First lecture for GNED 1202 (Texts and Ideas). It is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Introduction to Western Civilization style course.
The document provides an overview of the Sumerian civilization that originated in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians developed the first extensive urban civilization, supported by irrigation farming. They created many cultural innovations, including the first system of writing, monumental architecture, irrigation systems, schools, use of bronze, and the wheel. Their achievements laid the foundations for later Mesopotamian empires like Akkad and Babylon. The document also discusses Sumerian religion, social structure, law, and their eventual decline after conquest by successive empires.
Art and Culture - 01 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers how the invention of writing in Mesopotamia and then also examines other writing technologies, including papyrus, parchments, and then the printing press.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
The earliest known forms of writing began as naturalistic cave paintings of animals and people. Early civilizations like the Harappa-Mohenjodaro cultures in 3300-2000 BC used seals for trade that were impressed onto clay tags or ceramics. Sumerians created one of the earliest written scripts called cuneiform over 5000 years ago by pressing pictograms into wet clay tablets that were later baked. Various ancient cultures developed their own writing systems, including hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt and palm leaf manuscripts in Tamil culture. The printing press was invented in the 15th century, allowing mass production of texts like the Gutenberg Bible.
The alphabet has its origins in ancient writing systems developed independently in Egypt and Mesopotamia, including hieroglyphics and cuneiform, which represented words rather than individual sounds. The Phoenicians developed the first true alphabet around 3500 BC, using symbols to represent consonant sounds. The Greeks later adapted this alphabet, adding vowels, and their alphabet is the origin of our term. The Latin alphabet descended from the Greek through the Etruscans and Romans, and ultimately spread throughout Europe as the Roman Empire fell.
Early writing began as pictograms used by Mesopotamians to record crop amounts and taxes. Over time, these signs evolved into the script known as cuneiform, which was invented in southern Mesopotamia. Cuneiform was adopted by other groups like the Sumerians and Akkadians to record all sorts of administrative and cultural information. Scribes wrote cuneiform wedge-shaped signs onto clay tablets using reed tools, and the system developed over thousands of years, with signs changing orientation and taking on multiple meanings, including becoming representations of sounds.
The document discusses the origins and development of cuneiform writing in ancient Mesopotamia. It began as pictograms carved into clay around 3000 BC to record economic transactions in Sumeria. Over time, the pictograms evolved into wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets using a stylus, which became known as cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was further developed and used by later Mesopotamian civilizations such as the Akkadians and Babylonians to record literature, astronomy, and daily events for about 3000 years until its use declined in the 1st century AD. Knowledge of how to read cuneiform was lost until 1835 when British officer Henry Rawlinson deciphered cuneiform
A brief overview of the history of writing - who invented the first writing system, where and for what purpose. From Mesapotamia tax records to modern-day emoticons and txt spk : )
The invention of writing began as early as the late Neolithic period when records were kept using tokens to track transactions. As cities and trade grew, the Mesopotamians developed the first system of writing using wedge-shaped marks known as cuneiform impressed onto clay tablets. Around 3000 BC, the Sumerians invented cuneiform and Egyptians developed hieroglyphics, possibly inspired by the Sumerians. Various other early writing systems also developed independently in locations like the Indus Valley, China, and Mesoamerica. Over time, most systems transitioned to alphabetic scripts while Chinese writing remains primarily logographic.
The document provides an overview of the Sumerian civilization that originated in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians developed the first extensive urban civilization, supported by irrigation farming. They created many cultural innovations, including the first system of writing, monumental architecture, irrigation systems, schools, use of bronze, and the wheel. Their achievements laid the foundations for later Mesopotamian empires like Akkad and Babylon. The document also discusses Sumerian religion, social structure, law, and their eventual decline after conquest by successive empires.
Art and Culture - 01 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers how the invention of writing in Mesopotamia and then also examines other writing technologies, including papyrus, parchments, and then the printing press.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
The earliest known forms of writing began as naturalistic cave paintings of animals and people. Early civilizations like the Harappa-Mohenjodaro cultures in 3300-2000 BC used seals for trade that were impressed onto clay tags or ceramics. Sumerians created one of the earliest written scripts called cuneiform over 5000 years ago by pressing pictograms into wet clay tablets that were later baked. Various ancient cultures developed their own writing systems, including hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt and palm leaf manuscripts in Tamil culture. The printing press was invented in the 15th century, allowing mass production of texts like the Gutenberg Bible.
The alphabet has its origins in ancient writing systems developed independently in Egypt and Mesopotamia, including hieroglyphics and cuneiform, which represented words rather than individual sounds. The Phoenicians developed the first true alphabet around 3500 BC, using symbols to represent consonant sounds. The Greeks later adapted this alphabet, adding vowels, and their alphabet is the origin of our term. The Latin alphabet descended from the Greek through the Etruscans and Romans, and ultimately spread throughout Europe as the Roman Empire fell.
Early writing began as pictograms used by Mesopotamians to record crop amounts and taxes. Over time, these signs evolved into the script known as cuneiform, which was invented in southern Mesopotamia. Cuneiform was adopted by other groups like the Sumerians and Akkadians to record all sorts of administrative and cultural information. Scribes wrote cuneiform wedge-shaped signs onto clay tablets using reed tools, and the system developed over thousands of years, with signs changing orientation and taking on multiple meanings, including becoming representations of sounds.
