Science, Technology and Society

1. ERWIN MARLON R. SARIO
Instructor

2. Sumerian cuneiform is the
earliest known writing system.
Its origins can be traced back to
about 8,000 BC and it
developed from the pictographs
and other symbols used to
represent trade goods and
livestock on clay tablets.
Originally the Sumerians made
small tokens out of clay to
represent the items. The tokens
were kept together in sealed
clay envelopes, and in order to
show what was inside the
envelopes, they press the
tokens into the clay in the
outside.

3. The Egyptian hieroglyphic script
was one of the writing systems
used by ancient Egyptians to
represent their language.
Because of their pictorial
elegance, Herodotus and other
important Greeks believed that
Egyptian hieroglyphs were
something sacred, so they
referred to them as 'holy
writing'. Thus, the word
hieroglyph comes from the
Greek hiero 'holy' and glypho
'writing'. In the ancient Egyptian
language, hieroglyphs were
called medu netjer, 'the gods'
words' as it was believed that
writing was an invention of the
gods.

4. The earliest Chinese written language appeared in the Shang Dynasty
(17th- 11thcentury BC). At that time, people believed in ghosts and
practiced divination on important occasions. They inscribed divination
words on tortoise shells or animal bones, and painted them red to
symbolize good luck or black to symbolize potential disasters. The
words were inscribed with knives. Some of them are big, some are
small, some are complicated and some are simple, but they are all well
defined.
Oracle bone script was an ancestor of modern
Chinese characters engraved on oracle bones—
animal bones or turtle plastrons used in
pyromantic divination—in the late 2nd
millennium BC, and is the earliest known form
of Chinese writing. The vast majority,
amounting to about 150,000 pieces, were
found at the Yinxu site located in Xiaotun
Village, Anyang City, Henan Province. The latest
significant discovery is the Huayuanzhuang
storage of 1,608 pieces, 579 of which were
inscribed, found near Xiaotun in 1993.

5. "The ancient Egyptians had used rolls
made of papyrus from the early days of
the Old Kingdom. The oldest known
papyrus roll was found in the tomb of
Hemaka. Link in Saqqara, and dates to
the 1st dynasty, around 2900 BC.
Papyrus was first manufactured in
Egypt as far back as the fourth
millennium BCE. The earliest
archaeological evidence of papyrus was
excavated in 2012 and 2013 at Wadi
al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian harbor
located on the Red Sea coast. These
documents, the Diary of Merer, date
from c. 2560–2550 BCE (end of the
reign of Khufu). The papyrus rolls
describe the last years of building the

6. Small Seal Script or Qin Script, is an
archaic form of Chinese calligraphy. It
was standardized and promulgated as
a national standard by the government
of Qin Shi Huang, the founder of the
Chinese Qin dynasty.
The Qin dynasty, was the first dynasty
of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to
206 BC. Named for its heartland in Qin
state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), the
dynasty was founded by Qin Shi Huang,
the First Emperor of Qin.

7. A codex is essentially an ancient book,
consisting of one or more quires of
sheets of papyrus or parchment folded
together to form a group of leaves, or
pages. This form of the book was not
widely used in the ancient world until
around the second century AD, when it
slowly but steadily began to replace the
traditional book form, the papyrus roll.
Parchment is the processed skin of animals, very often calves,
goats and sheep that has been soaked, de-haired, stretched
and scraped thin. It has been widely used as a writing substrate
since around the first century AD, when it began to supersede
papyrus and it is the material on which scribes wrote the
Codices.

8. Among the most globally significant
innovations of the Tang (618–906) and
Song (960–1279) dynasties were the
inventions of woodblock printing and
moveable type, enabling widespread
publishing of a variety of texts, and the
dissemination of knowledge and
literacy. Scholars believe that
woodblock printing first appeared in
China around 600, probably inspired by
the much older use of bronze or stone
seals to make impressions on clay and
silk, and the practice of taking inked
rubbings of inscribed texts from
bronze and stone reliefs. The process
for block printing on paper was
perfected by the end of Tang dynasty.

