also examines other writing technologies, including papyrus, parchments, and then the printing press.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Introduction to Western Humanities - 1 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First lecture for GNED 1202 (Texts and Ideas). It is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Introduction to Western Civilization style course.
A brief overview of the history of writing - who invented the first writing system, where and for what purpose. From Mesapotamia tax records to modern-day emoticons and txt spk : )
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing
Moving to a generational shift to technologies using renewable energy sources with zero fuel cost for generation of energy.
A glimpse of things to come . Some innovative ideas that use the surroundings to produce Energy. These are Concept technologies, Pilot projects , some way beyond pilot projects Some successfully running..A window into the technology that is in incubation stage and ready to be unleashed. Commited to energy security using renewable enrgy sources.
Strategic Energy Innovations. Creating a better, more sustainable future through innovation.
Climate change and rising energy costs have brought resource efficiency to the forefront of many communities' agendas.
A Case study of saving 300% in Electrical Bills and Energy :Essel world Useing Energy Efficient Devices
This case study was done in 2008 or Essel World
The then, GM was Jude Monterio. We thank him for providing us an opportunity to study in detail their electrical installation and useage.
The use of energy efficient devices a CFL in lieu of a Incadescent bulb, or better replaced with a LED lamp helps save 300% to 500% in the Electrical bills, also saving approx 28 Megawatt of power
All figures provided are based on cost of energy at the time prevalent
We put a few tips to help conserve , save
10 Tips to save Energy and MOney.
Simple acts in everyday life
Simple and efficient ways to save both money and energy.
An attempt to spread a general awarness among the populace on basics of systems, taking the mystery out and Keeping it simply simple.
We are blessed with Solar Energy in abundance at no cost. The solar radiation incident on the surface of the earth can be conveniently utilized for the benefit of human society. One of the popular devices that harness the solar energy is solar hot water system (SHWS).
A solar water heater consists of a collector to collect solar energy and an insulated storage tank to store hot water. The solar energy incident on the absorber panel coated with selected coating transfers the heat to the riser pipes underneath the absorber panel.
The water passing through the risers get heated up and is delivered the storage tank.
The re-circulation of the same water through absorber panel in the collector raises the temperature to 80 C (Maximum) in a good sunny day. The total system with solar collector, storage tank and pipelines is called solar hot water system.
Understanding Paper sizes and the terminology used in the industry.
The size difference between Raw paper sizes and cut paper sizes.
The terms used worldwide for paper sizes.
How printers and manufacturers define sizes in the language
a1, a2, a3, a4, ansi, architectural paper, book binding, booklets, brochres, paper, paper mill, paper sizes, paper trade, printing, recycling paper, understanding paper terminology
Initially, paper was made out of fibres from mulberry bark,papyrus, straw or cotton. Wood only emerged as the chief raw material for paper mass production as recently as the mid 19th century.
The printed page is immediate, its message cutting across cultures; a tactile experience that demands attention and creates desire. It is a passport to knowledge, a storage medium, a persuasive tool and an entertaining art form.
Paper is a sustainable resource and a permanent document.
How has renewable energy and Alternate energy fared .
Some facts about renewable energy Potential and Installed capacities ,........updated till 2014 available
Paper making simplified
Making paper at home wth hand made make it yourself paper making, from waste to paper, paper making , Do it yourself.
Industry and businesses provide almost half the amount of recovered paper in the form of cuttings/shavings and unsold newspapers/magazines. Households contribute over a third. Almost any household paper, including used newspapers, cardboard, packaging, stationery, direct mail, magazines, catalogues, greeting cards and wrapping paper, can be recycled.
Recovered paper compares favorably with the production of wood-based pulp made by chemical or mechanical means in terms of environmental pollution and energy consumption.
All about paper Manufacturing: Paper Making Process
Industry and businesses provide almost half the amount of recovered paper in the form of cuttings/shavings and unsold newspapers/magazines. Households contribute over a third. Almost any household paper, including used newspapers, cardboard, packaging, stationery, direct mail, magazines, catalogues, greeting cards and wrapping paper, can be recycled. Recovered paper compares favorably with the production of wood-based pulp made by chemical or mechanical means in terms of environmental pollution and energy consumption.
All you need to learn and start composting with aid of earth worms on your own.
Composting of waste to produce bio fertilizer by decomposition or by the use of earthworms called vermiculture.
What is Vermicomposting?
Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process of composting, in which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of waste conversion and produce a better end product. Vermicomposting differs from composting in several ways (Gandhi et al. 1997). It is a mesophilic process, utilizing microorganisms and earthworms that are active at 10–32°C (not ambient temperature but temperature within the pile of moist organic material). The process is faster than composting; because the material passes through the earthworm gut, a significant but not yet fully understood transformation takes place, whereby the resulting earthworm castings (worm manure) are
rich in microbial activity and plant growth regulators, and fortified with pest repellence attributes as well! In short, earthworms, through a type of biological alchemy, are capable of transforming garbage into ‘gold’
Pencil and its impact on the environment. paper pencil vs the Wooden pencil a comparative
Pencils Recycled From Newspapers…Best Invention Ever?Here are the facts about wood and wood pencils:
79 million pencils could be made from a single press run of the Sunday Paper.
Recycling 1 2.5 foot stack of newspapers saves a 20 foot pine tree.
Many pencil manufacturers use wood taken from the rainforest.
Deforestation is a major cause of many negative environmental changes.
They are a cost effective alternative compared to other recycled pencil options.
They recycle newspapers, a hugely inefficient and wasteful practice.
Ecopencil is giving us a highly effective alternative to traditional wood pencils, right here and now.
Wood pencils are proven to be harmful for the environment just in how the wood to manufacture them is harvested. This is an outdated practice that there is no need for in this age. Displacing indigenous animals, soil erosion, urban sprawl, climate change…
…and the list goes on. Supporting integrity driven businesses such as these is the only way we can begin to repair the generations of damage we have caused on our environment.
Help make that change today by contacting Ecopencil. Ask us about our products. Ask them the facts. Involve yourself.
Small Businesses: Making money from waste , From trash to treasue
Construction Material Machinery, Brick and mortar business, Paver (flooring), Roof,Flooring machinery
Small enterprises, environment friendly, using(recycling) waste tp produce utility products like paper pencils, paper, paper pens, polymer pencils, bricks, roofing tiles,
Recycling paper , office sheets, newspaper, notebook, cotton waste, from 10 Kgs. a day to 10 Tonnes.
From your Trash can to Tissue paper , notebook, files
Solar street Lights
Most solar panels turn on and turn off automatically by sensing outdoor light using a light source.Solar streetlights are designed to work throughout the night. Many can stay lit for more than one night if the sun is not available for a couple of days. Older models included lamps that were not fluorescent or LED. Solar lights installed in windy regions are generally equipped with flat panels to better cope with the winds.
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.
Wind Turbine Types
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
Turbine Components
Horizontal turbine components include:
blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy;
a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;
a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and
other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support equipment, and interconnection equipment.
Power generation from wind has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing renewable energy technologies. The estimated power generation capacity in India through wind is about 45,000 MW. The installed capacity is about 1,870 MW, which is about 4% of the total estimated potential.
Globally, wind generation capacity has increased by 27% in the year 2002 and is expected to expand 15 – fold in the next 20 years. Wind energy technologies have matured and large capacity wind turbines in the range of 1.25 to 1.65 MW are now being manufactured in India. The productivity of larger capacity machines is higher than that of smaller machines. Minimum wind velocity required for power generation is about 2.5 m/s and the maximum could be 30 m/s.
Energy generation for 1 MW turbine could be about 28 to 30 lakhs units per year, with a plant load factor of 25 to 30% Among the different renewable energy sources, wind energy is currently making a significant contribution to the installed capacity of power generation, and is emerging as a competitive option. The programme covers research and development, survey and assessment of wind resources, implementation of demonstration and private sector projects and promotional policies. As a result, India, with an installed capacity of about 3000 MW, ranks fifth in the world after Germany, USA, Spain and Denmark in wind power generation.
