The document summarizes a study that compared the sedative, pre-anesthetic, and anti-anxiety effects of Salix Aegyptiaca herbal extract to diazepam in rats. The study found that a 200 mg/kg dose of the Salix extract had less anesthesia induction time, longer anesthesia duration, and increased time spent in open arms of a maze compared to diazepam, indicating stronger pre-anesthetic and anti-anxiety effects. The study suggests these effects are likely due to flavonoids in the Salix extract acting on benzodiazepine receptors bound to GABA-A receptors in the brain.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the analgesic (pain-relieving) effects of methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Vitex negundo (leaves) in mice. The study found that both extracts significantly reduced pain behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, indicating that they possess peripheral analgesic properties. The methanolic extract showed stronger analgesic effects than the petroleum ether extract. The results provide support for the traditional use of V. negundo leaves to treat painful conditions and suggest that compounds in the plant like flavonoids may contribute to its analgesic activity.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Stem Bark Extract b...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is also known as ‘Miracle tree’ because of its uses of all parts particularly for their great potential in pharmacological, nutritional and water purification aspects. The study has been done for the phytochemical screening and analysis of analgesic potential of Moringa olifiera Lam. methanolic stem bark extract using Acetic acid induced Writhing method. Qualitative chemical analysis was carried out through phytochemical investigation which indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonois, tannins, proteins, alkaloids etc. in the extracts. To study analgesic activity Acetic acid induced Writhing test was used, where Methanolic stem bark extract was introduced intraperitonially at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg to Swiss-albino mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of Writhing response created by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner when compared to the standard control drug Diclofenac Sodium. Those two different doses exhibited 5% and 80% inhibition in writhing response respectively while the Diclofenac Na inhibited about 46.25% of writhing response at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The results of this study support the potential pain management therapy using this crude extract.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
Gallic acid, found in plants like sumac and tea leaves, was studied for its potential anxiolytic effects in rats. Rats were given various doses of gallic acid or diazepam daily for 10 days and then tested in two models - the elevated plus maze and bright/dark arena. In both tests, gallic acid produced behaviors indicating reduced anxiety, such as increased time in open/lit areas, at doses comparable to diazepam. The study suggests that gallic acid has anxiolytic properties, possibly through effects on GABA and nitric oxide systems in the brain. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism and potential for human use.
This document summarizes a student's evaluation of the antioxidant and anthelminthic activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. The student conducted phytochemical screening of the leaf extract, which showed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and tannins. Anthelminthic assays found that the extract paralyzed and killed earthworms in a time-dependent manner. Antioxidant assays determined the extract had DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and NO radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 188.17 μg/ml,
The document summarizes a study that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of berries from Solanum nigrum Linn. Rats were treated with various doses of the extract or diclofenac before carrageenan was injected into their paws to induce edema. The 375 mg/kg dose of the extract significantly decreased paw edema comparable to diclofenac, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. The extract is believed to act in the late phase of inflammation, possibly by inhibiting prostaglandin release through effects on arachidonic acid metabolites.
ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY ON LEAVES OF Nyctanthes arbor...Jenefa Jene
The acute toxicity study on the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. in wistar albino rats are described. As the Nyctanthes leaves are greatly used in Siddha Medicine.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the analgesic (pain-relieving) effects of methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Vitex negundo (leaves) in mice. The study found that both extracts significantly reduced pain behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, indicating that they possess peripheral analgesic properties. The methanolic extract showed stronger analgesic effects than the petroleum ether extract. The results provide support for the traditional use of V. negundo leaves to treat painful conditions and suggest that compounds in the plant like flavonoids may contribute to its analgesic activity.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Stem Bark Extract b...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is also known as ‘Miracle tree’ because of its uses of all parts particularly for their great potential in pharmacological, nutritional and water purification aspects. The study has been done for the phytochemical screening and analysis of analgesic potential of Moringa olifiera Lam. methanolic stem bark extract using Acetic acid induced Writhing method. Qualitative chemical analysis was carried out through phytochemical investigation which indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonois, tannins, proteins, alkaloids etc. in the extracts. To study analgesic activity Acetic acid induced Writhing test was used, where Methanolic stem bark extract was introduced intraperitonially at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg to Swiss-albino mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of Writhing response created by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner when compared to the standard control drug Diclofenac Sodium. Those two different doses exhibited 5% and 80% inhibition in writhing response respectively while the Diclofenac Na inhibited about 46.25% of writhing response at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The results of this study support the potential pain management therapy using this crude extract.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
Gallic acid, found in plants like sumac and tea leaves, was studied for its potential anxiolytic effects in rats. Rats were given various doses of gallic acid or diazepam daily for 10 days and then tested in two models - the elevated plus maze and bright/dark arena. In both tests, gallic acid produced behaviors indicating reduced anxiety, such as increased time in open/lit areas, at doses comparable to diazepam. The study suggests that gallic acid has anxiolytic properties, possibly through effects on GABA and nitric oxide systems in the brain. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism and potential for human use.
