Sts reviewer

1. FORGERY
It is committed by any person who, with intent to defraud,
signed the name of another person, or of a fictitious person, knowing
that he has no authority to do so; or falsely makes, alters, forges, or
counterfeits any check, draft and due-bills for the payment of
money or property, or counterfeits or forges the seal or handwriting
of another knowing the same to be fake, altered, or forged or
counterfeit with intent to prejudice, damage or defraud any person.

2. COUNTERFEIT
Means to imitate something authentic, with the intent
to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in illegal
transactions, or otherwise to deceive individuals into
believing that the fake is of equal or greater value than
the real thing.

3. B. LETTER PRESS PRINTING
is the most common form of printing books, magazine,
letterheads, and the usual printing in common uses. In the
process, the letters are made on raised pieces of metal
which covered with ink and then impressed upon the
paper in the same form as a rubber stamp or cliché. The
serial numbers of a bank note are usually added by this
letterpress process after the note has been produced by
an engraving

4. LEGAL ASPECT OF FORGERY, COUNTERFEITING
AND FALSIFICATION
A. FORGERIES What are the crimes called forgeries?
1. Forging the seal of the government, signature of the
Chief Executive (Art. 161)
2. Counterfeiting coins (Art. 163)
3. Mutilation of coins (Art. 164)
“Mutilation” means to take off part of the metal
either by filling it or substituting another metal inferior quality.
The coin mutilated must be genuine and has not been
withdrawn from circulation. The coin must be of the legal
currency or current coins of the Philippines. Therefore, the
mutilated is legal tender of a foreign country, it is not a
crime if mutilation under the Revised Penal Code.

5. DEFINITION OF TERMS
ANACHRONISM- It refers to something which is mistakenly placed in a
time where it does not belong. This means that the forger has trouble
matching the paper, ink, or writing materials to the exact date was supposed
to have been written.
PAPER- These are sheets of interlaced fiber, usually cellulose fibers from
Plants, but sometimes from cloth rags or other fibrous materials, that are
formed by pulping the fiber and causing to felt or malt to form a solid surface

6. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF PAPER
A. PAPYRUS
This came into use about 3,500 B.C.
people of Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Southern
Europe used the pith (soft spongy tissue of
the stem) of the sedge (grass like herb)
CYPERUS PAPYRUS to make a writing material
known as Papyrus.

7. B. PARCHMENT
Writing material made from skin of animals primarily
of sheep, calves or goat, was probably developed in t
he Middle East more or less contemporaneously with
papyrus. It came into wide use only in the 2nd century
B.C. in the city, of Pergmum, Anatolia (Turkey).

8. C. VELLUM
Writing material from fine skin from young calves
or kids was often used for all kind of parchment
manuscript, it became the most important writing
material for bookmaking, while parchment
continued for special manuscripts.

9. Development and Paper Manufacturing
It is widely claimed that invention of paper is generally
attributed to a Chinese court official, CAl LUN (TSAI LUN), i
n about A.D. 105, he is the first to succeed in making
paper from vegetables fibers, tree barks (mulberry
tree), rags, and old fish nettings.
1
The art of paper making was kept secret for 500 y
ears; the Japanese acquired it in 7th century
A.D.
2

10. Development and Paper Manufacturing
Knowledge of the technology spread quickly and by 16th
century, paper manufactured throughout most Europe.
5
The first paper mill in England was established in 1495.
6
The first paper mill in America was established in 1690.
7
The first practical machine was made in 1798 by the French
inventor Nicholas Louis Robert. The machine reproduced
the cost of paper it supplants the hand molding process in
paper manufacture.
8

11. Development and Paper Manufacturing
STRAW-this was used to make paper
in 1800.
9
SULPHITE this is a paper from wood
was it not attempted until 1869 and
paper called sulphite was first used b
etween 1880 and 1890.
10
OLDEST MANUSCRIPT letters dated
A.D. 874 have been found in Egypt
and the oldest manuscript in England
on cotton paper dated A.D. 1890
11

12. A. WATERMARKS
It is a term for a figure or design incorporated into paper during its manufacture and a
ppearing lighter than the rest of the sheet when viewed in transmitted light. The earliest way of
identifying the date of manufacture of the paper is the WATERMARK-a brand put on the
paper by the manufacturer.
ORIGIN-watermarks first appeared on papers produced in Italy around 1270, less than 100
years after the art of paper making was introduced to Europe by Muslims from Middle East.
Early in 19th century, papermakers began to solder the watermarks wires to the grid frame,
thus insuring uniformity of impression and aiding in the detection of counterfeiting and forgery.
The first British postage stamps of 1840 bore a watermark stamps of the United States were
not so marked until 1895. When paper began to dandy roll a turning cylinder that passed over
the paper.