The document discusses the origins and development of cuneiform writing in ancient Mesopotamia. It began as pictograms carved into clay around 3000 BC to record economic transactions in Sumeria. Over time, the pictograms evolved into wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets using a stylus, which became known as cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was further developed and used by later Mesopotamian civilizations such as the Akkadians and Babylonians to record literature, astronomy, and daily events for about 3000 years until its use declined in the 1st century AD. Knowledge of how to read cuneiform was lost until 1835 when British officer Henry Rawlinson deciphered cuneiform
A brief overview of the history of writing - who invented the first writing system, where and for what purpose. From Mesapotamia tax records to modern-day emoticons and txt spk : )
The invention of writing began as early as the late Neolithic period when records were kept using tokens to track transactions. As cities and trade grew, the Mesopotamians developed the first system of writing using wedge-shaped marks known as cuneiform impressed onto clay tablets. Around 3000 BC, the Sumerians invented cuneiform and Egyptians developed hieroglyphics, possibly inspired by the Sumerians. Various other early writing systems also developed independently in locations like the Indus Valley, China, and Mesoamerica. Over time, most systems transitioned to alphabetic scripts while Chinese writing remains primarily logographic.
This document provides a history of writing, beginning with early cave paintings over 30,000 years ago. Around 4100-3800 BCE, tokens began to represent records of land and cattle in Mesopotamia, marking the beginnings of a written language. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed one of the earliest writing systems around 3,000 BCE using pictographs inscribed in clay that eventually became the cuneiform script. They kept records and developed laws, calendars, and the first city-states. Egyptian hieroglyphs also emerged around 3100 BCE as pictures that represented sounds. Semitic peoples adopted Sumerian signs, while the Phoenician alphabet influenced Greek and ultimately Latin and Cyrillic
Cuneiform was the writing system used in Mesopotamia, where pictographs carved into clay tablets with a stylus evolved into simplified wedge-shaped symbols. It was used to record daily events, trade, astronomy, and literature. Over time, as the script was adopted by other peoples like the Hittites and Persians, it became used to write additional Indo-European languages before eventually being replaced by an alphabetic system developed in Ugarit.
The document provides a brief history of writing, beginning with pictograms/ideograms used by early civilizations, then moving to syllabaries which represented syllables rather than full words. It discusses the evolution to the alphabet, noting the Phoenician alphabet originated all western alphabets. The document outlines some early writing materials like stone, clay, wax and wood, then discusses later materials like papyrus, parchment and paper. It provides examples of different alphabets and scripts throughout history.
Rev Edward Hincks and the decipherment of Cuneiform Neil Flanagan
Edward Hincks was a 19th century Irish clergyman who made significant contributions to deciphering ancient scripts, including cuneiform. Through rigorous linguistic analysis comparing ancient languages, Hincks deduced that cuneiform represented a Semitic language related to Hebrew and Arabic. A key breakthrough was the Behistun inscription, which provided bilingual texts that confirmed Hincks' work. In an 1857 translation competition organized to settle disputes, Hincks' translation proved nearly identical to the clear winner, Henry Rawlinson, strengthening the case that cuneiform had been deciphered. Hincks' work helped uncover historical evidence supporting biblical accounts and revealed ancient Mesopotamian scientific knowledge and literature.
The Sumerians developed the first system of writing called logographs around 4000 BC which were pictures representing objects and activities. Egyptian hieroglyphs from 3200 BC to 400 AD combined logographic and alphabetic elements and were used on papyrus and wood. The Phoenicians then developed the first alphabetic system consisting entirely of consonants around 2000 BC. The Greeks added vowels to this alphabet around 1000 BC, creating the basis for the alphabet still used today. Punctuation was first observed in plays by Aristophanes in 200 BC, while lowercase letters and spaces between words were innovations of Medieval Scribes in 900 AD, improving readability.
- Spoken language has existed for over 6 million years while reading, the ability to understand written symbols, is only around 6,000 years old.
- Aristotle recognized the difference between spoken and written language, noting that spoken words symbolize mental experiences while written words symbolize spoken words.
- Over history, humans have developed various writing systems to represent spoken language including logographs, hieroglyphics, alphabets, punctuation, lowercase letters, and spacing between words to aid reading.
- LiveInk is a new technology that analyzes text attributes and presents the information in a way that helps the eye and mind build meaning, representing the most significant advancement in readability in the past 1,000 years.
Evolution of writing materials with emphasis to india project ignouPallab das
This document discusses the evolution of writing materials in India from ancient to modern times. It begins with hard materials like stone and metal plates, then transitions to softer materials like wooden boards, birch bark, palm leaves, cloth, and leather. Papermaking originated in China but later spread to India, where early paper industries developed in Kashmir in the 15th century and other centers across India. The techniques of papermaking involved pounding waste materials, soaking them, and filtering the pulp to form sheets, which were pressed and dried. Handmade paper in India was notable for its quality and was exported.
This document provides a detailed history of the development of books and writing materials from 3500 BC to the present day. It describes the earliest known written symbols on Sumerian clay tablets from 3500 BC. Papyrus scrolls dating to 2400 BC were found in Egypt. Around 600 BC, a more standardized left-to-right writing system emerged in the Mediterranean. Parchment and wax tablets were developed as early writing materials. In 105 AD, Cai Lun invented papermaking in China. The first printed book was created in China in 868 AD using block printing. Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press and movable type in 1455, leading to the Gutenberg Bible and the printing revolution. Cheap mass-
The document discusses the history and features of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. It originated suddenly around 3100 BC in a fully developed form, and remained unchanged for over 3000 years. Hieroglyphs were pictographic symbols that could represent sounds, syllables, or objects. They were used in monumental inscriptions but later evolved into cursive scripts for common use. The Rosetta Stone helped French scholar Champollion decode hieroglyphs in 1822 by providing a multilingual text for comparison.
The document provides a history of reading from ancient times to modern times. It discusses how reading evolved from early pictograms to the Phoenician and Greek alphabets to modern punctuation and formatting. Major developments included the Greeks adding vowels around 1000 BC, punctuation being added around 200 BC, lowercase letters in 700 AD, and spaces between words in 900 AD. The last major change was the development of LiveInk in 2000 AD, which allows for automated analysis and presentation of text for improved readability.