This document summarizes a student's evaluation of the antioxidant and anthelminthic activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. The student conducted phytochemical screening of the leaf extract, which showed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and tannins. Anthelminthic assays found that the extract paralyzed and killed earthworms in a time-dependent manner. Antioxidant assays determined the extract had DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and NO radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 188.17 μg/ml,
The document summarizes a study that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of berries from Solanum nigrum Linn. Rats were treated with various doses of the extract or diclofenac before carrageenan was injected into their paws to induce edema. The 375 mg/kg dose of the extract significantly decreased paw edema comparable to diclofenac, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. The extract is believed to act in the late phase of inflammation, possibly by inhibiting prostaglandin release through effects on arachidonic acid metabolites.
ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY ON LEAVES OF Nyctanthes arbor...Jenefa Jene
The acute toxicity study on the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. in wistar albino rats are described. As the Nyctanthes leaves are greatly used in Siddha Medicine.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Pterospermum acerifolium. The study found that the ethyl acetate fraction of P. acerifolium showed the highest free radical scavenging activity in various in vitro antioxidant assays. This fraction also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro models of inflammation. The results support the traditional use of P. acerifolium for reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Pharmacology (effects of drugs on the ciliary motility of forg oesophagus)Osama Al-Zahrani
1) The experiment tested the effects of various drugs on the ciliary motility of a frog's esophagus, including the cholinergic agonist acetylcholine, the anti-choline esterase inhibitor physostigmine, and the cholinergic antagonist atropine.
2) The results showed that physostigmine had the strongest effect of increasing ciliary movement, followed by acetylcholine, while atropine decreased movement the most.
3) Physostigmine was determined to be the most effective drug at increasing ciliary motility based on it producing the shortest time for movements to increase.
Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of tephrosia purpureaKavipriya Mpharm
This document presents a study on the formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches containing an aqueous extract of Tephrosia purpurea leaves. Six transdermal patch formulations were prepared using two polymers, pectin and sodium alginate, in varying ratios. The patches were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, drug content, moisture uptake and in vitro drug release. The aqueous extract showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Stability studies of the optimized formulation showed no visual changes after storage for 1 month at room temperature and 40°C/75% RH, indicating the patches were stable.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY TECTONA GRANDISpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical screening, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts from the leaf, stem, and bark of Tectona grandis. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like phenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids in the leaf and stem extracts. The leaf, bark, and stem extracts showed antioxidant activity in Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power and DPPH radical assays. The extracts also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting albumin denaturation and stabilizing red blood cell membranes in heat-induced hemolysis tests. The study thus supports the traditional use of T. grandis in treating inflammation
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
Assessment of antitussive activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn. root extractijperSS
ABSTRACT
The trend of using natural products has been increased and the active plant extracts are frequently screened for new drug discoveries. The present study deal with the screening of the methanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis roots and its antitussive activity in rats by sulphurdioxide induced cough reflex method. The plant Cassia occidentalis belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae, is a diffuse offensively odorous under shrub. The extract at a dose level of 200 and 400mg/kg showed significant antitussive activity which was comparable with that of Codeine phosphate.
Key words: Cassia occidentalis Linn., methanolic root extract, antitussive activity, sulphurdioxide.