13. PEN-a tool for writing or drawing with a colored fluid, such as ink or writing
instrument used to apply inks to the paper is a pen. It came from the Latin
word "Penna" which means feather.
PEN NIBS-the two divisions or points which form the writing portion of a pen
are its nibs.
INK-is a fluid viscous marking material used for writing or printing.
FLEXIBILITY OF PEN POINT- one quality of the pen is its pliability. This
quality varies to cause different pens and can be measured by the amount of
pressure necessary to cause spreading of the nibs or a given degree of
shading.

14. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
A. REED PENS/ SWAMP REED
It came from especially selected water
grasses Egypt, Armenia, and along the shores of
the Persian Gulf, where prepared by leaving them
under dung heap for several months.
It was the first writing tool that had the writing e
nd slightly frayed like a brush. About 2,000 years
B.C. this reed pen was first used in near East on p
apyrus and later on parchment.

15. B. QUILL PEN
It is a hollow, horny part of large feather usually from goose and
was used for writing on parchment. Poland, Germany, Russia, and the
Netherlands were the largest producers of quill. As the size of the writing
become smaller, both writing tools and surfaces change. Vellum or
parchment books replaced the papyrus roll, and the quill replaced the reed
pen. The earliest reference to quill pens was made by the Spanish
Theologian, St. Isidore of Seville, and this tool was the principal writing
implement for nearly 1300 years.

16. C. STEEL POINT PENS (BRANZEN PENS)
During 18th century, paper had replace vellum as the chief writing
surface, and more writing was being done for commerce than for church or crown. In this
period, attempts were made to invent a lasting writing tool that did not require re-cutting.
Horn, tortoise shell, and gemstones were tried, but steel was eventually used for
permanent pen points. Although pen of bronze may have been known to Romans, the
earliest mention "Brazen Pens" was in 1465, the 16th century Spanish calligrapher
JUAN DE YCIAR, mentioned brass pens for very large writing in his 1548 writing
manual, the first patented steel pen point was made by the English engineer BRYAN
DONKIN in 1803. The leading 19 century English pen manufacturers were WILLIAM
JOSEPH GILLOT, WILLIAM MITCHELL, and JAMES STEPHEN PERRY.

17. D. FOUNTAIN PENS
In 1884, LEWIS WATERMAN, a New York
insurance agent, patented the first practical
fountain pen, containing its own ink reservoir.
Waterman invented mechanism that fed ink
to the pen point by capillary action, allowing
ink to flow evenly while writing. By the 1920’s,
the fountain pen was the chief writing
instrument in the west and remain so until the
introduction of the ball point pen after World
War 1.

18. E. BALL POINT PEN
JOHN LOUD, in 1888, patented the first ball point writing tool.
A ball point pen its point a small rotating metal ball that continually
ink itself as it turns. The ball is set into a tiny socket. In the center of t
he socket a hole that feeds ink to the socket from a long tube
(reservoir) inside the pen.
As early as the 19th century, attempts had been made to
manufacture pen with a rolling ball pen tip, but not until 1938
Hungarian inventor brothers LADISLAO and GEORG BIRO invent a
viscous, oil-based ink that could be used with such a pen. Hence,
they are attributed for the first practical ballpoint pen.

20. COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INK
A. Indian Inks - the oldest form of Indian ink consisted of a
suspension of carbon black (soot or lampblack) water to whic
h glue or vegetable gum was added. Inks of these compositions
are still on the market mostly in the space of sticks or cakes.
B. Log Wood Inks- these inks which were used extensively
about a century ago, have now because obsolete and are no
longer manufactured. They were made from an aqueous
extract of logwood chips and potassium chromate.

21. COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INK
C. Iron Gallotanate Inks these inks has been used extensively
about a century ago. Formerly it was made of a fermented
infusion of gall nuts to which iron slats were added
D. Fountain Pen Inks -these inks are regarded as special foun
tain pen inks, and consisting of ordinary iron gallotannate inks
with lower iron content in most cases but with a higher dyestuff
content than normal inks. This type of ink is placed on the
market under the name of "blue-black permanent".
E. Dyestuff Inks - these inks are composed of aqueous solutions
of synthetic dyestuff to which a preservative and a flux are added

22. COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INK
F. Water Resistant Writing and Drawing Inks- these inks are special
group of dyestuff. They consist of a pigment paste and a solution of sh
ellac made soluble in water by means of borax, liquid ammonia, or am
monium bicarbonate.
G. Alkaline Writing Inks- these are quick drying inks which possess a
potential of hydrogen (pH) of 9 to about 11. This penetrates quickly thro
ugh the size of the paper allowing the ink to penetrate quickly into the
paper.
K. Stamp Pad Inks - they are made with the acid of substance such as
glycerol, glycol, acetin alcohol, and water.
L. Printing Inks - printing inks consist of a blend of aniline dyes, carbon b
lack, and a "base"
which may consist of oil, resins, synthetic resins or a mixture of these.

