Pen.pptx
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Pens have a long history, dating back thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians used reed brushes or pens made from sea rush to write on papyrus scrolls as early as 3000 BC. Quill pens, made from feathers, replaced reed pens during the Middle Ages. The first metal-nibbed pen was found in ruins of Pompeii after the volcanic eruption in 79 AD. Throughout history, pen designs evolved from simple reed or quill pens to modern ballpoint, gel, and rollerball pens. Pens continue to be a ubiquitous writing tool used worldwide in daily life.
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History Of Pens
The history of pens began around 5000 BCE in India where pens were made of feathers or bamboo. Reed pens were widely used in ancient Egypt and other places until being replaced by quill pens in the 7th century CE. Quill pens were then the primary writing tool until the 19th century when metal-nibbed dip pens became popular. Major innovations included the fountain pen in the 19th century, ballpoint pen in the 1930s, felt-tip pen in the 1960s, and rollerball pen in the 1980s. Modern pens now include smart pens with scanning and digital capabilities.
History of pen
This document provides a history of writing instruments from ancient times to modern day. It describes how early humans scratched on clay tablets with bone or bronze tools around 4000 BC. The Egyptians developed writing with pictures on papyrus scrolls using thin reed brushes around 3000 BC. During the Roman era from 1300 BC, wax tablets were used with metal styli to write and erase. From 600-1800 AD, quill pens became popular in Europe for writing on parchment. In the 1800s, metal nib pens replaced quill pens and fountain pens were invented in the 1880s. The modern ballpoint pen was invented in the 1940s. New writing instruments like felt tip pens, rollerballs, and ergonomic designs were
Pen and paper is all about the ancient pen and paper and how it has changed.
The document summarizes the history and development of paper and pens. It traces the origins of paper to ancient China in the 2nd century BC and of pens to reed pens invented by ancient Egyptians in 4000 BC. Timelines show the evolution of pens from reed pens to modern ballpoint pens and of paper from papyrus to modern paper. The document also provides brief facts and comparisons of the properties and uses of different paper and pen types over history.
Ball pens from ancient times to now
This document traces the history and evolution of writing instruments from ancient times to modern ballpoint pens. It describes early writing tools like stone carving, clay tablets, reed pens, quill pens and their replacements by metal dip pens and steel nib pens. Key developments include the invention of the fountain pen in the 10th century by order of the Fatimid caliph Al-Mu'izz, and the replacement of quill pens by steel nib pens in the 19th century. The document also discusses various writing surfaces used over time like stone, clay, papyrus, parchment and paper.
Printers & offset printing press
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing
Printing materials
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing
The History of Printing Press
This document provides a high-level overview of the history of printing from 3000 BC to the 20th century. Key developments include the earliest forms of printing using seals and stamps in ancient Mesopotamia and China, the invention of paper in China in the 2nd century AD, the development of movable type in China in the 11th century, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in the 15th century, which accelerated the spread of printing in Europe, and major printing innovations and techniques introduced over subsequent centuries such as lithography, photography, and offset printing.
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History Of Pens
The history of pens began around 5000 BCE in India where pens were made of feathers or bamboo. Reed pens were widely used in ancient Egypt and other places until being replaced by quill pens in the 7th century CE. Quill pens were then the primary writing tool until the 19th century when metal-nibbed dip pens became popular. Major innovations included the fountain pen in the 19th century, ballpoint pen in the 1930s, felt-tip pen in the 1960s, and rollerball pen in the 1980s. Modern pens now include smart pens with scanning and digital capabilities.
History of pen
This document provides a history of writing instruments from ancient times to modern day. It describes how early humans scratched on clay tablets with bone or bronze tools around 4000 BC. The Egyptians developed writing with pictures on papyrus scrolls using thin reed brushes around 3000 BC. During the Roman era from 1300 BC, wax tablets were used with metal styli to write and erase. From 600-1800 AD, quill pens became popular in Europe for writing on parchment. In the 1800s, metal nib pens replaced quill pens and fountain pens were invented in the 1880s. The modern ballpoint pen was invented in the 1940s. New writing instruments like felt tip pens, rollerballs, and ergonomic designs were
Pen and paper is all about the ancient pen and paper and how it has changed.
The document summarizes the history and development of paper and pens. It traces the origins of paper to ancient China in the 2nd century BC and of pens to reed pens invented by ancient Egyptians in 4000 BC. Timelines show the evolution of pens from reed pens to modern ballpoint pens and of paper from papyrus to modern paper. The document also provides brief facts and comparisons of the properties and uses of different paper and pen types over history.
Ball pens from ancient times to now
This document traces the history and evolution of writing instruments from ancient times to modern ballpoint pens. It describes early writing tools like stone carving, clay tablets, reed pens, quill pens and their replacements by metal dip pens and steel nib pens. Key developments include the invention of the fountain pen in the 10th century by order of the Fatimid caliph Al-Mu'izz, and the replacement of quill pens by steel nib pens in the 19th century. The document also discusses various writing surfaces used over time like stone, clay, papyrus, parchment and paper.