Professional egyptian scribe story, part 2 of 2 (scribe tools and symbols of ...Deepak Somaji-Sawant
Egyptian scribes used reed pens cut from marsh plants to write with ink on papyrus sheets. Younger boys learned the hieroglyphic symbols under tutelage of older boys. Hieroglyphic writing began as picture symbols and evolved into more abstract scripts over time. Scribes took pride in their craft and tools, which were often depicted carrying ink cakes, pens, and water containers. Thoth, the god of wisdom, was credited with inventing writing and patron of scribes. Hieroglyphs could be written vertically, horizontally right to left, or left to right.
Introduction; Decipehring and Rawlinson who deciphered Cuneiform; multi-lingual inscription on the Behustun hill; writing materials, picture to pictogram, to ideogram, to alphabet; Hammurabi’s Code.
The document provides background information on ancient Egyptian scripts and writing. It discusses hieroglyphs, hieratic, and demotic scripts. Hieroglyphs were formal script used in temples and tombs, while hieratic was a simplified cursive script used for everyday writing. Scribes were highly educated and held important roles recording administrative and economic activities, as well as religious and scholarly texts. Papyrus was the writing material of ancient Egypt, made from reeds that grew along the Nile. It was exported and widely used throughout the Mediterranean region until the 8th century AD when paper making was adopted from China.
The document discusses writing in ancient Egypt, including hieroglyphics, papyrus, and scribes. It describes where writing was used, such as in scribe schools, fields, tombs, the army, government, and temples. Scribes were trained to read and write hieroglyphics and held important roles keeping records and communicating messages. Writing played a significant part in tomb decoration to help with the afterlife and was important for record keeping in government and rituals in temples.
Hieroglyphics were the ancient Egyptian system of writing using symbols that originated as pictograms carved in stone. It was used from around 3000 BC to 500 BC, consisting of over 700 symbols that could represent sounds, objects, or concepts. The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799, helped scholars understand hieroglyphics because it contained a passage in hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek scripts.
The document discusses the origins and development of writing systems around the world. It begins by describing early pictograms and rock paintings from prehistoric times. It then summarizes the evolution of writing in three ancient cultures - the Sumerians developed cuneiform writing using wedge-shaped impressions on clay tablets, the Egyptians created hieroglyphic writing using reed pens on papyrus, and the Chinese developed logographic characters that later became phonetic. The document explores how different writing materials influenced script forms and provides examples of the world's earliest writing systems.
The document provides a timeline of major developments in writing tools from 3200 BCE to the present. Some of the key events include:
- 3200 BCE - Sumerians developed one of the earliest systems of writing in Mesopotamia using styluses to write on clay tablets.
- 1250 BCE - The Shang Dynasty in China developed early forms of writing using brushes to write characters on bones, shells, and bronze artifacts.
- 1100 BCE - The Phoenician alphabet, one of the earliest alphabets, emerged and became widely used in Mediterranean trade, influencing many later alphabets.
Bjmc i, dcm,unit-i, the early communicationRai University
Early humans developed language as the first means of communication through primitive grunts that evolved into meaningful syntax. As civilization advanced around 8000 BC in Mesopotamia, Sumerians developed the first writing system of wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets called cuneiform. Various cultures also developed their own writing systems like the Egyptians with hieroglyphics carved into stone and monuments. Over time, writing systems progressed from early pictograms to syllabic scripts representing sounds and eventually alphabetic systems with symbols for individual sounds, enabling more precise recording and sharing of information.
The document discusses the development of writing systems from early pictographs and ideograms to modern alphabets. It traces the evolution of some of the earliest writing found in Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium BC in the form of pictographs on clay tablets. Over time, these early symbols became standardized into proto-writing systems and eventually into the logographic cuneiform script used by Sumerians and Akkadians. The document also examines other ancient writing systems including Egyptian hieroglyphs and the Phoenician alphabet, considered the first fully developed syllabic system.
Writing originated independently in three places: Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE, China around 1250 BCE, and Mesoamerica around 650 BCE. In Mesopotamia, writing evolved from a system of clay tokens used for accounting of commodities starting around 7500 BCE. These tokens were eventually impressed on clay tablets, removing the need for physical tokens. Around 3000 BCE, phonetic symbols were created to represent sounds, connecting writing to spoken language. Writing was initially only used for economic purposes, but around 2700 BCE began to be used for funerary inscriptions as well.
Science, Technology, and Society lesson 6.pptxLuisSalenga1
The document provides a summary of the history and development of various writing systems, forms of communication, and technologies over time. It traces the earliest known writing system of Sumerian cuneiform in 8000 BC through developments in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Chinese oracle bone script, papyrus, calligraphy, printing, dictionaries, lighting, computing, telephones, the internet, smartphones and search engines like Google. Key innovations and inventors throughout history are highlighted.
This document provides a history of writing, beginning with early cave paintings over 30,000 years ago. Around 4100-3800 BCE, tokens began to represent records of land and cattle in Mesopotamia, marking the beginnings of a written language. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed one of the earliest writing systems around 3,000 BCE using pictographs inscribed in clay that eventually became the cuneiform script. They kept records and developed laws, calendars, and the first city-states. Egyptian hieroglyphs also emerged around 3100 BCE as pictures that represented sounds. Semitic peoples adopted Sumerian signs, while the Phoenician alphabet influenced Greek and ultimately Latin and Cyrillic
Cuneiform was the writing system used in Mesopotamia, where pictographs carved into clay tablets with a stylus evolved into simplified wedge-shaped symbols. It was used to record daily events, trade, astronomy, and literature. Over time, as the script was adopted by other peoples like the Hittites and Persians, it became used to write additional Indo-European languages before eventually being replaced by an alphabetic system developed in Ugarit.