Small wind energy systems, namely water pumping windmills, aero generators and wind-solar hybrid systems can also be used for harnessing wind power potential, in addition to the large capacity wind turbines. These systems have been found to be very useful for meeting water pumping and small power requirements in decentralised mode in rural and remote windy areas of the country, which are un-electrified or have intermittent electric supply.
A TEXT BOOK : Complete and comprehensive inputs in Learning about Biogas and Biogas digestors:We have tried to take the mystery away from biogas.
Biogas is a renewable energy source with many different production pathways and various excellent opportunities to use.
One main advantage of biogas is the waste reduction potential. Biogas production by anaerobic digestion is popular for treating biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products.
Biogas burns more cleanly than coal, and emits less carbon dioxide per unit of energy. The carbon in biogas was recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants. Releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than burning fossil fuels.
Thus, biogas production kills two birds with one stone: it reduces waste and produces energy. In addition, the residues from the digestation process can be used as high quality fertilizer. This closes the nutrient cycle.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. BALL PENSBALL PENS
FROM THEN TO NOW
From writing on stone to the Modern Eco friendly Paper Ball Pen. .
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2. Ancient writing instruments –Ancient writing instruments
From left to right: quills, bamboo, pen sharpeners, fountain pens, pencils, brushes.
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3. Writing Surface and Technology
The kind of writing implements used at various periods in history have a lot to do with the surfaces
that people used to write on. We're accustomed to paper, and even though a lot of our
communicating is done on computers now, paper is everywhere. But even though paper was
invented as early as the year A.D. 105 in China, it didn't reach Europe until the 11th century,
which leaves a very long history of writing on other surfaces before that.which leaves a very long history of writing on other surfaces before that.
The development of technology also had an effect on what writing implements could be made of.
This is especially clear when we look at the evolution of pens that contain their own ink supply, but
even early writing implements changed as other technologies, such as metallurgy, advanced.
Tools for Writing on Clay
The very earliest writing known to history is found in the area now known as Mesopotamia, and it
was impressed into clay tablets around 3000 B.C. Before that, of course, people decorated their
tools, their homes, and (probably) themselves, but writing — a system of expressing meaning
through specific marks on a surface — didn't appear until then.
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4. Around 4000 BCAround 4000 BC
4000 BC– 2000 BC—
M t h th f f i t l t bl t ith b b t lMan scratches the surface of moist clay tablet with a bronze or bone tool.
Cave paintings are paintings found on cave walls and ceilings, and especially refer to those
of prehistoricorigin. The earliest such figurative paintings in Europe date back to
the Aurignacian period, approximately 30,000 to 32,000 years ago, and are found in the Chauvet
Cave in France. The exact purpose of the paleolithiccave paintings is not known. Evidence suggestsx p p f p p g k gg
that they were not merely decorations of living areas since the caves in which they have been found do
not have signs of ongoing habitation. They are also often located in areas of caves that are not easily
accessible. Some theories hold that cave paintings may have been a way of communicating with others,
while other theories ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them. The earliest non-figurative rock
art in Europe dates back to approximately 40 000 years ago and is found in the El Castilloart in Europe dates back to approximately 40,000 years ago, and is found in the El Castillo
cave in Cantabria, Spain
People and animals, a detail of rock-shelter painting in Cogul, Lleida, Spain, are painted. It is now
at Museo Arqueológico, Barcelona
Around 3000 BC
Egyptian hieroglyphics and the thousands of ancient Chinese government records. The history of
literature begins with the history of writing. The Egyptians developed a form of writing with
pictures. For writing on papyrus scrolls scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens.
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5. 2600-1900 BC2600 1900 BC
2600-1900 BC Writings from Indus Valley civilisation The earliest
script in India so far known is the Indus Valley pictographic script.
Over 4000 symbol bearing seals have been discovered in the Indus Valley.