The student completed a work placement at the Medway School of Pharmacy where they investigated methods to improve the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. In the first part of the project, the student tested different types of coating materials (aerosil 50, 130, 200, 300, 380) while keeping other variables constant. Testing in a dissolution apparatus showed that smaller surface area coating materials resulted in better drug release. In the second part, the student investigated changing the excipient (carrier material) while keeping other factors the same.
Polyherbal formulation development for anti asthmatic activitypharmaindexing
This document describes the development and evaluation of polyherbal formulations for the treatment of asthma. Three plants - Tylophora indica, Tephrosia purpurea, and Vitex negundo - were selected based on their reported antiasthmatic, antihistaminic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Two tablet formulations and one capsule formulation were prepared using in-house and commercial extracts of the plants. The formulations were evaluated for various physical properties and found to meet pharmacopeia standards. Testing in guinea pigs showed the formulations had significant antiasthmatic effects compared to the standard drug chlorpheniramine maleate. Further stability and clinical studies are needed to confirm quality and efficacy.
In vitro screening methods ach, ne and 5-HTAnup Patil
This document describes in vitro screening methods for acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. It discusses methods to estimate acetylcholine-esterase and butyrylcholine-esterase activity. It also describes releasing radioactive acetylcholine from brain slices and measuring its stimulation and inhibition. A novel method is presented for screening treatments for eye strain using rabbit ciliary muscles in a tissue bath.
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study investigating the analgesic and antipyretic activities of the methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark. Rats were used to test analgesic activity using the hot plate test, with the extract showing a dose-dependent increase in latency time compared to the control. Antipyretic activity was tested using yeast-induced fever in rats, with the extract and paracetamol both reducing elevated temperatures over time. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract found the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids and coumarins.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
The document studies the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of Scaevola taccada leaf extracts in rats. Preliminary screening found the leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested on yeast-induced fever in rats. Both extracts significantly reduced fever, comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. The antipyretic effects may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan, dextran, and histamine-induced paw edema models, as well as in a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. It also exhibited analgesic effects in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests. Additionally, the extract reduced yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in rats. The study demonstrates that the aqueous extract of parsley possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.
Evaluation of anti epileptic activities of Aegle marmelous (leaves) and antie...kamal969161
Evaluation of antiepileptic activities of Aegle marvelous (leaves) and antiepileptic activities of (bark), analgesic activities (bark and leaves) of Ficus religiosa from Nepal
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
This document describes a study evaluating the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. In the tail immersion test for analgesic activity, the plant extract at 200 mg/kg body weight showed the highest reaction time of 8.25 seconds after 120 minutes, compared to 4 seconds for the control. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the plant extract at 200 μg/ml produced significant pain inhibition of 84.48%. For anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, the highest inhibition of 74.77% was found for the plant extract at a dose of 200μg/ml after 120 minutes. The results
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Pterospermum acerifolium. The study found that the ethyl acetate fraction of P. acerifolium showed the highest free radical scavenging activity in various in vitro antioxidant assays. This fraction also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in both in vivo and in vitro models of inflammation. The results support the traditional use of P. acerifolium for reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Pharmacology (effects of drugs on the ciliary motility of forg oesophagus)Osama Al-Zahrani
1) The experiment tested the effects of various drugs on the ciliary motility of a frog's esophagus, including the cholinergic agonist acetylcholine, the anti-choline esterase inhibitor physostigmine, and the cholinergic antagonist atropine.
2) The results showed that physostigmine had the strongest effect of increasing ciliary movement, followed by acetylcholine, while atropine decreased movement the most.
3) Physostigmine was determined to be the most effective drug at increasing ciliary motility based on it producing the shortest time for movements to increase.
Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of tephrosia purpureaKavipriya Mpharm
This document presents a study on the formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches containing an aqueous extract of Tephrosia purpurea leaves. Six transdermal patch formulations were prepared using two polymers, pectin and sodium alginate, in varying ratios. The patches were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, drug content, moisture uptake and in vitro drug release. The aqueous extract showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Stability studies of the optimized formulation showed no visual changes after storage for 1 month at room temperature and 40°C/75% RH, indicating the patches were stable.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY TECTONA GRANDISpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical screening, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts from the leaf, stem, and bark of Tectona grandis. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like phenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids in the leaf and stem extracts. The leaf, bark, and stem extracts showed antioxidant activity in Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power and DPPH radical assays. The extracts also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting albumin denaturation and stabilizing red blood cell membranes in heat-induced hemolysis tests. The study thus supports the traditional use of T. grandis in treating inflammation
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
Assessment of antitussive activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn. root extractijperSS
ABSTRACT
The trend of using natural products has been increased and the active plant extracts are frequently screened for new drug discoveries. The present study deal with the screening of the methanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis roots and its antitussive activity in rats by sulphurdioxide induced cough reflex method. The plant Cassia occidentalis belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae, is a diffuse offensively odorous under shrub. The extract at a dose level of 200 and 400mg/kg showed significant antitussive activity which was comparable with that of Codeine phosphate.
Key words: Cassia occidentalis Linn., methanolic root extract, antitussive activity, sulphurdioxide.
The student completed a work placement at the Medway School of Pharmacy where they investigated methods to improve the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. In the first part of the project, the student tested different types of coating materials (aerosil 50, 130, 200, 300, 380) while keeping other variables constant. Testing in a dissolution apparatus showed that smaller surface area coating materials resulted in better drug release. In the second part, the student investigated changing the excipient (carrier material) while keeping other factors the same.
Polyherbal formulation development for anti asthmatic activitypharmaindexing
This document describes the development and evaluation of polyherbal formulations for the treatment of asthma. Three plants - Tylophora indica, Tephrosia purpurea, and Vitex negundo - were selected based on their reported antiasthmatic, antihistaminic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Two tablet formulations and one capsule formulation were prepared using in-house and commercial extracts of the plants. The formulations were evaluated for various physical properties and found to meet pharmacopeia standards. Testing in guinea pigs showed the formulations had significant antiasthmatic effects compared to the standard drug chlorpheniramine maleate. Further stability and clinical studies are needed to confirm quality and efficacy.
In vitro screening methods ach, ne and 5-HTAnup Patil
This document describes in vitro screening methods for acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. It discusses methods to estimate acetylcholine-esterase and butyrylcholine-esterase activity. It also describes releasing radioactive acetylcholine from brain slices and measuring its stimulation and inhibition. A novel method is presented for screening treatments for eye strain using rabbit ciliary muscles in a tissue bath.
Comparative Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea ...Scientific Review SR
This study was designed to investigate the comparative effect of aqueous and methanol extract
of Buchholzia coriacea seeds on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Twenty four albino rats of both
sexes weighing 162.53±3.55 g were used. For the aqueous extract, 12 animals were divided into 4 groups of 3
rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administer ed 0.5 ml of diclofenac sodium (reference
anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body
weight of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. For the methanol extract, 12 animals
were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Animals in group 1 (positive control) were administered 0.5 ml of
diclofenac sodium (reference anti-inflammatory drug) while those in group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100,
300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seeds respectively. Thirty
minutes after treatment of animals in both the aqueous and methanol groups with the drug and extract, 0.2 ml
of 2% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Paw
volume of rats were measured before and after carrageenan injection at 30 minutes interval over a period of 3
hours (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) minutes, to determine the anti -inflammatory response of both extracts,
using carrageenan-induced paw odema method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the
aqueous extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids while the methanol extract contains saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, terpeno ids and steroids. Proximate analysis of
Buchholzia coriacea seeds revealed that crude fibre has the lowest percentage of (1.10±0.05), ash content
(5.20±0.01), crude fat (4.10±0.02) moisture content (9.10±0.13), crude protein (10.20±0.20) and
carbohydrate with the highest percentage of (70.10±0.04). In terms of percentage inhibition, paw volume was
brought to near normal levels by the methanol extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight which showed
better anti-inflammatory activity than 500 mg/kg body weight o f the same extract as well as all doses of the
aqueous extract and even more than the reference drug. Overall, the anti -inflammatory effect may be traced
to single or synergistic activity of phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study investigating the analgesic and antipyretic activities of the methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark. Rats were used to test analgesic activity using the hot plate test, with the extract showing a dose-dependent increase in latency time compared to the control. Antipyretic activity was tested using yeast-induced fever in rats, with the extract and paracetamol both reducing elevated temperatures over time. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract found the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids and coumarins.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
The document studies the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of Scaevola taccada leaf extracts in rats. Preliminary screening found the leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested on yeast-induced fever in rats. Both extracts significantly reduced fever, comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. The antipyretic effects may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan, dextran, and histamine-induced paw edema models, as well as in a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. It also exhibited analgesic effects in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests. Additionally, the extract reduced yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in rats. The study demonstrates that the aqueous extract of parsley possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.