The document provides a brief history of writing, beginning with pictograms/ideograms used by early civilizations, then moving to syllabaries which represented syllables rather than full words. It discusses the evolution to the alphabet, noting the Phoenician alphabet originated all western alphabets. The document outlines some early writing materials like stone, clay, wax and wood, then discusses later materials like papyrus, parchment and paper. It provides examples of different alphabets and scripts throughout history.
Rev Edward Hincks and the decipherment of Cuneiform Neil Flanagan
Edward Hincks was a 19th century Irish clergyman who made significant contributions to deciphering ancient scripts, including cuneiform. Through rigorous linguistic analysis comparing ancient languages, Hincks deduced that cuneiform represented a Semitic language related to Hebrew and Arabic. A key breakthrough was the Behistun inscription, which provided bilingual texts that confirmed Hincks' work. In an 1857 translation competition organized to settle disputes, Hincks' translation proved nearly identical to the clear winner, Henry Rawlinson, strengthening the case that cuneiform had been deciphered. Hincks' work helped uncover historical evidence supporting biblical accounts and revealed ancient Mesopotamian scientific knowledge and literature.
The Sumerians developed the first system of writing called logographs around 4000 BC which were pictures representing objects and activities. Egyptian hieroglyphs from 3200 BC to 400 AD combined logographic and alphabetic elements and were used on papyrus and wood. The Phoenicians then developed the first alphabetic system consisting entirely of consonants around 2000 BC. The Greeks added vowels to this alphabet around 1000 BC, creating the basis for the alphabet still used today. Punctuation was first observed in plays by Aristophanes in 200 BC, while lowercase letters and spaces between words were innovations of Medieval Scribes in 900 AD, improving readability.
- Spoken language has existed for over 6 million years while reading, the ability to understand written symbols, is only around 6,000 years old.
- Aristotle recognized the difference between spoken and written language, noting that spoken words symbolize mental experiences while written words symbolize spoken words.
- Over history, humans have developed various writing systems to represent spoken language including logographs, hieroglyphics, alphabets, punctuation, lowercase letters, and spacing between words to aid reading.
- LiveInk is a new technology that analyzes text attributes and presents the information in a way that helps the eye and mind build meaning, representing the most significant advancement in readability in the past 1,000 years.
Evolution of writing materials with emphasis to india project ignouPallab das
This document discusses the evolution of writing materials in India from ancient to modern times. It begins with hard materials like stone and metal plates, then transitions to softer materials like wooden boards, birch bark, palm leaves, cloth, and leather. Papermaking originated in China but later spread to India, where early paper industries developed in Kashmir in the 15th century and other centers across India. The techniques of papermaking involved pounding waste materials, soaking them, and filtering the pulp to form sheets, which were pressed and dried. Handmade paper in India was notable for its quality and was exported.
This document provides a detailed history of the development of books and writing materials from 3500 BC to the present day. It describes the earliest known written symbols on Sumerian clay tablets from 3500 BC. Papyrus scrolls dating to 2400 BC were found in Egypt. Around 600 BC, a more standardized left-to-right writing system emerged in the Mediterranean. Parchment and wax tablets were developed as early writing materials. In 105 AD, Cai Lun invented papermaking in China. The first printed book was created in China in 868 AD using block printing. Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press and movable type in 1455, leading to the Gutenberg Bible and the printing revolution. Cheap mass-
The document discusses the history and features of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. It originated suddenly around 3100 BC in a fully developed form, and remained unchanged for over 3000 years. Hieroglyphs were pictographic symbols that could represent sounds, syllables, or objects. They were used in monumental inscriptions but later evolved into cursive scripts for common use. The Rosetta Stone helped French scholar Champollion decode hieroglyphs in 1822 by providing a multilingual text for comparison.
The document provides a history of reading from ancient times to modern times. It discusses how reading evolved from early pictograms to the Phoenician and Greek alphabets to modern punctuation and formatting. Major developments included the Greeks adding vowels around 1000 BC, punctuation being added around 200 BC, lowercase letters in 700 AD, and spaces between words in 900 AD. The last major change was the development of LiveInk in 2000 AD, which allows for automated analysis and presentation of text for improved readability.
Professional egyptian scribe story, part 2 of 2 (scribe tools and symbols of ...Deepak Somaji-Sawant
Egyptian scribes used reed pens cut from marsh plants to write with ink on papyrus sheets. Younger boys learned the hieroglyphic symbols under tutelage of older boys. Hieroglyphic writing began as picture symbols and evolved into more abstract scripts over time. Scribes took pride in their craft and tools, which were often depicted carrying ink cakes, pens, and water containers. Thoth, the god of wisdom, was credited with inventing writing and patron of scribes. Hieroglyphs could be written vertically, horizontally right to left, or left to right.
Introduction; Decipehring and Rawlinson who deciphered Cuneiform; multi-lingual inscription on the Behustun hill; writing materials, picture to pictogram, to ideogram, to alphabet; Hammurabi’s Code.
The document provides background information on ancient Egyptian scripts and writing. It discusses hieroglyphs, hieratic, and demotic scripts. Hieroglyphs were formal script used in temples and tombs, while hieratic was a simplified cursive script used for everyday writing. Scribes were highly educated and held important roles recording administrative and economic activities, as well as religious and scholarly texts. Papyrus was the writing material of ancient Egypt, made from reeds that grew along the Nile. It was exported and widely used throughout the Mediterranean region until the 8th century AD when paper making was adopted from China.
The document discusses writing in ancient Egypt, including hieroglyphics, papyrus, and scribes. It describes where writing was used, such as in scribe schools, fields, tombs, the army, government, and temples. Scribes were trained to read and write hieroglyphics and held important roles keeping records and communicating messages. Writing played a significant part in tomb decoration to help with the afterlife and was important for record keeping in government and rituals in temples.