9. The earliest mention of a
mechanized printing press in
Europe appears in a lawsuit in
Strasbourg in 1439; it reveals
construction of a press for Johannes
Gutenberg and his associates.
Gutenberg’s press and others of its
era in Europe owed much to the
medieval paper press, which was in
turn modeled after the ancient
wine-and-olive press of the
Mediterranean area. A long handle
was used to turn a heavy wooden
screw, exerting downward pressure
against the paper, which was laid
over the type mounted on a wooden
platen. Gutenberg used his press to
print an edition of the Bible in 1455.

10. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language is one
of the most famous dictionaries in history. First published in
1755, the dictionary took just over eight years to compile,
required six helpers and listed 40,000 words. Each word was
defined in detail, the definitions illustrated with quotations
covering every branch of learning. It was a huge scholarly
achievement, a more extensive and complex dictionary than
any of its predecessors – the comparable French Dictionnaire
had taken 55 years to compile and required the dedication of
40 scholars.

11. The concept of carbon-arc
lighting was first demonstrated by
Humphry Davy in the early 19th
century, but sources disagree
about the year he first
demonstrated it; 1802, 1805,
1807 and 1809 are all mentioned.
Davy used charcoal sticks and a
two-thousand-cell battery to
create an arc across a 4-inch (100
mm) gap. He mounted his
electrodes horizontally and noted
that, because of the strong
convection flow of air, the arc
formed the shape of an arch. He
coined the term "arch lamp",
which was contracted to "arc

12. Ada Lovelace, in full Ada King,
countess of Lovelace, original
name Augusta Ada Byron, Lady
Byron, (born December 10, 1815,
Piccadilly Terrace, Middlesex
[now in London], England—died
November 27, 1852, Marylebone,
London), English mathematician,
an associate of Charles Babbage,
for whose prototype of a digital
computer she created a program.
She has been called the first
computer programmer.

13. Nathaniel Baldwin of Utah in 1910 invented a
prototype telephone headset due to his inability to
hear sermons during Sunday service. He offered it
for testing to the US Navy, which promptly ordered
100 from Baldwin. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co.,
in partnership with Baldwin Radio Company, set up a
manufacturing facility in Utah to fulfill orders. His
innovations were the basis of “sound-powered”
telephones or phones that required no electricity,
which were used during World War II.

14. INFORMATION AGE
The Information Age is the idea that access to and the control of
information is the defining characteristics of this current era in human
civilization.
The information age, also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age
and the New Media Age is coupled tightly with the advent of personal
computers. Jack Kilby invented the first integrated
circuit and presented it on September
12, 1958.

15. The origins of flash memory can be traced back
to the development of the floating-gate MOSFET
(FGMOS), also known as the floating-gate
transistor. The original MOSFET (metal–oxide–
semiconductor field-effect transistor), also
known as the MOS transistor, was invented by
Egyptian engineer Mohamed M. Atalla and Korean
engineer Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959.

16. Fujio Masuoka, while working for Toshiba,
proposed a new type of floating-gate memory
that allowed entire sections of memory to be
erased quickly and easily, by applying a
voltage to a single wire connected to a group
of cells. This led to Masuoka's invention of
flash memory at Toshiba in 1980.

17. The computer mouse was invented
and developed by Douglas
Engelbart, with the assistance
of Bill English, during the 1960s
and was patented on November
17, 1970.

18. was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen
on April 4, 1975, to develop and sell
BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800. It
rose to dominate the personal computer
operating system market with MS-DOS in
the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft
Windows.

20. Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on
April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald
Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal
computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as
Apple Computer, Inc. in 1977 and the company's next
computer, the Apple II became a best seller. Apple went
public in 1980, to instant financial success.

22. Tim Berners-Lee, in full Sir
Tim Berners-Lee, (born June 8,
1955, London, England),
British computer scientist,
generally credited as the
inventor of the World Wide
Web in 1989. In 2004 he was
awarded a knighthood by
Queen Elizabeth II of the
United Kingdom and the
inaugural Millennium
Technology Prize
(€1 million) by the Finnish
Technology Award
Foundation.