23. Care, Handling and
Preservation of Documents
Thecare,handlingandpreservationofdocumentscanbediscussedadequatelyby
settingforthcertainpositiverulesofactionintheformof“Do’s”andlistening
severaladmonitionsintheformof“Don’ts”.
1. Keep documents unfolded in protective envelope.
ProtectiveEnvelope – the most useful and effective covering of a
disputed document is a transparent plastic envelope.
2. Take disputed papers to the document examiner’s laboratory at the
first opportunity.

24. 3. If storage is necessary, keep the document in a dry place
away from excessive heat and strong light.
ProperStorage–Once a document is disputed, it is seldom
stored or filed for long, but important documents are often
kept for years. Some of these maybe challenged long after
they were prepared, the document may deteriorate
seriously.

25. 1. Do not handle disputed papers excessively or carry them in a pocket for a
long time
2. Do not mark disputed documents
3. Do not mutilate or damage by repeated folding, creasing, cutting, tearing
or punching for filing purposes.
4. Do not allow anyone except qualified specialist to make chemical or do
not treat or dust for latent fingerprints before consulting a document
examiner.

26. Direct lighting
This type of light examination is generally applied for photographing purpose.
In as much as document are to be photograph in a close distance a separate
light should be required in order to obtain a good exposure of the document
being photograph and, in some case, this light examination is also useful in
cases of erasures and concealment of erased surface by addition of certain
substance after erasure has been made.
The visible light
application

27. Oblique Light
This type of lighting process positioned the lamp at one side with the source of
illumination striking the surface of the paper at a very low angle/This Will
cause varying angles to the light incident for every uneven area on a
document.

28. Side lighting
in this process the paper is held vertically and the light strikes the
surface of the paper from one side. This is used in showing presence
of disturb fiber due to mechanical erasure and indention.

29. Transmitted light
placed beneath it. The lamp is house in a box sealed in all side except
with one with the glass or a lamp may also be backed with a metal
reflector for a more powerful source of illumination. This lighting
examination is very useful in determination of watermarking in paper,
shows fiber arrangement in paper as well as sequence of strokes.

30. • A writing machine with a keyboard for reproducing letters, figures,
symbols and other resembling printed one.
• The development of the first practical typewriter begun
in 1866 by CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES and
was patented in 1868. He developed the first practical
typewriter in cooperation with two fellow mechanics,
CARLOS GLIDEN and SAMUEL SOULE.
• machine designed to print or impress type characters on paper, as a
speedier and more legible substitute for handwriting.
TYPEWRITER

31. OTHER SIGNIFICANT TERMS:
C. CHARACTER in connection with typewriting identification, the term character is
used to include letters, symbols, numerals, or points of punctuation.
D. DEFECTS - the term defect describes any abnormality or maladjustment in a
typewriter which is reflected in its works and which leads to its individualization
or identification.
E. NATURAL VARIATIONS - these are normal or usual found between repeated
specimen of any individuals handwriting or in the product of any typewriters.

32. TYPE FACE DEFECTS
1 Vertical mal alignment – A character printing above or below its proper
position is vertical alignment.
2. Horizontal Mal-alignment – An alignment defect in which the character prints
to the right or left of its proper position.
3. Twisted letter each letter and character is designed to print a certain fixed
angle to the baseline, due to wear and damage to the type bars and the type
block, some letters become twisted so that they lean to the right or left of their
correct slant.

33. TYPE FACE DEFECTS
4. Off Its Feet- the condition of the typeface printing heavier on one side or corner
than over the remainder of its outline.
5. Rebound a defect in which a character prints a double impression with the light
one slightly offset to the right or left.
6. Actual Breakage – Any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to
typeface metal which may be actual breakage in the line of the letters.
7. Clogged (dirty) typefaces - with use the typefaces becomes filled with lint, dirty
and ink, particularly in enclosed letters such as the o, e, p, and g. In this condition is
allowed to progress without cleaning, there comes a time when the written impression
actually print with the clogged areas shaded on a solid block.