Hieroglyphics were the ancient Egyptian system of writing using symbols that originated as pictograms carved in stone. It was used from around 3000 BC to 500 BC, consisting of over 700 symbols that could represent sounds, objects, or concepts. The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799, helped scholars understand hieroglyphics because it contained a passage in hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek scripts.
The document discusses the origins and development of writing systems around the world. It begins by describing early pictograms and rock paintings from prehistoric times. It then summarizes the evolution of writing in three ancient cultures - the Sumerians developed cuneiform writing using wedge-shaped impressions on clay tablets, the Egyptians created hieroglyphic writing using reed pens on papyrus, and the Chinese developed logographic characters that later became phonetic. The document explores how different writing materials influenced script forms and provides examples of the world's earliest writing systems.
The document provides a timeline of major developments in writing tools from 3200 BCE to the present. Some of the key events include:
- 3200 BCE - Sumerians developed one of the earliest systems of writing in Mesopotamia using styluses to write on clay tablets.
- 1250 BCE - The Shang Dynasty in China developed early forms of writing using brushes to write characters on bones, shells, and bronze artifacts.
- 1100 BCE - The Phoenician alphabet, one of the earliest alphabets, emerged and became widely used in Mediterranean trade, influencing many later alphabets.
Bjmc i, dcm,unit-i, the early communicationRai University
Early humans developed language as the first means of communication through primitive grunts that evolved into meaningful syntax. As civilization advanced around 8000 BC in Mesopotamia, Sumerians developed the first writing system of wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets called cuneiform. Various cultures also developed their own writing systems like the Egyptians with hieroglyphics carved into stone and monuments. Over time, writing systems progressed from early pictograms to syllabic scripts representing sounds and eventually alphabetic systems with symbols for individual sounds, enabling more precise recording and sharing of information.
The document discusses the development of writing systems from early pictographs and ideograms to modern alphabets. It traces the evolution of some of the earliest writing found in Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium BC in the form of pictographs on clay tablets. Over time, these early symbols became standardized into proto-writing systems and eventually into the logographic cuneiform script used by Sumerians and Akkadians. The document also examines other ancient writing systems including Egyptian hieroglyphs and the Phoenician alphabet, considered the first fully developed syllabic system.
Writing originated independently in three places: Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE, China around 1250 BCE, and Mesoamerica around 650 BCE. In Mesopotamia, writing evolved from a system of clay tokens used for accounting of commodities starting around 7500 BCE. These tokens were eventually impressed on clay tablets, removing the need for physical tokens. Around 3000 BCE, phonetic symbols were created to represent sounds, connecting writing to spoken language. Writing was initially only used for economic purposes, but around 2700 BCE began to be used for funerary inscriptions as well.
Science, Technology, and Society lesson 6.pptxLuisSalenga1
The document provides a summary of the history and development of various writing systems, forms of communication, and technologies over time. It traces the earliest known writing system of Sumerian cuneiform in 8000 BC through developments in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Chinese oracle bone script, papyrus, calligraphy, printing, dictionaries, lighting, computing, telephones, the internet, smartphones and search engines like Google. Key innovations and inventors throughout history are highlighted.
This document discusses the evolution of traditional media to new media through different eras. It covers pre-historic era forms of communication like petroglyphs and cave paintings used as early as 30,000 BCE. Ancient era forms included early writing systems like cuneiform, hieroglyphics and the Phoenician alphabet. Traditional media like drama, papyrus, the printing press and photography developed between 3000 BCE to the 19th century. The modern information era saw innovations like the telegraph, telephone, phonograph and film leading to today's digital technologies.
This document discusses the evolution of traditional media to new media through different eras. It covers pre-historic era forms of communication like petroglyphs and cave paintings used as early as 30,000 BCE. Ancient era forms included early writing systems like cuneiform, hieroglyphics and the Phoenician alphabet. Traditional media like drama, papyrus, the printing press and photography developed over time. The telegraph, telephone, phonograph and film marked the beginning of new information era forms of media in the 19th century.
This document traces the history and evolution of writing instruments from ancient times to modern ballpoint pens. It describes early writing tools like stone carving, clay tablets, reed pens, quill pens and their replacements by metal dip pens and steel nib pens. Key developments include the invention of the fountain pen in the 10th century by order of the Fatimid caliph Al-Mu'izz, and the replacement of quill pens by steel nib pens in the 19th century. The document also discusses various writing surfaces used over time like stone, clay, papyrus, parchment and paper.
Early forms of writing began as pictographs and petroglyphs that represented concrete objects and ideas. The earliest true writing systems developed in Egypt, Sumeria, and the Indus Valley around 3500 BCE, though they were pictorial rather than alphabetic. Early writing served practical purposes like recording taxes rather than literature. The Rosetta Stone helped scholars decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs in the 19th century. Understanding the history of writing provides context for how modern writing systems evolved from early forms and the origins of modern grammar conventions.
Here are the eras for the items:
1. Phonograph - Late 19th century
2. Dry Plates - Mid-late 19th century
3. Cuneiform - Ancient era
4. Tattoos - Ancient era
5. Mobile Phones - Late 20th century
6. Parietal Art - Ancient era
7. Film - Late 19th century
8. Personal Computer - Late 20th century
9. Phoenician Alphabet - Ancient era
10. Petroglyphs - Ancient era
11. Hieroglyphs - Ancient era
12. Television - Mid 20th century
13. Printing Press - 15th century
14. Drama -
The document compares and contrasts the writing systems of ancient Egyptians and Sumerians. It discusses that Egyptians developed hieroglyphics around 3000 BC as pictograms that later represented ideas. Hieroglyphics had different categories of signs and used over 2000 characters. Sumerians independently developed cuneiform in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC to write their Sumerian language on clay tablets. Both writing systems were adapted and evolved over thousands of years until their use declined.