24. The first portable cell phone was
invented in 1973 by Motorola. On April
3, 1973, Motorola engineer Martin
Cooper made the first-ever cell phone
call on the DynaTAC 8000X. The
prototype he used weighed 2.4 lb (1.1
kg) and measured 9.1 x 5.1 x 1.8 in (23
x 13 x 4.5 cm). This clunky device
offered a talk time of just 30 minutes
and required 10 hours to recharge.
The DynaTAC phone was priced at
$3,995, which is the equivalent of
$10,000 today.
The First Cellular Phone

25. Google was founded on September 4,
1998, by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while
they were PhD students at Stanford
University in California. Together they own
about 14% of its publicly listed shares and
control 56% of the stockholder voting
power through super-voting stock. The
company went public via an initial public
offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was
reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary
of Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's
largest subsidiary and is a holding
company for Alphabet's Internet properties
and interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed
CEO of Google on October 24, 2015,
replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO
of Alphabet. On December 3, 2019, Pichai
also became the CEO of Alphabet.

26. Android, operating system for cellular
telephones and tablet computers.
Android began in 2003 as a project of
the American technology company
Android Inc., to develop an operating
system for digital cameras. In 2004 the
project changed to become an
operating system for smartphones.
Android Inc., was bought by the
American search engine company
Google Inc., in 2005. At Google, the
Android team decided to base their
project on Linux, an open source
operating system for personal
computers.

27. Guangdong Oppo Mobile
Telecommunications Corp.,
Ltd, doing business as
OPPO, is a Chinese
consumer electronics and
mobile communications
company headquartered in
Dongguan, Guangdong. Its
major product lines include
smartphones, smart
devices, audio devices,
power banks, and other
electronic products.
Vivo Communication Technology Co.
Ltd., styled vivo in its logo, is a
Chinese multinational technology
company headquartered in
Dongguan, Guangdong that designs
and develops smartphones,
smartphone accessories, software
and online services. The company
develops software for its phones,
distributed through its V-Appstore,
with iManager included in their
proprietary, Android-based operating
system, Funtouch OS in Global,

28. Xiaomi Corporation registered in Asia
as Xiaomi Inc., is a Chinese designer
and manufacturer of consumer
electronics and related software, home
appliances, and household items.
Behind Samsung, it is the second
largest manufacturer of smartphones in
the world, most of which run the MIUI
operating system. The company is
ranked 338th and is the youngest
company on the Fortune Global 500.
Realme (stylized as гeɑlme) is a
brand of Android based
smartphones developed by
Realme Chongqing Mobile
Telecommunications Corporation,
Ltd., a manufacturer based in
Shenzhen, China. It was founded
by Li Bingzhong (known as "Sky"
Li) on May 4, 2018, who was
former vice president of Oppo.

29. Lenovo Group Limited, is a Chinese multinational technology company
specializing in designing, manufacturing, and marketing consumer
electronics, personal computers, software, business solutions, and
related services.
Acer Inc. is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics
corporation specializing in advanced electronics technology,
headquartered in Xizhi, New Taipei City. Its products include desktop
PCs, laptop PCs (clamshells, 2-in-1s, convertibles and Chromebooks),
tablets, servers, storage devices, virtual reality devices, displays,
smartphones and peripherals, as well as gaming PCs and accessories
under its Predator brand.
ASUSTek Computer Inc. is a Taiwanese multinational computer and
phone hardware and electronics company headquartered in Beitou
District, Taipei, Taiwan. Its products include desktop computers,
laptops, netbooks, mobile phones, networking equipment, monitors,
wi-fi routers, projectors, motherboards, graphics cards, optical
storage, multimedia products, peripherals, wearables, servers,
workstations, and tablet PCs. The company is also an original
equipment manufacturer (OEM).

30. Micro-Star International Co., is a Taiwanese
multinational information technology corporation
headquartered in New Taipei City, Taiwan. It designs,
develops and provides computer hardware, related
products and services, including laptops, desktops,
motherboards, graphics cards, All-in-One PCs, servers,
industrial computers, PC peripherals, car infotainment
products, etc.
The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened
to or HP, was an American multinational information
technology company headquartered in Palo Alto,
California. HP developed and provided a wide variety
of hardware components, as well as software and
related services to consumers, small and medium-
sized businesses (SMBs), and large enterprises,
including customers in the government, health, and
education sectors.
The Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational
manufacturing conglomerate headquartered in Samsung
Town, Seoul, South Korea. It comprises numerous
affiliated businesses, most of them united under the
Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol
(business conglomerate). As of 2020, Samsung has the