This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition of Cassia alata leaf extract and its effect on the histology of the pancreas in diabetic rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into diabetic and non-diabetic groups and treated with Cassia alata extract, insulin or saline for 28 days. Results showed Cassia alata contains phytochemicals like saponins, flavonoids, tannins, oxalate and alkaloids. It reduced blood sugar in diabetic rats, regenerated destroyed pancreatic islet cells, and may potentiate beta cell regeneration through its phytochemical composition.
The study investigated the potential cardio- and hepato-protective effects of methanolic extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were given 100 or 200 mg/kg of the extract daily for 2 weeks, with blood glucose and organ function monitored. Extracts lowered blood glucose and improved heart and liver markers. Histological analysis found the 200 mg/kg extract reversed cardiac and liver damage from diabetes. The results support S. cumini's ability to control diabetes complications like cardiovascular and liver diseases.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the hydro-alcoholic stem bark extract of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. in diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays and was found to be non-toxic up to 2000 mg/kg.
2) In diabetic rats, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin levels, and positively affected lipid profiles and liver function markers.
3) Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver tissues showed protective effects of the extract against diabetes-induced damage.
4) The results suggest that the stem bark
This study compared the antidiabetic effects of methanolic extracts of Abroma augusta leaves and Syzygium
cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were treated with 300 mg/kg of each extract daily for 7
days. Both extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels and increased body weight compared to
untreated diabetic rats. Histopathological analysis also showed protective effects on tissues. The extracts
were found to have antidiabetic properties similar to the standard drugs metformin and glibenclamide,
suggesting their potential as antidiabetic agents.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa tea on the hypercholesterolemic Sprague-dawley ...Amallia Setyawati
Hibiscus sabdariffa tea was found to have hypolipidemic effects on hypercholesterolemic rats. The study divided rats into groups that received different doses of Hibiscus sabdariffa tea - 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg - in addition to their normal feeding. Analysis found the tea significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels in the rats. It also significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels. The hypolipidemic effects are believed to be due to active compounds in Hibiscus sabdariffa such as pectin, niacin, and anthocyanin that increase lipoprotein lipase activity and
The study investigated the potential cardio- and hepato-protective effects of methanolic extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were given 100 or 200 mg/kg of the extract daily for 2 weeks, with blood glucose and organ function monitored. Extracts lowered blood glucose and improved heart and liver markers. Histological analysis found the 200 mg/kg extract reversed cardiac and liver damage from diabetes. The results support S. cumini's ability to control diabetes complications like cardiovascular and liver diseases.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the hydro-alcoholic stem bark extract of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. in diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays and was found to be non-toxic up to 2000 mg/kg.
2) In diabetic rats, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin levels, and positively affected lipid profiles and liver function markers.
3) Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver tissues showed protective effects of the extract against diabetes-induced damage.
4) The results suggest that the stem bark
This study compared the antidiabetic effects of methanolic extracts of Abroma augusta leaves and Syzygium
cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were treated with 300 mg/kg of each extract daily for 7
days. Both extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels and increased body weight compared to
untreated diabetic rats. Histopathological analysis also showed protective effects on tissues. The extracts
were found to have antidiabetic properties similar to the standard drugs metformin and glibenclamide,
suggesting their potential as antidiabetic agents.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa tea on the hypercholesterolemic Sprague-dawley ...Amallia Setyawati
Hibiscus sabdariffa tea was found to have hypolipidemic effects on hypercholesterolemic rats. The study divided rats into groups that received different doses of Hibiscus sabdariffa tea - 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg - in addition to their normal feeding. Analysis found the tea significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels in the rats. It also significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels. The hypolipidemic effects are believed to be due to active compounds in Hibiscus sabdariffa such as pectin, niacin, and anthocyanin that increase lipoprotein lipase activity and
The document describes a study that investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperuricemic effects of New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) in high-fat diet induced obese mice. The study found that supplementation with NZS decreased weight gain, fat tissue accumulation, liver weight and size of fat cells. It also improved lipid profiles and decreased levels of uric acid and leptin while increasing adiponectin. NZS decreased genes related to fat formation and increased genes related to fat breakdown. It also decreased the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase involved in uric acid production. The study suggests NZS can help prevent obesity and related conditions by regulating genes and enzymes involved in lipid and
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
Comparative Analysis of the Different Brassica OleraceaVarieties Grown on Jos...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to determine and compare the phytochemical, anti-nutrients, proximate composition and the effects of Brassica oleracea varieties on hepatic and erythropoietic parameters such as liver enzymes and packed cell volume (PCV) respectively. Fresh samples of the different varieties of Brassica oleracea namely: Brassica oleracearepa(Chinese cabbage), Brassica oleracearupetris(red cabbage) and Brassica oleraceapeviridis(green cabbage) were collected from Kasa in Plateau state, Nigeria, and were identified. After the authentication of these samples, the effect of gastric inturbation (oral administration) of the aqueous extracts on Male White Albino rats was observed for 14days. Each of the three (3) varieties were analysed for proximate composition, phytochemicals and anti-nutrients. It was observed that Brassica olereceais an important source of nutrients, particularly minerals. However, the high content of anti-nutritional factors such as cyanides, tannins, oxalates and phytic acids make these minerals bio-unavailable due to the process of chelation. It was also observed that the 3 varieties could have possible effects in the reduction of packed cell volume (PCV)/ Haemoglobin (Hb) levels and in the elevation of liver enzymes activity (Alkaline phosphate, ALT and AST). One could therefore conclude that there is a change in PCV/Hb levels and liver enzymes activity of extract-fed subjects from Brassica oleraceavarieties to the control subjects from normal diet
The effect of keto analogues of essentialLIONA DEWI
The study administered keto-analogues of essential amino acids along with a low-protein diet to 10 patients with severe chronic kidney failure. The keto-analogues were given for 15-61 days. In 5 subjects, withdrawing the keto-analogues caused urea nitrogen appearance to increase by 1.55 g/day on average and nitrogen balance to decrease by 1.73 g/day, suggesting the keto-analogues promoted utilization of nitrogen. In 4 anuric patients, the keto-analogues were less effective at reducing urea levels; 2 of these patients responded better after dialysis. No toxicity was observed from the keto-analogues.
Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
Anti diabectic effect of guava leaves upon alloxanyesmin nureja
Guava leaves were found to have a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes and then treated with guava leaf extract at various doses for 10 days. Blood glucose levels were measured daily. Guava leaf extract at all doses prevented serum glucose elevation compared to the diabetic control group. The study suggests guava leaf extract has anti-hyperglycemic properties, likely due to its antioxidant flavonoids such as quercetin.
This study investigated the effects of aqueous alfalfa extract on blood glucose and lipid levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a non-diabetic control group, a diabetic control group, and two groups given 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of alfalfa extract. Alloxan injection resulted in higher blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver enzymes in diabetic rats compared to controls. Treatment with alfalfa extract significantly reduced glucose and lipid levels and improved liver enzymes and pancreas histology in a dose-dependent manner.
Axona (caprylidene) is a medical food (see Section 11 “Description” below) containing a proprietary formulation of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), specifically caprylic triglyceride, for the clinical dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Axona is taken orally once a day and must be used under the supervision of a physician.
This study investigated the antidiabetic and long-term effects of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract showed hypoglycemic effects in a dose-dependent manner, lowering blood glucose levels up to 2 weeks. While the extract did not significantly affect plasma lipids and most organ weights, it did increase liver enzyme activity (ALT and AST) at some doses. The extract also minimized body weight loss from diabetes. Overall, the study suggests E. grandiflorus has antidiabetic properties but its use should be limited to 2 weeks and monitored for potential toxicity from effects on liver enzymes.
1. Hospital malnutrition affects 40-55% of patients and is associated with increased complication rates and longer hospital stays.
2. Single or combined markers of malnutrition like low albumin and total lymphocyte count are associated with higher morbidity and mortality.
3. Prolonged IV glucose without protein can lead to loss of muscle mass, edema, and hypoalbuminemia due to effects on growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin.
The document provides an overview of nutritional support in critical illness, including definitions, history, assessment, guidelines, and types of nutrition support such as enteral and parenteral nutrition. It discusses screening patients, performing nutritional assessments, determining caloric and protein needs based on stress level and condition, selecting appropriate enteral formulas, initiating and managing enteral feeds, and ordering and administering parenteral nutrition including determining fluid volumes, electrolytes, and other additives.
1) The study investigated the effects of Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 84 days.
2) Oral administration of the extracts significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and kidney/liver markers, while increasing insulin, glycogen stores, and beneficial cholesterol.
3) The leaf extract showed slightly better effects than the flower extract in regulating these biochemical parameters and enzymes related to glucose metabolism.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and it is among the top 10 causes of death globally Based on the International Diabetes Federation report, India ranks second position in the prevalence of diabetes next to china in the year 2017 with 72.9 billion people affected but this scenario will be reverted in the year 2045 where it is expected to increase by 134.3 million.Our country will face a major challenge to meet the cost of diabetes care and the financial burden will continue to increase due to the growing number of people developing diabetes. ADJ6 is supplement formulated by our research team from 6 medicinal plants which we are using in daily life in our food .The anti diabetic effect of this formulation is explained.
1 scoop myotein in 2 times feeding per day
Calories = 6(42kcal) x 6 + 2(30.1) = 1566.2 kcal/day
Protein = 6(1.7g) x 6 + 2(5g) = 72.4 g/day
Total CHO = 6(5.1g) x 6 = 183.6g/day
Total Fat = 6(1.6g) x 6 = 57.6g/day
3. Flush with 30ml of water
Gradually increase feeding amount based on tolerance.
Monitoring and Evaluation
1. Daily monitoring of:
- Intake and output
Importance of nutritional management during hospitalizationBushra Tariq
The document discusses the importance of nutritional management for hospitalized patients. It notes that up to 50% of hospitalized patients experience some degree of malnutrition. Providing adequate nutrition support through enteral or parenteral nutrition can improve patient outcomes, reduce recovery time, and lower healthcare costs. The document provides guidelines for estimating caloric and protein needs for critically ill patients and recommends early enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours when possible to support gut health and integrity.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
This research article studied the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on renal dysfunction in diabetic rats. It found that:
1) Diabetic rats not fed VCO had significantly higher levels of creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen compared to normal rats and diabetic rats fed VCO, indicating VCO helped prevent kidney damage from diabetes.
2) Total protein levels were significantly lower in diabetic rats not fed VCO compared to the other groups, but were similar between normal rats and diabetic rats fed VCO.
3) VCO may protect the kidneys of diabetic rats through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties from compounds like lauric acid. This suggests VCO is
Evaluation of the anxiolytic effect of nepeta persica boiss. in mice.Younis I Munshi
This study evaluated the anxiolytic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Nepeta persica in mice using the elevated plus maze test of anxiety. The extract was administered intraperitoneally to mice at various doses before behavioral testing. The results showed that a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly increased the time spent and number of entries in the open arms of the maze compared to the control group, indicating an anxiolytic effect. This dose did not affect locomotor activity or ketamine-induced sleeping time. Higher or lower doses produced either sedative or stimulant side effects. These results suggest that N. persica extract at 50 mg/kg has anxiolytic properties with fewer sedative effects compared to diaz
Study of Sedation, Pre-anesthetic and Anti-anxiety Effects of Salix Aegyptiac...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study that compared the sedative, pre-anesthetic, and anti-anxiety effects of Salix Aegyptiaca herbal extract to diazepam in rats. The study found that a 200 mg/kg dose of the Salix extract had less anesthesia induction time, longer anesthesia duration, and increased time spent in open arms of a maze compared to diazepam, indicating stronger pre-anesthetic and anti-anxiety effects. The study suggests these effects are likely due to flavonoids in the Salix extract acting on benzodiazepine receptors bound to GABA-A receptors in the brain.
The document describes a study that investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperuricemic effects of New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) in high-fat diet induced obese mice. The study found that supplementation with NZS decreased weight gain, fat tissue accumulation, liver weight and size of fat cells. It also improved lipid profiles and decreased levels of uric acid and leptin while increasing adiponectin. NZS decreased genes related to fat formation and increased genes related to fat breakdown. It also decreased the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase involved in uric acid production. The study suggests NZS can help prevent obesity and related conditions by regulating genes and enzymes involved in lipid and
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
Comparative Analysis of the Different Brassica OleraceaVarieties Grown on Jos...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to determine and compare the phytochemical, anti-nutrients, proximate composition and the effects of Brassica oleracea varieties on hepatic and erythropoietic parameters such as liver enzymes and packed cell volume (PCV) respectively. Fresh samples of the different varieties of Brassica oleracea namely: Brassica oleracearepa(Chinese cabbage), Brassica oleracearupetris(red cabbage) and Brassica oleraceapeviridis(green cabbage) were collected from Kasa in Plateau state, Nigeria, and were identified. After the authentication of these samples, the effect of gastric inturbation (oral administration) of the aqueous extracts on Male White Albino rats was observed for 14days. Each of the three (3) varieties were analysed for proximate composition, phytochemicals and anti-nutrients. It was observed that Brassica olereceais an important source of nutrients, particularly minerals. However, the high content of anti-nutritional factors such as cyanides, tannins, oxalates and phytic acids make these minerals bio-unavailable due to the process of chelation. It was also observed that the 3 varieties could have possible effects in the reduction of packed cell volume (PCV)/ Haemoglobin (Hb) levels and in the elevation of liver enzymes activity (Alkaline phosphate, ALT and AST). One could therefore conclude that there is a change in PCV/Hb levels and liver enzymes activity of extract-fed subjects from Brassica oleraceavarieties to the control subjects from normal diet
The effect of keto analogues of essentialLIONA DEWI
The study administered keto-analogues of essential amino acids along with a low-protein diet to 10 patients with severe chronic kidney failure. The keto-analogues were given for 15-61 days. In 5 subjects, withdrawing the keto-analogues caused urea nitrogen appearance to increase by 1.55 g/day on average and nitrogen balance to decrease by 1.73 g/day, suggesting the keto-analogues promoted utilization of nitrogen. In 4 anuric patients, the keto-analogues were less effective at reducing urea levels; 2 of these patients responded better after dialysis. No toxicity was observed from the keto-analogues.
Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
Anti diabectic effect of guava leaves upon alloxanyesmin nureja
Guava leaves were found to have a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes and then treated with guava leaf extract at various doses for 10 days. Blood glucose levels were measured daily. Guava leaf extract at all doses prevented serum glucose elevation compared to the diabetic control group. The study suggests guava leaf extract has anti-hyperglycemic properties, likely due to its antioxidant flavonoids such as quercetin.
This study investigated the effects of aqueous alfalfa extract on blood glucose and lipid levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a non-diabetic control group, a diabetic control group, and two groups given 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of alfalfa extract. Alloxan injection resulted in higher blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver enzymes in diabetic rats compared to controls. Treatment with alfalfa extract significantly reduced glucose and lipid levels and improved liver enzymes and pancreas histology in a dose-dependent manner.
Axona (caprylidene) is a medical food (see Section 11 “Description” below) containing a proprietary formulation of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), specifically caprylic triglyceride, for the clinical dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Axona is taken orally once a day and must be used under the supervision of a physician.
This study investigated the antidiabetic and long-term effects of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract showed hypoglycemic effects in a dose-dependent manner, lowering blood glucose levels up to 2 weeks. While the extract did not significantly affect plasma lipids and most organ weights, it did increase liver enzyme activity (ALT and AST) at some doses. The extract also minimized body weight loss from diabetes. Overall, the study suggests E. grandiflorus has antidiabetic properties but its use should be limited to 2 weeks and monitored for potential toxicity from effects on liver enzymes.
1. Hospital malnutrition affects 40-55% of patients and is associated with increased complication rates and longer hospital stays.
2. Single or combined markers of malnutrition like low albumin and total lymphocyte count are associated with higher morbidity and mortality.
3. Prolonged IV glucose without protein can lead to loss of muscle mass, edema, and hypoalbuminemia due to effects on growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin.
The document provides an overview of nutritional support in critical illness, including definitions, history, assessment, guidelines, and types of nutrition support such as enteral and parenteral nutrition. It discusses screening patients, performing nutritional assessments, determining caloric and protein needs based on stress level and condition, selecting appropriate enteral formulas, initiating and managing enteral feeds, and ordering and administering parenteral nutrition including determining fluid volumes, electrolytes, and other additives.
1) The study investigated the effects of Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 84 days.
2) Oral administration of the extracts significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and kidney/liver markers, while increasing insulin, glycogen stores, and beneficial cholesterol.
3) The leaf extract showed slightly better effects than the flower extract in regulating these biochemical parameters and enzymes related to glucose metabolism.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and it is among the top 10 causes of death globally Based on the International Diabetes Federation report, India ranks second position in the prevalence of diabetes next to china in the year 2017 with 72.9 billion people affected but this scenario will be reverted in the year 2045 where it is expected to increase by 134.3 million.Our country will face a major challenge to meet the cost of diabetes care and the financial burden will continue to increase due to the growing number of people developing diabetes. ADJ6 is supplement formulated by our research team from 6 medicinal plants which we are using in daily life in our food .The anti diabetic effect of this formulation is explained.
1 scoop myotein in 2 times feeding per day
Calories = 6(42kcal) x 6 + 2(30.1) = 1566.2 kcal/day
Protein = 6(1.7g) x 6 + 2(5g) = 72.4 g/day
Total CHO = 6(5.1g) x 6 = 183.6g/day
Total Fat = 6(1.6g) x 6 = 57.6g/day
3. Flush with 30ml of water
Gradually increase feeding amount based on tolerance.
Monitoring and Evaluation
1. Daily monitoring of:
- Intake and output
Importance of nutritional management during hospitalizationBushra Tariq
The document discusses the importance of nutritional management for hospitalized patients. It notes that up to 50% of hospitalized patients experience some degree of malnutrition. Providing adequate nutrition support through enteral or parenteral nutrition can improve patient outcomes, reduce recovery time, and lower healthcare costs. The document provides guidelines for estimating caloric and protein needs for critically ill patients and recommends early enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours when possible to support gut health and integrity.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
This research article studied the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on renal dysfunction in diabetic rats. It found that:
1) Diabetic rats not fed VCO had significantly higher levels of creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen compared to normal rats and diabetic rats fed VCO, indicating VCO helped prevent kidney damage from diabetes.
2) Total protein levels were significantly lower in diabetic rats not fed VCO compared to the other groups, but were similar between normal rats and diabetic rats fed VCO.
3) VCO may protect the kidneys of diabetic rats through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties from compounds like lauric acid. This suggests VCO is
Evaluation of the anxiolytic effect of nepeta persica boiss. in mice.Younis I Munshi
This study evaluated the anxiolytic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Nepeta persica in mice using the elevated plus maze test of anxiety. The extract was administered intraperitoneally to mice at various doses before behavioral testing. The results showed that a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly increased the time spent and number of entries in the open arms of the maze compared to the control group, indicating an anxiolytic effect. This dose did not affect locomotor activity or ketamine-induced sleeping time. Higher or lower doses produced either sedative or stimulant side effects. These results suggest that N. persica extract at 50 mg/kg has anxiolytic properties with fewer sedative effects compared to diaz
Study of Sedation, Pre-anesthetic and Anti-anxiety Effects of Salix Aegyptiac...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study that compared the sedative, pre-anesthetic, and anti-anxiety effects of Salix Aegyptiaca herbal extract to diazepam in rats. The study found that a 200 mg/kg dose of the Salix extract had less anesthesia induction time, longer anesthesia duration, and increased time spent in open arms of a maze compared to diazepam, indicating stronger pre-anesthetic and anti-anxiety effects. The study suggests these effects are likely due to flavonoids in the Salix extract acting on benzodiazepine receptors bound to GABA-A receptors in the brain.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Characterization of Arsenic contaminated Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) through RAPD ...IOSR Journals
This study characterized rice genotypes for arsenic contamination using RAPD markers. Forty rice genotypes from India and other countries were tested for arsenic levels in fields with known arsenic contamination. DNA was extracted from plants and amplified using RAPD primers. Fourteen primers produced polymorphic bands that were scored. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into four main clusters, separating japonica types from indica. Varieties previously found to have low or high arsenic levels clustered separately, indicating RAPD may help discriminate arsenic uptake ability. Further research with more markers is needed to better predict arsenic accumulation through genetics. This study provides a preliminary analysis of using molecular markers to study genetic control of arsenic uptake in rice.
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to detect and prevent wormhole attacks in wireless sensor networks. It first provides background on wormhole attacks, where an attacker tunnels network traffic to another location to compromise routing. It then reviews related work detecting wormholes using cryptography, location verification, or intrusion detection. The paper proposes a system with guard nodes that collaboratively monitor links to detect compromised nodes. It describes modules for network topology establishment, attack establishment through different wormhole modes, and an elimination mechanism where guard nodes isolate attackers once malicious behaviors exceed thresholds. Simulations test the ability of this scheme to improve security against wormhole attacks in resource-constrained wireless sensor networks.
This document describes a study on using a supercapacitor to power small electronic appliances. Key points:
- Researchers designed a buck converter to charge a supercapacitor module from a photovoltaic (solar) module. This allows fast charging of the supercapacitor in rural areas without grid power.
- The charged supercapacitor can then power electronic devices like mobile phones. Supercapacitors have a much longer cycle life than lithium-ion batteries commonly used in such devices.
- Experimental results showed the supercapacitor module could be charged to 10V in around 800 seconds using a constant current, constant voltage charging method from the solar panel and buck converter. This level of charging could then power small
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new macrocyclic complex compounds containing nickel(II), copper(II), and iron(II) coordinated with a ligand containing a tetraoxotetrahydrazin moiety. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, UV-visible and IR spectroscopy, and magnetic moment measurements. The complexes were then tested for antibacterial activity against 14 pathogenic bacteria and compared to a standard antibiotic. The results indicate that the new complexes show potential as antimicrobial agents.
Este documento describe los conceptos clave de la evaluación educativa, incluyendo técnicas, instrumentos y tipos de evaluación. Explica que la evaluación implica recoger información sobre el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje a través de observaciones sistemáticas y comprobaciones utilizando instrumentos como listas de cotejo, registros y pruebas. Además, distingue entre evaluación sumativa, formativa e inicial/procesual/final; y entre autoevaluación, coevaluación y heteroevaluación.
Performance Appraisal and Ranking of DCCBs through Malmquist Index and Super-...IOSR Journals
This document discusses evaluating the performance of District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs) in Andhra Pradesh, India from 2006-2011 using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA was used to assess the technical efficiency of DCCBs and rank them based on their efficiencies. The Malmquist Index was also used to analyze total factor productivity, technical change, and technological change of DCCBs over this period. Super-efficiency DEA was applied to resolve any ties in the rankings of efficient DCCBs. The analysis found that intermediation factors contributed to performance appraisal of DCCBs and there were efficiency trends over time.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Este documento presenta información sobre causas y efectos de los sismos, así como medidas para calificarlos. Explica que los sismos ocurren debido a la liberación de energía en el interior de la tierra, especialmente cuando placas tectónicas chocan. Se miden la intensidad, basada en daños observados, y la magnitud, que calcula la energía liberada. Un sismo moderado puede dañar viviendas mal diseñadas o construidas.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document outlines a work breakdown structure (WBS) for the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) at maturity levels 1 and 2. It details the policies, procedures, and work products associated with achieving managed (level 2) processes in seven process areas: requirements management, project planning, project monitoring and control, supplier agreement management, measurement and analysis, process and product quality assurance, and configuration management. Procedures are broken down into multiple sub-procedures focusing on detailed tasks and deliverables.
This document discusses the importance of thorough documentation for paramedics and emergency medical services. It notes that documentation is used for patient care, legal records, quality assurance and revenue. Common errors in documentation include deficiencies in patient assessment, discrepancies between documented care and treatment protocols, and failure to document patient responses to treatment. The document provides examples of pertinent findings that should be included in assessments and stresses the importance of using approved abbreviations and spelling/grammar correctly. It also discusses documenting informed refusals of care and the legal protections of following treatment protocols and DNR orders.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats through intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The study aimed to compare changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels between normal and diabetic rats. Rats injected with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin developed diabetes within 3 days as the drug destroyed pancreatic beta cells. Diabetic rats showed increased glucose, water/food intake, and urine output compared to normal rats, but decreased weight, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Pancreas sampling confirmed beta cell destruction in diabetic rats. The study concluded streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes in rats through beta cell degeneration.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats using streptozotocin to then study the effects of transplanting pancreatic islet cells. The researchers injected adult male Wistar rats intravenously with 60mg/kg of streptozotocin to destroy pancreatic beta cells and induce diabetes within 3 days. Diabetic and normal control rats were then monitored for changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels over 80 days. Biopsies of pancreatic tissue showed beta cell degeneration in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes, shown by increased glucose and decreased insulin/C-peptide and weight in treated rats compared to
פירוט הרכיבים הטבעיים שנמצאים ב Cane תוסף תזונה טבעי המסייע לחולי סוכרת להגיע לאיזון ברמות הסוכר שלהם. Cane הוא תוסף תזונה מבית קיורהלייף, חברה הדואגת לאיכות חייהם של החולים במחלות כרוניות.
http://www.cane-curalife.com/
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Effect of ethanol_leaf_extract_of_cassia_angustifolia_extract_on_liver_of_wis...oyepata
1) The document reports on a study that investigated the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on the liver of Wister rats.
2) Male and female rats were divided into four groups, with one group receiving distilled water and the other three groups receiving 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of the Cassia angustifolia extract orally for 28 days.
3) The results showed some changes in hematological parameters like decreases in red blood cells and hemoglobin at the 50 mg/kg dose. Liver enzymes were also affected at some doses. Histological analysis found some liver changes at higher doses.
In vivo study on the efficacy of hypoglycemic activity of Spirulina plantesis...Open Access Research Paper
The ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis was investigated for antihyperglycemic effects in Long Evans rats. Three tests were carried out to assess these activities. The extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of glucose absorption and showed hypoglycemic effects at rats weighing from 110 – 150 gram. The anti-diabetic effects were estimated by measuring the amount of glucose in the samples collected after the experiment. The extract at a dose level of 250mg/kg showed significant result (p<0.05) at 15 minutes and the dose level of 500mg/kg showed significant efficacy (p<0.05) at 10 and 15 minutes and the glucose absorption rates were 38.94±0.21, 34.99±1.91 and 40.86±0.07 respectively. The present study explored the extra pancreatic action of the plant in Long Evans rats. This study suggests that ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis has anti-diabetic effects in a dose dependant manner and these may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.
This study compared the antidiabetic effects of methanolic extracts of leaves from Abroma augusta and seeds from Syzygium cumini in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were treated with either plant extract at 300 mg/kg body weight daily for 7 days. Treatment with both plant extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels and increased body weight compared to untreated diabetic rats. Histopathological analysis also showed improvements in treated rats compared to changes seen in untreated diabetic rats. The results indicate that both Abroma augusta and Syzygium cumini have antidiabetic properties and warrant further study of their active components for potential antidiabetic drug development.
The document summarizes a study on the antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos leaves. The study involved inducing diabetes in rats using alloxan monohydrate. The rats were then divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic group, group receiving A. marmelos extract, and group receiving the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. Various biochemical parameters were measured and statistically analyzed after 20 days of treatment. The results suggest that A. marmelos extract was effective in managing diabetes, lowering blood glucose and improving other biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Histomorphology and biochemical effects of sida acuta leaf extract on the kid...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the effects of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaf on the kidney morphology of Wistar rats. Rats were divided into groups that received either 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of the extract daily for 14 days or served as the control. Histological analysis found compressed renal corpuscles, increased Bowman's space, and constricted collecting tubules in treated rats, which may negatively impact renal function. The extract also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats compared to controls. This suggests that chronic doses of the Sida acuta extract adversely affected the kidney morphology of rats and may impair renal function. Further studies on physiological and biochemical parameters are needed to corroborate these morphological findings.
1) Three ayurvedic publications on herbal medicines for obesity were systematically reviewed. Ephedra and caffeine were found to reduce body weight and fat over 12 weeks without serious side effects.
2) Several herbal supplements including Cissus quadrangularis, ephedra and caffeine, and extracts of ginger and other plants were found to reduce body weight, fat levels, and waist circumference in human studies on obesity.
3) Terminalia arjuna bark powder was found to have antioxidant effects comparable to vitamin E and significantly reduced cholesterol levels in patients with coronary heart disease.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic effects of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Methanolic extracts of Vinca rosea reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and improved body weight, lipid profiles, and other diabetes-related biomarkers.
2) The extracts showed regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and restoration of cellular population in the islets of Langerhans.
3) The high dose extract (500mg/kg) was more effective than the low dose (300mg/kg) in managing diabetes symptoms after 14 days, showing similar effects to the antidiabetic drug gliben
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Austin publishing group - Oral kefir grains supplementation improves metaboli...Austin Publishing Group
This study has a novel approach to investigate the effects of oral supplementation of kefir grains on metabolic improvement and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) of the liver in malnourished mice.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
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B0550713
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008.Volume 5, Issue 5 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 07-13
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Phytochemical Composition of Cassia Alata Leaf Extract and its
Effect on the Histology of the Pancreas of Diabetic wistar Rats
Chisom Favor Eliakim-Ikechukwu1, * Asukwo Asukwo Edem2
,
Uduak Monday William3
, Stephen Odey Okori4
, Churchill Jonadab Ihentuge5
1,2,3,4
Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River state, Nigeria
5
Department of Anatomy, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria
Abstract: This study intends to validate the local use of cassia alata in the management of diabetes by
quantitatively analyzing the phytochemicals present and its effect on blood sugar level and the histology of
destroyed pancreatic islet cells.
50g of fresh leaves of cassia alata were used for phytochemical and nutritional analyses while the
remaining leaves were dried and blended into fine powder. Bioactive substances in the herb were extracted with
80% ethanol. The herb extract was reinstituted with normal saline before administration to the rats.
Twenty-four wistar rats of both sexes with average weight of 160g were used in this study. The rats
were randomly divided into three parallel groups of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. The non-diabetic groups
were designated AN, BN and CN while the diabetic groups were designated AD, BD and CD. Rats in groups A (AN
and AD) served as control for each parallel group and received 0.4ml of normal saline. Rats in the 2 parallel
groups of B(BN and BD) received singe daily doses of 500mg/kg body weight of ethanolic leaf extract of cassia
alata via orogastric tube while rats in groups C (CN and CD) received subcutaneous injection of 5IU/kg body
weight of human insulin daily. All the rats received water freely and normal rat feeds. The experiment lasted for
twenty-eight days. The rats were sacrificed and pancreatic tissue taken for histological studies. Histological
sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin staining techniques. Experimental diabetes was induced
using a single intraperitoneal injection of 65mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin. Results revealed the presence
of varying quantities of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, oxalate and alkaloids. Blood sugar level also reduced in
both the diabetic and non-diabetic groups and histology revealed regeneration of destroyed pancreatic islet
cells. It can be inferred that cassia alata potentiates the regeneration of beta cells in the pancreas of diabetic
rats and has hypogycaemic effect. These antidiabetic effects may have been brought about by its rich
phytochemical composition.
Keywords: Cassia alata, phytochemical, pancreatic islet cell.
I. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease and for now there is no substantive cure. Many plant
products have been used locally to bring about beneficial antidiabetic effects but most have not been screened to
know the bioactive components that may be responsible for these effects. Recently the search for appropriate
hypoglycaemic agents has been focused on plants used in traditional medicine[1].
Natural compounds with antidiabetic activity include complex carbon hydrates, alkaloids,
glycopeptides, amines, flavonoids, sulphur compounds and inorganic ions. The antidiabetic mechanisms are
numerous including activation of regeneration of functional pancreatic beta cells thereby increasing the number
of insulin producing pancreatic beta cells[2], inhibition of insulinase activity[3],possession of insulin-like
polypeptides[4] which will mimic the action of insulin, interference with carbohydrate absorption by the plant
fibre[5], stimulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells[6] and increase in glycogen storage[7]. Cassia
alata is a beautiful flowering shrub, a member of genus cassia belonging to the family of caesalpiniaceae. It is
commonly known as candle bush. Different parts of the plant have been used for a wide spectrum of diseases.
The leaves have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic actions[8].
This study seeks to validate the traditional use of this herb by screening for the bioactive components
of the leaves and its effect on destroyed beta cells of the pancreas.
II. Methodology
2.1Plant material
Fresh leaves of Cassia alata were harvested locally in the month of July and taken to the botanical
garden of the University of Calabar for authentication and acquisition of a voucher number. The leaves were and
air dried at room temperature. 50g of the fresh leaves were used for analysis of the phytochemical composition,
nutritional and mineral contents. The methods for these analysis were described by AOAC[9] and Harbone[10].
2. Phytochemical Composition of Cassia Alata Leaf Extract and its Effect on the Histology of the
www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
Dried leaves of Cassia alata were blended to fine powder and 570g of the powder was extracted with 80% of
alcohol. The oily brown extract was refrigerated until use. For administration, the extract was reconstituted with
normal saline.
2.2Animals
Twenty-four presumably healthy wistar rats of both sexes with average weight of 160g were bred in the
animal house of the department of Anatomy, University of Calabar, Calabar. The rats were randomly divided
into three parallel groups of non-diabetic (AN, BN and CN) and diabetic (AD, BD and CD) groups. Table 1 shows
the experimental protocol. The experiment lasted for twenty-eight days.
Table 1: Showing the experimental protocol
Non-diabetic Groups Diabetic Groups
AN
Negative
control
BN CN AD Positive
control
BD CD
No. of rats 4 4 4 4 4 4
Treatment
received/Route
of
administration
0.4ml N/S
(oral)
500mg/k
g bwt of
CA (oral)
5IU/kg bwt.
of insulin
(subcut.)
0.4ml N/S
(oral)
500mg/kg
bwt of CA
(oral)
5IU/kg bwt.
of insulin
(subcut)
Bwt: body weight, CA: Cassia alata, N/S: Normal saline,Subcut: Subcutaneous
Apart from the daily treatment of the animals with cassia alata extract, normal saline and insulin, the animals
were given freely fed with normal rat feeds.
2.3Induction of experimental diabetes
Experimental diabetes was induced with a single dose of 65mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal injection
of streptozotocin reconstituted in normal saline after an overnight fast. Non-diabetic rats were injected with only
normal saline. 72 hours post induction the fasting blood sugar (FBS) was estimated using fintest glucometer.
Blood was collected from the tail vein of the rats. Rats with FBS greater than 13.3mol/L were judged to be
diabetic[11] and were used for this study. FBS was monitored weekly.
At the end of the 28 days, the rats were fasted overnight and then anaesthesized using chloroform
inhalation. Thereafter, a midline incision was made and the peritoneum stripped open. The pancreas was
carefully dissected out and fixed in 10% formal saline Routine histological tissue processing was done and
haematoxylin/eosin staining technique was employed.
Statistical analysis was done using the students t-test.
III. Results
Results are presented in the tables below
3.1 Effect of Cassia alata on mean body weight.
From Table 2, the negative control group (AN) and the groups that received insulin (CN and CD) showed
appreciable weight gain but there was significant weight loss in the groups that received cassia alata (BN and
BD) and the diabetic control groups (AD) at P< 0.05. The percentage weight gains in groups AN, CN and CD are
9.58%, 10.32% and 4.32% respectively. These were not significantly different at P<0.05. The percentage weight
losses in groups BN, AD and BD are 6.52%, 20.31% and 9.23% respectively and when compared with the
negative control group (AN) these weight losses are significantly different at P<0.05. A significant difference
also exist between groups AD and BD at P<0.05.
Table 2: Showing the mean body weight of the rats at the beginning and end of the experiment
Non-diabetic Groups Diabetic Groups
AN
weight in g
BN
weight in g
CN
Weight in g
AD
Weight in g
BD
weight in g
CD
Weight in g
Beginning
of
experiment
160.00+
0.00
161.20+
0.12
158.33 +
1.22
160.00+
0.00
162.50+
1.22
160.30+
1.73
End of
experiment
175.33+
1.05
*
150.50+
1.15
174.67+
1.02
*127.50+
1.88
*147.50+
1.02
167.67+
1.02
Values are mean weight + SEM. *
Significant at P<0.05
3. Phytochemical Composition of Cassia Alata Leaf Extract and its Effect on the Histology of the
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3.2 Effect of cassia alata on the mean fasting blood sugar
From Table 3. diabetic groups BD and CD showed a significant drop in FBS at p<0.05 back to normal
when compared with the negative control groups (AN). The FBS of the diabetic control group (AD) remained
significantly high at p<0.05. The non-diabetic animals in group BN that received the herb extract developed
hypoglycaemia.
Table 3: Showing the mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) of the rats at the beginning and end of the experiment
Non-diabetic Groups Diabetic Groups
AN
(mmol/l)
BN
(mmol/l)
CN
(mmol/l)
AD
(mmol/l)
BD
(mmol/l)
CD
(mmol/l)
Beginning
of
experiment
3.91+
0.30
4.15+
0.33
6.73 +
0.44
17.52+
0.73
18.00+
1.60
25.67+
1.30
End of
experiment
4.17+
0.33
2.22+
0.60
3.43+
0.45
*
20.80+
1.03
*3.86+
0.34
*4.53+
0.50
Values all mean + SEM; *Significant at P<0.05
3.3 Proximate Composition of cassia alata
Table 4 showed that cassia alata leaves contain 68.80 + 0.32% moisture content and 31.20 + 0.17%
dry matter out of the percentage dry matter, the carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre and ash contents were 51.47 +
0.29, 13.65 + 0.02, 7.28 + 0.01, 21.38 + 0.14 and 6.22 + 0.01 respectively.
Table 4: Showing percentage proximate composition of cassia alata leaves.
Carbohydrate Protein Fat Fibre Moisture content Dry
matter
Ash
51.47+
0.29
13.65 +
0.02
7.28 +
0.01
21.38 +
0.14
68.80 +
0.32
31.20 +
0.17
6.22 +
0.01
Values are mean+S.E.M; n=3.
3.4 Phytochemical Composition of cassia alata
Quantitative phytochemical analysis( table 5) revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,
tannins, phenols, oxalates and phytates. These bioactive substances have been known to exert their actions on
the biochemical activities of the body and by so doing may alter certain body functions.
Table 5: Showing the percentage Phytochemical Composition of cassia alata
Alkaloids Flavonoids Saponin Tannin Phenol Oxalate Phytate
1.14+
0.12
0.36 +
0.02
1.14 +
0.12
0.34 +
0.02
0.28 +
0.01
0.26 +
0.02
0.34 +
0.02
Values are mean+S.E.M; n=3.
3.5 Quantitative Mineral Composition of cassia alata leaves
From table 6, cassia alata leaves contain potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus in the
following proportions 428.40 + 4.25, 62.40 + 0.35, 22.30 + 0.14, 36.80 + 0.18, 498.60 + 4.27mg/100g
Table 6: Showing the quantitative mineral composition of cassia alata leaves
Potassium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus
(mg/100g) (mg/100g) (mg/100g) (mg/100g) (mg/100g)
428.40 +
4.25
62.40 +
0.35
22.30 +
0.14
36.80 +
0.18
498.60 +
4.27
Values represent mean + S.E.M; n=3
3.6 Effect of cassia alata leaf extract on the pancreas
Photomicrographs reveal the effect of cassia alata extract on the pancreas.
Plate 1 (Group AN Negative Control)
4. Phytochemical Composition of Cassia Alata Leaf Extract and its Effect on the Histology of the
www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Stain: H/E magnification x 400
Photomicrograph reveals:
Numerous pancreatic acini
Islet of Langerhans (arrow) with a distinct capsule
Plate 2 (Group BN – received 500mg/kg bwt of cassia alata leaf )
Stain: H/E magnification x 400
Photomicrograph reveals:
Normal islet of Langerhans(arrow)
Plate 3 (Group CN received 5IU/kg bwt of insulin)
Stain: H/E magnification x 400
Photomicrograph reveals:
Numerous pancreatic acini
Islet of Langerhans(arrow) with clusters of cell
Plate 4 (Group AD – diabetic Control)
Stain: H/E magnification x 400
Photomicrograph reveals:
Pale stained nuclei in the islet of Langerhan(arrow)
Hypocellular and atrophic islets of Langerhan.
5. Phytochemical Composition of Cassia Alata Leaf Extract and its Effect on the Histology of the
www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
Plate 5 (Group BD received 500mg/kg bwt of cassi alataa leaf extract)
Stain: H/E magnification x 400
Photomicrograph reveals:
Increase in islet cell mass with distinct capsule
Increase in number of cells islet of Langerhan(arrow)
Plate 6 (Group CD – received 5IU/kg/bwt of insulin
Stain: H/E magnification x 400
Photomicrograph reveals:
Numerous pancreatic acini (A)
Small volume islet of Langerhan(arrow)
IV. Discussion
Weight changes is one of the features of diabetes. The hallmark of a poorly controlled diabetes is
weight loss. It has been noted that patients with pervious poor glycaernic control who started newly on insulin
had increase in weight[12],[13]. Weight loss was observed in the diabetic control group in this study which has
also been reported by other researchers[14],[15],[16].
The groups treated with cassia alata had significant weight losses when compared with the non-
diabetic control even with good glycaenic control so contradicting the relationship between glycaemic control
and weight gain. Previous studies with cassia alata isolated Naringenin which stimulated a significantly higher
glucose uptake activity and causes lipolysis in adipocytes both in the presence and absence of insulin[17]. This
weight reduction effect of cassia alata may be good in the management of type II diabetes.
In this study, cassia alata exerted a hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effect. These effects have
been reported in other studies using other herbs[18],[19],[20],[21]. Several mechanisms have been proposed for
these effects. Nelson et al.,[5] reported that plants exert their antihyperglycaemic effect by interfering with
carbohydrate absorption by plant. In this study cassia alata was found to have high fibre content. Another
proposed mechanism is by the action of phytochemicals of plants. Earlier studies have established that saponin
and flavonoids isolated from plants exhibit hypoglycaemic effect by increasing insulin release from pancreatic
beta cells, increasing peripheral glucose uptake and by reducing glucose absorption[22],[23],[24]. Bolkent et
al.,[25] and Diatewa et al.,[26] have reported that alkaloids and some saponins isolated from various medicinal
plants have blood glucose reduction effect. Saponins have also been reported to enhance natural resistance and
recuperative powers of the body[27]. Tannins and phenol are insulin – like substances[28],[29] and mimic the
effect of insulin on glucose metabolism and enhanced insulin secretion. These substances have been isolated
from cassia alata leaf in this study. Another possible way by which cassia alata may have exerted its
hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effect may be by attenuating the body antioxidant system. Flavonoids,
saponins and alkaloids have potent antioxidant activities. Hyperghycaemia generates glucose auto-oxidation and
auto-oxidative glycosylation of proteins which leads to increased oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen
species[30]. The increased oxidative stress results to depletion of majority of plasma antioxidants[31],[32],[33].
Expression of antioxidant enzymes is known to be very low in islet cells compared with other tissues and
cells[34], therefore, once beta cells face oxidative stress they may be rather sensitive to it suggesting that
oxidative stress may in part mediate toxicity of hyperglycaemia. It is not surprising therefore, that the blood
6. Phytochemical Composition of Cassia Alata Leaf Extract and its Effect on the Histology of the
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
sugar of the diabetic control group increased instead of reducing while the group that was treated with cassia
alata leaf extract achieved good glycaemic control.
The presence of magnesium in cassia alata may have also contributed to the glycaemic control.
Magnesium is a co-factor in various enzyme pathways involved in glucose oxidation and it modulates glucose
transport across cell membrane. Its deficiency is common in patients with diabetes[7]. It may increase insulin
secretion[35],[36]. A decrease in fasting blood glucose and increase in postprandial insulin have been reported
with magnesium supplementation[37],[38]. Calcium, which was also isolated from the plant material also
counteracts the autoimmune deficiency abnormality that is associated with type I diabetes and helps to
normalize blood sugar levels in type II disease[39]. The changes seen in diabetic islet cells have also been
reported by other researchers who have worked with other plant materials[21],[40],[41],[42],[43].
V. Conclusion
Cassia alata leaf has been found to have great beneficial antidiabetic effects which is brought about by
its wide array of proximate, mineral and phytochemical constituents. Results from this study therefore validates
the traditional use of this plant material for the management of diabetes. Purification and standardization of this
herb for clinical trails will be an advancement towards providing a cheap, accessible and effective therapy for
the management of both type I and type II diabetes.
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