This document summarizes the major time periods of archaeology in ancient Mesopotamia from the Neolithic era through the Early Dynastic period. It provides brief descriptions of significant developments within each defined period, including the domestication of plants and animals in the Neolithic, the introduction of irrigation, pottery, and metal tools over time, early writing emerging in the Protoliterate period, and the development of political hierarchies and expansion of writing in the Early Dynastic period under Sargon of Akkad. Artifacts like pottery, seals, and tablets provide evidence of cultural and technological changes occurring across these early civilizations.
This anthology of ancient and fresh archaeological artifacts paints a cohesive arc from the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution to the first empires of Uruk and Egypt, ignited around the Black Sea by the Kurgan Copper revolution.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of early writing and graphic design from ancient Mesopotamia through ancient Egypt and Rome. It describes how the earliest written records were pictographic drawings on clay tablets in Sumeria around 3000 BCE. Over time, these evolved into the cuneiform writing system using wedge-shaped strokes. The Egyptians later developed writing on papyrus and illuminated manuscripts. Trajan's Column from ancient Rome features an early example of monumental capital letter carvings. Overall, the document traces the origins and developments of early writing systems and graphic communications.
Writing originated independently in several early civilizations as a system for accounting and recording inventory, often using clay tokens and tablets. One of the earliest examples is a 4th millennium BC tablet from Mesopotamia listing goods. Pictographic writing later developed in places like Sumer in the form of cuneiform writing carved into clay around 3200 BC. Writing systems also emerged in China in the form of oracle bone script by 1600 BC and in Mesoamerica as seen in the Mayan Dresden Codex. Over time, many scripts like Phoenician, Greek, runic, Arabic, Korean, Japanese, and Indian writing systems were developed to suit various languages.
- Early humans in Africa began developing writing systems as far back as 30,000 years ago, making marks and symbols on cave walls to communicate ideas. These early forms of visual communication evolved into more complex systems over thousands of years.
- In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians invented one of the earliest systems of writing called cuneiform around 3100 BC. They developed pictographs carved into clay tablets using reed styluses. Over time, the pictographs became more abstract and took the wedge-shaped (cuneiform) form. Cuneiform was widely adopted across Mesopotamian civilizations and used to record laws, contracts, and other important documents.
- Cylinder
The document traces the history and evolution of reading from early humans using gestures and oral language to communicate, to the development of written symbols and early forms of writing. It describes some of the earliest forms of writing including Old Stone Age rock paintings, Sumerian cuneiform tablets, Egyptian hieroglyphics carved in stone and painted on papyrus, as well as alphabets developed by Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans. The Phoenician alphabet, in particular, contributed greatly to ancient civilizations and became the basis for modern writing systems due to its simplicity and adoption by other peoples.
This document discusses the history of physics from classical physics era. It mentions several key figures from that time like Benjamin Thomson and Thomas Young. It also provides a brief overview of some major discoveries and developments in classical physics from that period, including discoveries related to heat, electricity, optics and atomic theory.
The document discusses the history of Egyptian hieroglyphs from ancient Egypt through the Renaissance. It describes how Cleopatra was the last ruler of Egypt's Ptolemaic dynasty and could speak Egyptian. It also discusses how obelisks were taken from Egypt to Rome and reset during the Renaissance. Scholars from antiquity through the 17th century struggled to interpret hieroglyphs, with some interpretations being correct and others incorrect.
The document traces the evolution of writing from early pictographs to modern alphabetic writing systems. It begins with the Sumerians developing the first writing system of wedge-shaped strokes around 3000 BC. Over thousands of years, other civilizations developed their own systems including hieroglyphics in Egypt and an alphabet of consonants by the Phoenicians. The Greeks later added vowels, creating an alphabet still used today. Punctuation, lowercase letters, and spaces between words were later refinements that increased readability and standardized written languages.
HISTORY OF READING.pdf: AN INTRODUCTION TO READING AND WRITINGmarygracealejo2
The document traces the evolution of writing from early pictographs to modern alphabetic writing systems. It begins with the Sumerians developing the first writing system of wedge-shaped symbols around 4000 BC. Over thousands of years, various civilizations developed their own writing styles, with the Phoenicians creating the first alphabet of consonants around 2000 BC. Major advances included the Greeks adding vowels around 1000 BC and punctuation appearing around 200 BC. Spaces between words and lowercase letters were innovations from medieval scribes around 900 AD, completing the major upgrades to writing systems over the past 5,000 years.
The document discusses the origins and development of writing systems around the world. It begins by describing early pictograms and rock paintings from prehistoric times. It then summarizes the evolution of writing in three ancient cultures - the Sumerians developed cuneiform writing using wedge-shaped impressions on clay tablets, the Egyptians created hieroglyphic writing using reed pens on papyrus, and the Chinese developed logographic characters that eventually became less pictographic. The document goes on to discuss other scripts and factors that influenced their development such as available writing materials.
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt. This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
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5. Across every known writing system,
writing began with two intellectual
breakthroughs.
A third breakthrough did not happen everywhere.
6. First, was symbolic representation,
the discovery that marked lines can
represent something concrete
(bread, sheep, beer) or something
abstract (a number or a concept).
7.
8. Between 8000 and 4000 BCE
(that is, about 10,000 years ago)
a form of accounting developed
that used little clay tokens to
record the sale or purchase of
goods.
9.
10. Payment for:
Work/labour
Envelope
Signature/Seal
1 large measure of barley
+ 2 small measures of
something else
Contents
of 4 days
envelope
4 measures of metal
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. The first clay tokens were symbolic
representations of real things.
Eventually, the tokens were
replaced by symbols representing
the tokens.
16. 1. Tokens pressed into envelope to indicate
contents
3. Token impressions replaced with pictograms for
things represented by tokens.
2. Tokens pressed onto flat “sheet”, thereby
eliminating need for tokens in an envelope.
21. The second great intellectual
breakthrough was that a
standardized simplified set of
symbols could be used to preserve
words and ideas across time.
22. Pictograms Glyph Cuneiform
3000 BC
2800 BC
2600 BC 2600 BC
(stone) (clay)
2000 BC
1800 BC
23.
24.
25. The Sumerian language
pictographic logographic
Symbols pictorially Symbols arbitrarily
representing concrete representing concrete
things things and concepts
as well as syllables
26.
27.
28. This Assyrian tablet tells
the story of a plan by the
gods to destroy the world
by means of a great flood.
Ut-napishti, like the biblical
Noah, builds a huge boat
to rescue his family and
every type of animal. When
this tablet was first
translated in 1872 it
caused a sensation.
29.
30. Both cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics
were logosyllabaries that required a great
deal of memorization.
For instance, in Akkadian, the total number
of signs was between 700 and 800. The
earlier Sumerian cuneiform had about 1000.
It had different symbols not only for
different ideas/things but also for different
syllables.
Sumerian Cuneiform Akkadian Cuneiform
32. Linear B – circa 14th C BCE
Linear A – circa 19th C BCE
Linear A and Linear B (used by Minoan and
Mycenaean Greeks) were also logosyllabaries (as
was Chinese with its thousands of symbols)
33. The third great intellectual
breakthrough did not occur
everywhere: it was sound-symbol
correspondence.
This was the recognition that all
words are composed of tiny sound
units and that all words can thus be
represented with symbols for those
sounds: i.e., by an alphabet
34. Greek alphabet used
symbols from the Phoenician
writing system, but added
symbols for vowels, making
it the first alphabet (around
800 BCE).
More recently, some linguists have argued
that other alphabets did in fact exist for
languages that died out and which predate
the Greek alphabet.
36. While stone and clay have excellent
longevity (indeed we probably have more
examples of writing from 2000 BC than we
do from 100 BCE thanks to it), it is not
very transportable or quick to work with.
Papyrus, made from a reed-like plant
native to Egypt, became the writing
medium of choice in the ancient world.
37. Papyrus Fragments
Languages written in clay were right-to-
left
Languages written in ink were left-to-
write.
Why?
38.
39. Thousands and thousands of papyrus
fragments have been found in the
ancient world. Some are letters, some
are government correspondence, and
some are poems, plays, philosophy, etc.
The vast majority of ancient literary
works are lost, and we only have small
fragments or snippets.
http://www.schoyencollection.com/greeklit_files
42. The Ilias Ambrosiana. The only illustrated Homer from antiquity is thought to
have been produced in Constantinople during the late 5th or early 6th
century, specifically between 493 and 508.
43. After the collapse of the
unified Roman Empire,
papyrus was no longer
readily available.
44. Vellum or Parchment, made from calf,
sheep, or goat skin, became the new
medium for writing. It is laborious to
make and was always an expensive
material.
47. Paper invented in China (about 100 CE),
transferred and improved in the Islamic
world (700 CE), eventually made its way
to Europe around (1400 CE). Paper was
significantly less expensive than vellum.
48. Paper (Renaissance)
the oldest dated printed paper
book in the world, from 868 CE.
52. This woodcut from 1568 shows the
left printer removing a page from the
press while the one at right inks the
text-blocks.
Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand
movements per working day, printing
around 3,600 pages in the process.
58. Imagine you are stuck here at the
University during the Zombie Apocalypse.
The Zombie virus has the unfortunate side-
effect that it makes paper dissolve. As far
as you know, you may be the only
survivors.
Luckily, someone in your group knows how
to make vellum from the rabbits that are
common around the University but are
unmolested by the zombies.
You figure that you only have perhaps
several weeks before all the paper in the
library dissolves.
Which books will you save by writing them
back out on vellum, much like Dark Ages
Monks did with works from antiquity after
the collapse of the Roman Empire?
Editor's Notes
Writing was invented independently in at least three places, Mesopotamia, China, and Mesoamerica. Recent discoveries might also provide evidence that writing was invented in Egypt and Indus independently of Mesopotamia.
Writing system have their genesis in accounting and the need for portable record-keeping.
Clay accounting tokens were used for accounting. Tokens would be placed inside envelopes – which were cumbersome clay pots. On the outside of the envelope would be indented the impressions of the number of tokens inside. The first appearance of such tokens in the archaeological record of the Middle East coincides with the development of agriculture in the period from 8000 to 7500 B.C. The Sumerians, formerly hunters and gatherers, began settling in villages in the fertile valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Archaeological studies of the period show evidence of grain cultivation in fields surrounding villages, the construction of communal silos for storing grain, and a rapid increase in population. In such a setting, individual farmers needed a reliable way to keep track of their goods, especially the amount of grain stored in shared facilities. It seems they did it by maintaining stocks of baked-clay tokens -- one token for each item, different shapes for different types of items. A marble-sized clay sphere stood for a bushel of grain, a cylinder for an animal, an egg-shaped token for a jar of oil.
Bulla-envelope with 11 plain and complex tokens inside, representing an account or agreement, perhaps wages for 4 days' work, 4 measures of metal, 1 large measure of barley and 2 small measures of some other commodity. The bulla-envelope had to be broken to check the contents hence the very few (only 17) surviving intact bulla- envelopes. This simple system of data storage persisted practically unchanged for almost 4,000 years, spreading over a large geographic area. Eventually, the growth of villages into cities and the increasing complexity of human activities, especially in southern Mesopotamia, forced a shift to a more versatile means of record-keeping. The ungainliness of needing to carry a hundred little clay tokens to signify a 100-bale sale of wheat seems almost ridiculous to modern observers, yet this system lasted for nearly four thousand years. It wasn’t until around 4,000 BC that the plain tokens began to be replaced by detailed ones around the Sumerian region.
These cylinder seals served as both a kind of amulet and as a mark of ownership or identification. Seals were either impressed on clay masses that were used to close jars, doors, and baskets, or they were rolled onto inscribed clay tablets that recorded information about commercial or legal transactions. From Pergamon Museum [Photo: Randy Connolly]
Cylinder seal with schematic workers , 3300–2900 B.C Cylinder seal with Contest Scene , 2350–2150 B.C Cylinder seal and modern impression: hunting scene , 2250–2150B.C. These cylinder seals served as both a kind of amulet and as a mark of ownership or identification. Seals were either impressed on clay masses that were used to close jars, doors, and baskets, or they were rolled onto inscribed clay tablets that recorded information about commercial or legal transactions. Source: Cylinder seal and modern impression: hunting scene [Mesopotamia] (41.160.192) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Markings were added to tokens to provide more meaning.
Once sealed in their clay cocoons, the tokens were hidden from view. It didn't take long for busy bureaucrats to realize that once the clay envelopes were marked, it was no longer necessary to keep the tokens. In fact, the marks by themselves, impressed on a clay tablet, were sufficient. Around 3,100 B.C., someone had the bright idea that, instead of representing, say, 33 jars of oil by repeating the symbol for one jar 33 times, it would be simpler to precede the symbol for a jar of oil by numerals -- special signs expressing numbers. Moreover, the same signs could be used to represent the same quantity of any item. Complex tokens couldn't be stored in clay envelopes as conveniently as simple counters because they often left indecipherable impressions. Instead, perforations allowed such tokens to be strung together, with special clay tags apparently identifying the accounts. In this case, the shortcut the bureaucrats discovered was to inscribe the incised pattern found on the surface of a complex token directly onto a clay tablet. For example, they could replace an incised ovoid token with a neatly drawn oval with a slash across it.
These possibly derive from the bulla-envelopes with counting tokens inside. The cubic tablets might represent the next logical step, the adding of pictographs representing the commodities involved, and adapted from the spherical shape of the bullas, to cubic shape, before being reduced to a thinner and more handy tablet.
6 different disk type tokens, actually drawn to represent real counting tokens. This represents the second stage in the development from counting tokens to actual pictographic writing on tablets. The first stage was to depress actual tokens into the wet clay on a bulla or tablet. Apart from the sheep token (cross within the circle, group 3:51), none of these tokens have been found so far. Before 2700, writing is only accounting. It’s only numbers and the thing counted. And then at some point, the name of who it belongs to.
This image shows the development of the sign SAG "head“. Stage 1 shows the pictogram as it was drawn around 3000 BC. Stage 2 shows the rotated pictogram as written around 2800 BC. Stage 3 shows the abstracted glyph in archaic monumental inscriptions, from ca. 2600 BC, and stage 4 is the sign as written in clay, contemporary to stage 3. Stage 5 represents the late 3rd millennium, and stage 6 represents Old Assyrian ductus of the early 2nd millennium, as adopted into Hittite.
Writing cuneiform on wet clay using a reed stylus.
By 2800 BCE the writing system started to exhibit use of phonetic elements. The Sumerian language had a high number of monosyllabic words that sound similar, so symbols that represented one concept could be used to represent a similar sound to that concept. E.g., the sign for arrow (ti in sumerian) was used for life (til in sumerian). Another interesting fact about Sumerian (and later cuneiform systems as well) is that the numeric system is both decimal (base-10) and sexagesimal (base-60). The sexagesimal part of this system survives in the modern era in units of time (seconds and minutes) and of trigonometry (360 degrees). http://www.ancientscripts.com/sumerian.html
Akkadian eventually became the common language of the Mesopotamian area, and completely displaced Sumerian. However, Akkadian scribes continued to use Sumerian cuneiform symbols.
Akkadian: Eventually became the common language of Mesopotamia. Sumerian and Akkadian are vastly different languages (like English and Chinese). Akkadian uses phoentic signs and was an extremely complex writing system. The number of signs used hover from 200 to 400 (although the total number of signs is between 700 and 800).
Greek alphabet used symbols from the Phoenician writing system, but added symbols for vowels, making it the first alphabet (around 800 BCE). More recently, some linguists have argued that other alphabets did in fact exist for languages that died out and which predate the Greek alphabet.
Pretend you were carving the words into stone. Now, grasp the hammer in your right hand and the chisel in your left and start to carve. Which way to you instinctively go? Right to left (assuming you are right handed, which most people are). Otherwise your arm would block what you had just written. But pick up a pen and start to write. Which way do you instinctively go? Left to right, so you don’t smear the ink of what you have just written. The technology dictates the architecture of the language.
Making vellum from sheepskin. Skins were soaked in running water for several days; then immersed in a lime and water solution for as long again, with an occasional 'stir of the pot' to remove hair and dirt. Next they were rinsed, stretched taut over a frame, and dried in the sun and scraped with pumice and water over and over again. When dry, the skin was cut from the frame and ready for use. It was inevitable that manuscripts were taller than they were wide: animal skins were rectangular. Staying true to the rectangle was the most economical way to fold the skins into pages. When paper was later introduced, bookmakers could have chosen any shape, but opted for the convention, and today the tradition continues because a millennium ago monks used natural vellum.
Paper invented in China (about 100 CE), transferred and improved in Islamic world (700 CE), eventually made its way to Europe around (1400 CE).
Gutenberg Press ( Johann Gutenberg, ca. 1400-1468) and metal type
This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing around 3,600 pages in the process.
Lithography press (printing on limestone, then on paper) – 19 th century