2600-1900 BC
Writings from Indus Valley civilisation Another seal from the Indus Valley
- the Harappan signs are associated with flat, rectangular stone tablets
ll d l W i i f I d V ll i ili icalled seals…….Writings from Indus Valley civilisation
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6. 1900 BC to 1300 BC
Writing emerged in many different cultures in the Bronze Age. Examples are the cuneiform writing
1900 BC to 1300 BC
of the Sumerians, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Cretan hieroglyphs, Chinese logographs, and the Olmec
script of Mesoamerica. The Chinese script likely developed independently of the Middle Eastern
scripts, around 1600 BC.
The pre Columbian Mesoamerican writing systems(including Olmec and Maya scripts) are alsoThe pre-Columbian Mesoamerican writing systems(including Olmec and Maya scripts) are also
generally believed to have had independent origins. It is thought that the first true alphabetic
writing was developed around 2000 BC for Semitic workers in the Sinai by giving mostly
Egyptian hieraticglyphs Semitic values (see History of the alphabet and Proto-Sinaitic alphabet).
The Ge'ez writing system of Ethiopia is considered Semitic. It is likely to be of semi-independent
origin, having roots in the Meroitic Sudanese ideogram system
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7. 1300 BC
1300 BC The Romans have been developing form of writing, that they
ib d i t thi h t f ( d t bl t ) R d t l
1300 BC
scribed into thin sheets of wax (on wooden tablets). Romans used a metal
stylus. When they no longer needed the writing, they rubbed it out with
the flat end of stylus. In Asia scribes used a bronze stylus.
Bamboo pens - also known as Reed pens used for writing devanagiri
script.
The 45 degree cut is the reason for the thick and thin features of the
letterings.
3rd Century BC Brahmi Inscription
Asoka Edict on the Rummindei pillar
B h i th i t f th b h i itt f l ft t i ht It i thBrahmi, the script of the brahmans is written from left to right. It is the
mother of all Indian scripts including the Devanagari script.
-Ashoka used this script for his inscriptions, carved into the face of rocks
or on stone pillars
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8. COPPER NIB OF POMPEI
A copper nib was found in the ruins of Pompeii showing that
COPPER NIB OF POMPEI
metal nibs were used in the year 79.
There is also a reference to 'a silver pen to carry ink in', in Samuel
Pepys' diary for August 1663. 'New invented' metal pens are
advertised in The Times in 1792advertised in The Times in 1792.
A metal pen point was patented in 1803 but the patent was not
commercially exploited. A patent for the manufacture of metalcommercially exploited. A patent for the manufacture of metal
pens was advertised for sale by Bryan Donkin in 1811. John
Mitchell of Birmingham started to mass-produce pens with metal
nibs in 1822, and thereafter the quality of steel nibs had
i d h h di i h l ib iimproved enough that dip pens with metal nibs came into
generalized use.
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9. REED PEN
A reed pen is cut from a reed or bamboo, with a slit in a
REED PEN
narrow tip. Its mechanism is essentially similar to that
of a quill. The reed pen has almost disappeared but it is
still used by young school students in some parts of
India and Pakistan, who learn to write with them onIndia and Pakistan, who learn to write with them on
small timber boards known as "Takhti".
The main modern types of pens can be categorized by
the kind of writing tip or point:
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10. EARLY DAYS
Dark Ages
EARLY DAYS
As well as writing on parchment, the Anglo-Saxons also used tablets filled with wax for notes and
for planning the layout of large books. They wrote on the tables with a metal or bone stylus, that
had a pointed end and rubbed out the words with flat endhad a pointed end and rubbed out the words with flat end.
600-1800 AD
The Europeans found that writing on parchment with a quill pen altered the style of their writing.The Europeans found that writing on parchment with a quill pen altered the style of their writing.
At first they used capital letters all the time, but later they developed faster styles with small
letters. Quill Pens (firstly appeared in Seville, Spain) were the writing instrument from 600 to 1800
AD.
1790s
Pencil lead was invented independently in France and Australia.