Printers & offset printing press
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing
Printing materials
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing
The History of Printing Press
This document provides a high-level overview of the history of printing from 3000 BC to the 20th century. Key developments include the earliest forms of printing using seals and stamps in ancient Mesopotamia and China, the invention of paper in China in the 2nd century AD, the development of movable type in China in the 11th century, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in the 15th century, which accelerated the spread of printing in Europe, and major printing innovations and techniques introduced over subsequent centuries such as lithography, photography, and offset printing.
The history of typography
Typography was invented independently in China and Europe. Woodblock printing, the first method of mechanical book reproduction, was developed in China in the Tang Dynasty and spread to other East Asian countries. In Europe, xylographic printing using carved wooden blocks began in the 13th century. Johannes Gutenberg developed the metal movable type printing press around 1450, vastly increasing production. Printing then spread across Europe in the late 15th century, allowing mass reproduction of books for the first time. Typography was introduced to Russia in the mid-16th century and further advanced with early Russian printer Ivan Fedorov. Modern printing techniques continue to develop and are now widely used.
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CBSE Class X Print Culture Notes
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This document provides a timeline of various media throughout history, spanning from 20,000 BC to the present day. It describes some of the earliest forms of media like cave paintings from 40,000 years ago. It then discusses the development of hieroglyphs in ancient Egypt, Buddhist texts like the Diamond Sutra from 200-500 AD, and the introduction of the printing press in 15th century Europe. The timeline continues with innovations in color printing, photography, phonographs, computers, the early internet (Web 1.0), and modern devices and platforms (Web 2.0).
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This document provides a timeline of various media throughout history, spanning from 20,000 BC to the present day. It describes some of the earliest forms of media like cave paintings from 40,000 years ago. It then discusses the development of hieroglyphs in ancient Egypt, Buddhist texts like the Diamond Sutra from 200-500 AD, and the introduction of the printing press in 15th century Europe. The timeline continues with innovations in color printing, photography, phonographs, computers, the early internet (Web 1.0), and modern devices and platforms (Web 2.0).
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This document provides a timeline of various media throughout history, spanning from 20,000 BC to the present day. It describes some of the earliest forms of media like cave paintings from 40,000 years ago. It then discusses the development of hieroglyphs in ancient Egypt, Buddhist texts like the Diamond Sutra from 200-500 AD, and the introduction of the printing press in 15th century Europe. The timeline continues with innovations in color printing, photography, phonographs, computers, the early internet (Web 1.0), and modern devices and platforms (Web 2.0).
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2. The history of books followed technological innovations that improved text preservation, access to information, portability and production costs. This was linked to political, economic, and religious developments.
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- Two prominent scholars who studied print culture are Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted print culture with earlier scribal culture, and Walter Ong, who contrasted written culture to oral culture.
- The history of books follows technological innovations that improved text preservation, access to information, portability and production costs. This history is linked to political, economic, and religious developments.
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsUnlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingThe use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Recently uploaded (20)
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Pen.pptx
- 2. Introduction A PEN IS A COMMON WRITING INSTRUMENT THAT APPLIES INK TO A SURFACE, USUALLY PAPER, FOR WRITING OR DRAWING. IT IS WIDELY USED IN WORLD AND IN OUR DAILY LIFE.
- 3. Historical Facts Ancient Egyptians had developed writing on papyrus scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens from the Juncus maritimus or sea rush. In his book A History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests, on the basis of finds at Saqqara, that the reed pen might well have been used for writing on parchment as long ago as the First Dynasty, or around 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until the Middle Ages, but were slowly replaced by quills from about the 7th century. A copper nib was found in the ruins of Pompeii, showing that metal nibs were used in the year 79.[19] There is also a reference to 'a silver pen to carry ink in', in Samuel Pepys' diary for August 1663.
- 4. Continue The earliest historical record of a pen with a reservoir dates back to the 10th century AD. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib. A student in Paris, Romanian Petrache Poenaru invented a fountain pen that used a quill as an ink reservoir. The French Government patented this in May 1827.[25] Fountain pen patents and production then increased in the 1850s. The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on October 30, 1888, to John J Loud.[26] In 1938, László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper editor, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began to design new types of pens, including one with a tiny ball in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. Rollerball pens were introduced in the early 1970s.
- 5. Parts of a Pen
- 6. Types Of Pens This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
- 7. Historic 1.Fountain pen 2.Dip pen 3.Ink Brush pen 4.Quill pen 5.Reed pen
- 8. Modern 1.Ball point 2.Gel pen 3.Roller ball pen 4.Felt tip pen 5.Brush pen 6.Stulus pen
- 9. Fountain PEn This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
- 10. Feather Dip Pen This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
- 11. Gel Pen This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
- 12. Stylus Pen This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC