This document provides a detailed history of the development of books and writing materials from 3500 BC to the present day. It describes the earliest known written symbols on Sumerian clay tablets from 3500 BC. Papyrus scrolls dating to 2400 BC were found in Egypt. Around 600 BC, a more standardized left-to-right writing system emerged in the Mediterranean. Parchment and wax tablets were developed as early writing materials. In 105 AD, Cai Lun invented papermaking in China. The first printed book was created in China in 868 AD using block printing. Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press and movable type in 1455, leading to the Gutenberg Bible and the printing revolution. Cheap mass-
Introduction to Western Humanities - 1 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First lecture for GNED 1202 (Texts and Ideas). It is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Introduction to Western Civilization style course.
Art and Culture - 01 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers how the invention of writing in Mesopotamia and then also examines other writing technologies, including papyrus, parchments, and then the printing press.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Introduction to Western Humanities - 1 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First lecture for GNED 1202 (Texts and Ideas). It is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Introduction to Western Civilization style course.
Art and Culture - 01 - Invention of WritingRandy Connolly
First module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers how the invention of writing in Mesopotamia and then also examines other writing technologies, including papyrus, parchments, and then the printing press.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
A brief overview of the history of writing - who invented the first writing system, where and for what purpose. From Mesapotamia tax records to modern-day emoticons and txt spk : )
Introduction; Hieroglyphic, Hieratic and Demotic scripts; Picture-signs of Hieroglyphic writing; Hieroglyphic signs, ideograms, phonetic symbols, syllabic signs; picture puzzles to solutions and determinatives; sign grouping; Rosetta Stone, Jean-Francois Champollion and deciphering Hieroglyphs; Sample page from the Book of Dead; Numerals in Hieroglyphs
Introduction; Decipehring and Rawlinson who deciphered Cuneiform; multi-lingual inscription on the Behustun hill; writing materials, picture to pictogram, to ideogram, to alphabet; Hammurabi’s Code.
A brief overview of the history of writing - who invented the first writing system, where and for what purpose. From Mesapotamia tax records to modern-day emoticons and txt spk : )
Introduction; Hieroglyphic, Hieratic and Demotic scripts; Picture-signs of Hieroglyphic writing; Hieroglyphic signs, ideograms, phonetic symbols, syllabic signs; picture puzzles to solutions and determinatives; sign grouping; Rosetta Stone, Jean-Francois Champollion and deciphering Hieroglyphs; Sample page from the Book of Dead; Numerals in Hieroglyphs
Introduction; Decipehring and Rawlinson who deciphered Cuneiform; multi-lingual inscription on the Behustun hill; writing materials, picture to pictogram, to ideogram, to alphabet; Hammurabi’s Code.
The story of the book starts long before the book looked like a book. From the very beginning man has tried to find ways to communicate with others and to store a record of his life. In this lesson you will discover the earliest attempts at this communication. You will uncover the various types of writing materials used from the beginning of time through the early Middle Ages and discover their importance in both religion and society. From Mesopotamia to Egypt, and from China to Greece, you’ll encounter one of the world’s best uniting forces – written language.
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Assuring Contact Center Experiences for Your Customers With ThousandEyes
Evolution of book notes
1. History of the Book!
3500 BC - Symbols onto Tablets
Current understanding suggests that the very first attempts to transcribe symbols onto
moveable materials were an ancient group of people known as Sumarians who lived in
southern Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. Mesopotamia is an ancient name for the area in the
middle east that stretches from the Zagros Mountains in the northeast to the spurs of the AntiTaurus Mountains in the north west and the Persian Gulf in the south east to the Arabian
Plateau in the south west.!
!
The Sumarians devised a "cuneiform" alphabet (a system that consists of logophonetic,
consonantal alphabetic and syllabic signs), the symbols of which were etched into clay
tablets with a triangle shaped stylus called a "Calamus" and then allowed to dry or fired in a
kiln to make them last as long as possible. The Sumarians are believed to be the first people to
ever use the Cuneform script, which itself is the earliest known written system in the world.!
!
2400 BC - Papyrus Scrolls
The earliest surviving Papyrus scrolls that contain written words date back to around 2400 BC,
originating in Egypt (The Fifth Dynasty of King Neferirkare Kakai), although it has suggested
by historians that papyrus could have been used as early as the First Dynasty (3100 BC).!
Papyrus is a very thick paper like material that is made from the "pith" (centre of the stem) of
the papyrus plant, a reed like swamp plant that used to be found in abundance along the
Nile river. This "pith" was cut into thin strips, pressed together and then glued and dried to form
a thin flat surface that could be written on. Again a calamus cut from the stem of a reed and then
sharpened was often used to scribe but bird feathers were also used.!
!
Egyptians used this material for hundreds of years before the Greeks and Romans eventually
adopted the technique. These scrolls were rolled up and often contained within wooden tubes to
protect them and books were produced by glueing together a number of scrolls up to a length of
10 metres or in some cases even longer (The history of the Egyptian King Ramses III was
over 40 metres long).!
!
The Books were always rolled out horizontally and the text occupied on side, split into columns.
This method of writing was used extensively until the 8th century AD.!
!
600 BC - Standardised writing system developed
Around this time a general consensus of mediterranean cultures slowly emerged to form a more
developed writing system. This favoured the left to right system that is now the standard in
western cultures, although there is still a number of written scripts that use the right to
left script, including Arabic and Hebrew.!
2. Before this was decided many cultures wrote left to right, right to left, up to down and even down
to up.!
!
500 - 200 BC - Parchment
Parchment, a thin material that is made from calfskin, sheepskin or even goatskin was
first developed as a substitute to Papyrus. Herodotus, the Greek historian who lived in the
5th century BC (regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture) described the use of
skins to write on as common in his time. According to the Roman Varro (a scholar and writer
who lived 116BC - 27BC) parchment was invented under the patronage of Eumenes of
Pergamum (an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey) due to shortages of Papyrus. !
!
Parchment itself derives it's name from the city of Pergamon (the same Greek city as
Pergamum) and it is known to have been perfected here. After a great library was setup in
Pergamon (that rivalled the Library of Alexandria) prices began rising for the price of papyrus
(partly due to the increasing scarcity of the papyrus reeds as it was overfarmed) leading to the
adoption of parchment as the main writing material.!
!
Parchment is distinct from leather in that it is limed (soaked in an Alkali solution which removed
the hairs on the skin) but not tanned. As such parchment reacts with changes in humidity (being
partly hydroscopic) and is not waterproof. The finer quality parchments are known as vellum
and even in the modern age parchment has been called the "finest writing material ever
devised" with even the most modern papers not reaching the quality of the finest vellum.!
!
200 BC - Wax Tablets developed
It was around this time that the wax tablets were developed by the Romans and Greeks. The
tablets were essentially blocks of wood with were coated in wax allowing them to be
written upon using a stylus, and later erased for re-use. !
!
These tablets were sometimes joined together at one end with cords (like an early form of ring
binder) to form a "codex" (original latin meaning "wood" but later known as a collection of bound
pages), as such this is the earliest known form of a bound book. The "codex" became very
popular around europe, replacing the scroll.!
!
105 AD - The Paper Revolution
It is generally accepted that a chinese eunuch (attached to the imperial court) named Cai Lun
invented papermaking for the intention of writing and used a combination of mulberries, bark,
hemp, old rags and even used fish nets for the creation of the paper pulp, around 105 AD.
Recent archaeological discoveries have been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with
writing on it dating from 8 BC, while paper had been used in China for wrapping and padding
since 200 BC.!
!
3. The process of papermaking regardless of scale involves making a mixture of fibers in water to
form a suspension and then allowing this suspension to drain through a screen so that a mat of
fibers remains. This is then pressed and dried to make paper. After the paper is dry it is often
run between heavy rollers to produce a harder writing surface (this process is known as
calendering).!
!
Paper can be "sized" to reduce the absorption of water and there are 3 categories - unsized
(water-leaf) which is very absorbent and used for blotting and paper towels, weak sized (slack
sized) which is still somewhat absorbent and used for newspapers and strong sized (hard sized)
which offers good water resistance.!
!
When paper was originally developed it was a fairly standard size and each piece of
paper is known as a "leaf". When a leaf is printed on without being folded it is referred to as a
"folio" (which also means leaf) this size is roughly that of a small newspaper sheet (although
folio can be other sizes). If this original folio is folded once to produce two leaves (or 4 pages)
then the size of these leaves is referred to as a Quarto. If a Quarto is folded once to produce 4
leaves (or 8 pages) then this is known as a Octavo and is about the size of an average modern
novel (there are also Sixteen-mo and even thirty-two-mo but this is less common).!
!
400 - 600 AD - Illustrations added
It was around this time that the first illustrated handwritten manuscripts (also known as
illuminated manuscripts) appeared. These early manuscripts were still written on Parchment
(which had replaced Papyrus) rather than the more "modern" paper due to the quality of
Parchment over paper.!
!
These handwritten books were decorated in silver or even gold with striking colours and very
detailed designs.The earliest known examples of illustrated manuscripts originate from Italy and
the eastern Roman Empire.!
!
In Europe this became a very highly developed art form (as well as some Muslim countries) and
this method of transcribing books prevailed until the invention of the moveable type.!
The significance of these works lie not just in the artwork itself but also in the maintainence of
the non illustrated works. Had this not been done (mainly by the monastic scribes of the Late
Antiquity (a time that stretches from the 3rd to 7th centuries AD) then it is likely the entire
collection of literature of Greece and Rome would have perished.!
!
!
868 AD - The First Printed Book
The very first book is printed on paper in China, using a block of wood that had characters
carved in reverse relief. Ink was then placed on the block of wood to create a print on paper.!
This technique is known as "block printing" or more accurately in this case "woodblock printing"
and was originally used as early as 220 AD as a means of printing on cloth.!
!
A block of wood is carefully prepared with a knife, chisel or sandpaper along the grain of the
wood as a "relief matrix", so that the raised areas are the black type. The content has to be
4. created in reverse so that when printed it forms the mirror image. This process of carving the
wood is known as Xylography.!
!
Block printing could even be done in colour, by using multiple blocks (one block for each colour),
although overprinting two colours can produce further colours on the print. Multiple colours can
be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the woodblocks.!
1041 AD - 1230 AD - The First Moveable Type
Moveable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to
reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation).!
!
A Chinese man called Bi Sheng came up with the very first moveable type, with each letter
created from wooden pieces (tablets) and then placed onto a wooden board. This wooden
method was not without it's problems however, the most serious of these being the ink soaking
into the wood and creating an uneven surface. As a result of these issues wooden moveable
type was quickly abandoned and replaced with ceramic tablets, which were made from
baked clay.!
!
Due to the complexities of the chinese written language (there had to be thousands of ceramic
tablets) moveable type didn't really catch on for quite some time in the east.!
!
Around 1230 AD the very first metal moveable type was created, this time in Korea during the
Goryeo Dynasty. This breakthrough led eventually the the very first movable metal print book in
1377 AD called the "Jikji".!
!
!
1455 AD - The Guttenburg Bible
The invention of moveable type in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg led directly to his major
work, the creation of the Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or
the B42). This was the very first major book to be printed using Gutenberg's new moveable type
printing press and marked the start of the Gutenberg Revolution and the dawn of the printed
book.!
!
The Gutenberg Bible has an iconic status in the western world and has been widely hailed for
it's high artistic and aesthetic qualities. There are thought to be 21 complete copies still in
existence and are considered to be the most expensive books if they were ever to go on sale.!
Gutenberg made 3 very significant changes during the print process for the Bible, the first
change was "Rubication" (a process that involved adding additional text in red for
headings, a starting character or annotations) of the pages by being passed twice
through the press, with the second pass being made in red.!
!
This process was soon abandoned with spaces being left for the Rubication to be added by
hand. Some time after this the number of lines were increased from 40 to 42, most likely to save
on paper. As a result pages 1-9 and pages 256 to 265 have 40 lines (being the first ones
printed), page 10 has 41 lines and the remaining pages all have 42 lines.!
5. The third change was to increase the print run which meant that those pages that had already
been printed had to be reset. All new sheets used the new default of 42 lines. As a result there
are two disctinct settings in the folios 1-32 and 129-158 of volume I and folios 1-16 and 162 of
volume II.!
!
The Bible is printed in what is now called the "blackletter" type styles of Gothic Bookhand
(Textualis) and Schwabacher and followed the technique of justification. These books left the
workshop unillustrated, unbound and mostly un-rubicated. A guide was produced for the
Rubicators to add text and a generous margin was left for illustrators although some copies
were left unillustrated.!
!
It is believed that in total 180 copies of the Gutenberg Bible were created, 135 on paper and a
further 45 on vellum. Of these it is known that 21 exist in complete condition while there are a
further 26 or 27 copies that are incomplete. Of these 12 are on velum, but only 4 complete (one
in France, one in Germany, one in the British Library and the last in the Library of Congress,
USA).!
!
After Gutenberg produced his Bible he fought and lost a lawsuit against his investor Johann
Fust, who put Peter Schoffer (Gutenberg Employee) in charge of the print shop. Gutenberg
himself started a new print company but the monopoly over the technology was lost and
thus began the endemic spread of print presses throughout Germany and the rest of the
world.!
!
1490 AD - 1500 AD -The Printing Revolution
Gutenberg's invention of mechanical moveable type (printing press) led to a mass revolution of
printing activities and by the end of the 15th century printing had spread to no less than
236 countries in Europe, with more than 20 million books produced. From this time
onwards it is generally assumed that the printed book was in universal use throughout Europe.!
!
This rapid expansion and sharp fall in production costs took everyone by surprise, created the
very first "bestsellers", the very first Newspaper and a whole new branch of media with the
publishing press.!
!
This print revolution was not simply limited to Europe, the nearly simultaneous discovery of sea
routes to the West by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and routes to the East in 1498 by Vasco da
Gama allowed trade links to be established and meant Gutenberg's press spread to the rest of
the world.!
!
1832 AD to 1860 AD - Birth of the "cheap" Novel
With the continued spread of the written word, along with a growth in education and the
continued reduction in print costs, the first mass-market paperbacks were born. In Britain there
were two distinct markets these mass publications were aimed at, the juvenile market with the
"story papers" and the working class adult which were known as a "penny dreadful", "penny
number" or a "penny blood" - due to the fact that they each cost a "penny". Eventually these
6. novels were exclusively aimed at the working class youth market and the term story paper
became interchangeable with penny dreadful. !
!
These stories were printed on cheap "pulp" paper and featured reprints or rewrites of stories,
largely in the Gothic thriller or Crime genre including the tales of Sweeney Todd and Varney the
Vampire. One of the most popular of these series was "Black Bess or the Knight of the Road"
which ran for an impressive 254 episodes and featured fictional events of the real life
Highwayman Dick Turpin. !
!
Even as far back as the late 1800's America began to influence the British culture with many of
their version of pulp stories being published in England. A good number of these proved
remarkably popular with largely wild west tales such as "Deadwood Dick" and "Buffalo Bill"
delighting the penny dreadful audience, thus began for many the love affair with the largely
fictional wild west and "cowboys and indians" tales. !
!
Those working class boys who could not afford a penny a week often teamed up with friends to
form reading clubs and share the cost. Some of the more entrepreneurial of boys would even
rent their copies out to others.!
!
In America these pulp novels were known as "Dime Novels" and are thought to have begun with
Beadle & Adams "Beadle’s Dime" Novel series in 1860 AD, the first book of which was
"Maleaska, the Indian Wife of the White Hunter" (written by Ann S. Stephens). The Beadles
Dime series ran for 321 issues and established nearly all the conventions of the genre. Much of
the material for dime novels came from the weekly story papers which were newspaper like
publications varying from tabloid to full broadsheet in size. By the 1880's re-occuring characters
began to appear, like Frank Reade (a detective and first ever character to be called "sleuth")
which began the end of the trend for the wild west stories that had so far held sway and made
way for the hugely popular detective novel. !
!
In the modern age the term "dime novel" is generally used to describe a sensationalized yet
superficial piece of written work. Without the penny dreadfuls and the dime novels we
would likely have never seen the mass market paperback that has become so widely
used in the 20th and 21st Century.!
!
E-readers
The first E-reader was the Amazon Kindle.