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11. QUILL PENS
Ancient Egyptians had developed writing on papyrus scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or reed
f h h h b k H f W h
QUILL PENS
pens from theJuncus maritimus or sea rush In his book A History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer
suggests that on the basis of finds at Saqqara, the reed pen might well have been used for writing on
parchment as long ago as the First Dynasty or about 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until
the Middle Ages although they were slowly replaced by quills from about the 7th century. The reed pen,
generally made from bamboo, is still used in some parts of Pakistan by young students and is used to write
on small boards made of timber. The quill pen was used in Qumran, Judea to write some of the Dead Sea
Scrolls, which date back to around 100 BC. The scrolls were written in Hebrew dialects with bird feathers
or quills. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europeans had difficulty in obtaining reeds] and began toq Af f f R p , p ff y g g
use quills. There is a specific reference to quills in the writings of St. Isidore of Seville in the 7th
century. Quill pens were still widely used in the 18th century, and were used to write and sign
theConstitution of the United States in 1787. Quill pens were replaced some 2000 years later by the
Greeks with the reed pen made by cutting the end of the reed at an angle and making a slit opposite theGreeks with the reed pen, made by cutting the end of the reed at an angle and making a slit opposite the
cut. This proved to be nib-like and more suitable for writing the newly developed Greek alphabet. The reed
pen survived until papyrus was replaced by animal skins, vellum and parchment, as a writing surface. The
smoother surface of skin allowed finer, smaller writing by the quill pen, derived from the flight feather.
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12. QUILL PEN
A quill is a pen made from a flight feather of a large
b Q ll
QUILL PEN
bird, most often a goose. Quills were used as
instruments for writing with ink before the metal
dip pen, the fountain pen, and eventually the
ballpoint pen came into use. Quill pens were usedp p Q p
in medieval times to write on parchment or paper.
The quill eventually replaced the reed pen.
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13. HISTORICAL FACT
Imam Al-Mu’izz commissioned the invention of the first Fountain Pen
HISTORICAL FACT
Ma’ad al-Mu’izz li Dīn Allah (932–975) (Arabic: اﷲ ﻟﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺰ ﻣﻌﺎذ(, also known as al’Moezz, was the
fourth Fatimid Caliph and reigned from 953 to 975.
Al M ˤi d f hi t l f th li i d l hi J i h dAl-Muˤizz was renowned for his tolerance of other religions, and was popular among his Jewish and
Christian subjects. He is credited for having commissioned the invention of the first fountain pen. In 953,
al-Muizz demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen
which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib via gravity and capillary action. As recorded by
Qadi al-Nu’man al-Tamimi (d. 974) in his Kitdb al-Majalis wa ‘l-musayardt, al-Mu’izz commissioned theQ ( ) j y
construction of the pen instructing:[2][3]
‘We wish to construct a pen which can be used for writing without having recourse to an ink-holder and
whose ink will be contained inside it. A person can fill it with ink and write whatever he likes. The writer
can put it in his sleeve or anywhere he wishes and it will not stain nor will any drop of ink leak out of it.
The ink will flow only when there is an intention to write We are unaware of anyone previously everThe ink will flow only when there is an intention to write. We are unaware of anyone previously ever
constructing (a pen such as this) and an indication of ‘penetrating wisdom’ to whoever contemplates it
and realises its exact significance and purpose’. I exclaimed, ‘Is this possible?’ He replied, ‘It is possible if
God so wills’
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14. DIP PENDIP PEN
These historic types of pens are no longer in common use as
writing instruments, but may be used by calligraphers andi i g i s u s, bu y b us by ig ph s
other artists:
A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of a metal nib with capillary
channels, like that of a fountain pen, mounted on a handle
or holder, often made of wood. A dip pen usually has no, f f p p y
ink reservoir and must be repeatedly recharged with ink
while drawing or writing. The dip pen has certain
advantages over a fountain pen. It can use waterproof
pigmented (particle−and−binder−based) inks, such as so−p g (p ) ,
called India ink, drawing ink, or acrylic inks, which
would destroy a fountain pen by clogging, as well as the
traditional iron gall ink, which can cause corrosion in a
fountain pen. Dip pens are now mainly usedf p p p y
in illustration, calligraphy, and comics. A particularly fine−
pointed type of dip pen known as a crowquill is a favorite
instrument of artists, such as David Stone Martin and Jay
Lynch, because its flexible metal point can create a variety
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y , f p y
of delicate lines, textures and tones with slight pressures
while drawing.
15. THE INK BRUSH
The ink brush is the traditional writing implement in
East Asian calligraphy. The body of the brush can be
d f ith b b t i l h
THE INK BRUSH
made from either bamboo, or rarer materials such as
red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, and gold. The
head of the brush can be made from the hair (or
feathers) of a wide variety of animals, including thef f y f , g
weasel, rabbit, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig,
tiger, etc. There is also a tradition in both China and
Japan of making a brush using the hair of a
ewb a a e i a lifeti e uve i f thenewborn, as a once−in−a−lifetime souvenir for the
child. This practice is associated with the legend of an
ancient Chinese scholar who scored first in the Imperial
examinations by using such a personalized brush.y g z
Calligraphy brushes are widely considered an extension
of the calligrapher's arm. Today, calligraphy may
also be done using a pen, but pen calligraphy does not
enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush
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enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush
calligraphy.
16. 1800-18501800 1850
A metal pen point has been patented in 1803 but patent was not
commercially exploited. Steel nibs came into common use in the
1830s. By the 19th century metal nibs had replaced quill pens. By
1850 quill pen usage was fading and the quality of the steel nibs1850 quill pen usage was fading and the quality of the steel nibs
had been improved by tipping them with hard alloys of Iridium,
Rhodium and Osmium.
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17. FIRST PATENTFIRST PATENT
M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received US
patent#68445 in 1867 for an ink chamber and
delivery system in the handle of the fountain pendelivery system in the handle of the fountain pen.
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18. WATERMAN
1884
L i Ed W i b k i d h fi
WATERMAN
Lewis Edson Waterman, insurance broker invented the first
proper fountain pen and patented the first practical fountain
pen in 1884. Writing instruments designed to carry their own
supply of ink had existed in principle for over one hundred years
b f W l h ld kbefore Waterman's patent. For example, the oldest known
fountain pen that has survived today was designed by a
Frenchmen named M. Bion and dated 1702.
Peregrin Williamson, a Baltimore shoemaker, received the first
American patent for a pen in 1809. John Scheffer received a
British patent in 1819 for his half quill, half metal pen that he
attempted to mass manufacture. John Jacob Parker patented the
Blue Edson
attempted to mass manufacture. John Jacob Parker patented the
first self-filling fountain pen in 1831. However, early fountain
pen models were plagued by ink spills and other failures that left
them impractical and hard to sell.
N 55 P d ti 1917 1934 C t $5 00 i 1919 t l $5 25 i 1925 L fill
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No. 55 Production run: 1917 – c. 1934. Cost $5.00 in 1919 catalogue, $5.25 in 1925. Lever filler
19. PETRACHE POENARUPETRACHE POENARU
While a student in
Paris, Romanian Petrache
Poenaru invented the fountain pen,
hi h th F h G t t t dwhich the French Government patented
in May 1827. Fountain pen patents and
production then increased in the 1850s,
especially steel pens produced by Johnp y p p y
Mitchell. Petrache Poenaru
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20. JOHN MITCHELL
Fountain pen patents and
JOHN MITCHELL
production then increased in the
1850s, especially steel pens produced
by John Mitchell.
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21. John J Loud
Trained as a lawyer at Harvard College,
John J Loud
Loud worked at the Union National
Bank in Weymouth, Massachusetts as a
cashier. He was also active in his
community as a member of his church, acommunity as a member of his church, a
trustee of many local organizations, and
as a member of local historical societies.
Loud invented and obtained a patent for
h i id d b h fi b ll iwhat is considered to be the first ballpoint
pen in 1888; however his invention was
not commercialized and the patent would
eventually lapse. The modern ballpointy p p
pen would be patented later in 1938, 22
years following Loud's death.
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22. 1888-1916
The principle of the ball point pen actually dates from the late
19th Century when patents were taken out by John Loud in19th Century when patents were taken out by John Loud in
1888 for a product to mark leather and in 1916 by Van Vechten
Riesberg. However neither of these Patents were exploited
commercially.
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23. Zagreb Pencil Factory
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, a
naturalized Croatian engineer and inventor of Polish
Zagreb Pencil Factory
naturalized Croatian engineer and inventor of Polish-
Dutch origin from the Kingdom of Croatia-
Slavonia in Austria-Hungary, became renowned for
further development of the mechanical pencil (1906) –
then called an "automatic pencil" – and the first solid-
ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating with an
entrepreneur by the name of Zhe started the Penkala-
Moster Company and built a pen-and-pencil factory
Edmund Moster
Moster Company and built a pen-and-pencil factory
that was one of the biggest in the world at the time.
This company, now called TOZ-Penkala, still exists
today. "TOZ" stands for "Tvornica olovaka Zagreb",
meaning "Zagreb Pencil Factory".
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala
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j
24. László Bíró,
In 1938, László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper
László Bíró,
editor, with the help of his brother George, a
chemist, began to work on designing new types
of pens including one with a tiny ball in its tip
that was free to turn in a socket. As the penthat was free to turn in a socket. As the pen
moved along the paper, the ball rotated,
picking up ink from the ink cartridge and
leaving it on the paper. Bíró filed a British
J 15 1938 I 1940 h Bí ópatent on June 15, 1938. In 1940 the Bíró
brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne,
moved to Argentina fleeing Nazi Germany and
on June 10, filed another patent, and, f p ,
formed Bíró Pens of Argentina.
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25. 1940 - 1953.
1940s
1940 1953.
The modern version of ball point pen was invented by Josef (Lazlo) and Georg Biro.
On Summer 1943 the first commercial models were made. The rights to Lazlo's patent were bought
by the British Government. The ball point pen is more rugged than the fountain pen which may be
why sales rocketed during World War II when the Military needed robust writing implements towhy sales rocketed during World War II when the Military needed robust writing implements to
survive the battlefield environment
October 1945
The ball point pen was introduced to the U.S. market. The pen was sold as "The first pen to writep p k p f p
underwater" this must have been an unsatisfied demand as some 10,000 were sold at the launch at
Gimbel's department store in New York on October 29th 1945.
1953
Fi i i b ll i il bl h h F h B Bi h d l d hFirst inexpensive ball point pens were available when the French Baron, Bich, developed the
industrial process for manufacturing ball point pens that lowered the unit cost dramatically (BIC,
Co.)
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26. 1960s1960s
It was invented fibre, or felt-tipped pen (Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan).
Papermate's Flair was among the first felt-tip pens to hit the U.S. market in the 1960s, and it has
been the leader ever since Following their initial success with felt tips manufacturers branched outbeen the leader ever since. Following their initial success with felt-tips, manufacturers branched out
with a variety of fiber-tipped instruments, including newly popular highlighters.
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27. 1980s-1990s1980s 1990s
Roller Ball Pens. The introduction of the roller ball pen have been made in the early 1980s. Unlike
the thick ink used in a conventional ball point, roller ball pens employ a mobile ball and liquid ink to
produce a smoother line. Technological advances achieved during the late 1980s and early 1990sproduce a smoother line. Technological advances achieved during the late 1980s and early 1990s
have greatly improved the roller ball's overall performance.
Rubberized writing instruments are commonly used by the companies to reduce the grip.g y y p g p
From 1997 - ...
Ring Pens' mass production (GRANDEE Corporation) This pens designed to write withoutg p (G p ) p g
gripping the pens with 3 fingers
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28. FOUNTAIN PEN
A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered
FOUNTAIN PEN
through a nib. The ink flows from a reservoir through a
"feed" to the nib, then through the nib, due to capillary
action and gravity. The nib has no moving parts and
delivers ink through a thin slit to the writing surface. Adelivers ink through a thin slit to the writing surface. A
fountain pen reservoir can be refillable or disposable, this
disposable type being an ink cartridge. A pen with a
refillable reservoir may have a mechanism, such as a piston,
d i k f b l h h h ib i ito draw ink from a bottle through the nib, or it may require
refilling with an eyedropper. Refill reservoirs, also known
as cartridge converters, are available for some pens which
use disposable cartridges.p g
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29. BALL POINT PEN
A ballpoint pen dispenses ink by rolling a small hard
BALL POINT PEN
sphere, usually 0.7–1.2 mm and made
of brass, steel or tungsten carbide. The ink dries almost
immediately on contact with paper. The ballpoint pen is
usually reliable and inexpensive It has replaced theusually reliable and inexpensive It has replaced the
fountain pen as the most common tool for everyday
writing.
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30. FELT TIPPED PEN
A marker, or felt-tip pen, has a porous tip of fibrous
FELT TIPPED PEN
material. The smallest, finest-tipped markers are used for
writing on paper. Medium-tip markers are often used by
children for coloring and drawing. Larger markers are
used for writing on other surfaces such as corrugatedused for writing on other surfaces such as corrugated
boxes, whiteboards and for chalkboards, often called
"liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers." Markers with wide
tips and bright but transparent ink, called highlighters,
d k i i M k d i d fare used to mark existing text. Markers designed for
children or for temporary writing (as with a whiteboard
or overhead projector) typically use non-permanent inks.
Large markers used to label shipping cases or otherg k pp g
packages are usually permanent markers
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31. ROLLER BALL PENROLLER BALL PEN
Rollerball pens were introduced in the early 1970s. They make use of
a mobile ball and liquid ink to produce a smoother line Technologicala mobile ball and liquid ink to produce a smoother line. Technological
advances achieved during the late 1980s and early 1990s have
improved the roller ball's overall performance. A porous point
pen contains a point that is made of some porous material such as felt
or ceramic A high quality drafting pen will usually have a ceramicor ceramic. A high quality drafting pen will usually have a ceramic
tip, since this wears well and does not broaden when pressure is
applied while writing.
A rollerball pen dispenses a water-based liquid or gel ink through a
ball tip similar to that of a ballpoint pen The less-viscous ink is moreball tip similar to that of a ballpoint pen. The less-viscous ink is more
easily absorbed by paper than oil-based ink, and the pen moves more
easily across a writing surface. The rollerball pen was initially
designed to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the
smooth "wet ink" effect of a fountain pen. Gel inks are available in asmooth wet ink effect of a fountain pen. Gel inks are available in a
range of colors, including metallic
paint colors, glitter effects, neon, blurred effects, saturated colors, pas
tel tones,vibrant shades, shady colors, invisible ink,see-through effect,
shiny colors, and glow-in-the-dark effects.
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y g ff
32. Erasable Ballpoint Pens
Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced
Erasable Ballpoint Pens
byPapermate in 1979 when
the Erasermate was put on the market.
F 1997From 1997 - ...
Ring Pens' mass production (GRANDEE
Corporation) This pens designed to write
without gripping the pens with 3 fingerswithout gripping the pens with 3 fingers
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33. KRAFT PAPER PENS
CARE Paper Pens
KRAFT PAPER PENS
Finding affordable & eco-friendly pens
can be a challenge if you also have a
colorful logo. ecopens "CARE" recycled
paper pens are a great solution. They'repaper pens are a great solution. They re
made with 100% recycled
material Newspapers, Old Note books,
Diaries. Printed paper. AND offer you
h i f f ll l di i lthe option of a full-color digital
imprint.
No Metal, No plastics, No
Environment Damaging elementsEnvironment Damaging elements
Thank you ….. a like and share
will be appreciated
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pp
34. NEWSPAPER PENS
CARE Newspaper Pens
NEWSPAPER PENS
Finding affordable & eco-friendly pens
can be a challenge if you also have a
colorful logo. ecopens "CARE" recycled
paper pens are a great solution.paper pens are a great solution.
They're made with 100% recycled
material Newspapers, Old Note books,
Diaries. Printed paper. AND offer you
the option of a full-color digital
imprint.
No Metal, No plastics, No
Environment Damaging elementsEnvironment Damaging elements
Thank you ….. a like and share
will be appreciated
http://www.paperpens.in info@paperpens.in
will be appreciated
35. THANK YOU
Thank you …
a like and share.. a like and share
will be appreciated
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