Evaluation of anti epileptic activities of Aegle marmelous (leaves) and antie...kamal969161
Evaluation of antiepileptic activities of Aegle marvelous (leaves) and antiepileptic activities of (bark), analgesic activities (bark and leaves) of Ficus religiosa from Nepal
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
This document describes a study evaluating the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. In the tail immersion test for analgesic activity, the plant extract at 200 mg/kg body weight showed the highest reaction time of 8.25 seconds after 120 minutes, compared to 4 seconds for the control. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the plant extract at 200 μg/ml produced significant pain inhibition of 84.48%. For anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, the highest inhibition of 74.77% was found for the plant extract at a dose of 200μg/ml after 120 minutes. The results
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
Expt. 6 Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motilityVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Preparation of Tyrode solution
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Result and Interpretation
The document summarizes an assessment of the neuropharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of Lilium candidum. Preliminary tests found the extract contains flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. In hole cross and open field tests on mice, the extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant suppression of movement from 30-90 minutes after administration, comparable to the drug diazepam. This indicates the extract has central nervous system depressant effects by decreasing exploratory behavior in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and tannins in the extract may account for its neuropharmacological
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Study the efficacy of Rhizophora mucornata Poir. leaves for diabetes therapy ...Open Access Research Paper
Hypoglycemic effects were investigated in the ethanol extract of leaves of Rhizophora mucornata on Long Evans rats. Gut perfusion and six segments studies were carried out to assess these activities. In the gut-perfusion study the percentage of glucose absorption in control rats vs. rats fed with 250 mg/kg extracts were observed at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes and the significant (p<0.05) absorption result was found at 15 minutes, which was 35.87 vs. 57.29. The percentage of absorption was found better with 250 mg/kg than 500 mg/kg dose level. The six-segment study was performed to assess the amount of sucrose remaining in the GIT at six different positions. The amount sucrose unabsorbed in different GIT segments showed that in control rats vs. rats fed with 500mg/kg extract at 30 minutes in mmol/l was 0.120 vs. 0.135 which were gradually abating with time dependent manner at 60, 180, and 360 minutes in mmol/l. These results suggest that ethanol extract of leaves of Rhizophora mucornata has significant dose dependant anti-diabetic effects which may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.
Evaluation of the anxiolytic effect of nepeta persica boiss. in mice.Younis I Munshi
This study evaluated the anxiolytic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Nepeta persica in mice using the elevated plus maze test of anxiety. The extract was administered intraperitoneally to mice at various doses before behavioral testing. The results showed that a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly increased the time spent and number of entries in the open arms of the maze compared to the control group, indicating an anxiolytic effect. This dose did not affect locomotor activity or ketamine-induced sleeping time. Higher or lower doses produced either sedative or stimulant side effects. These results suggest that N. persica extract at 50 mg/kg has anxiolytic properties with fewer sedative effects compared to diaz
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the genotoxic effects of an aqueous extract of Goji berry (Lyciumbarbarum) using micronucleus and comet assays in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an experimental group that received 200 mg/kg of the Goji berry extract orally, a positive control group that received cyclophosphamide, and a negative control group. The comet assay showed no significant increase in DNA damage in the experimental group compared to the negative control group at 4 or 24 hours. The micronucleus test also found no significant difference in micronuclei between the experimental and negative control groups for acute or chronic exposure. The results suggest that the Goji berry
Current therapeutic for the treatment of anxiety is associated with a wild variety of prominent side effects. The traditional use of plant extract to health care can indicate an important source of new pharmaceuticals. In Morocco traditional medicine, the use of Mercurialis annua is commonly recommended for relief of anxiety. Nevertheless, despite its popular use there are no studies related to its possible neuropharmacological effect. Here, we investigated the possible anxiolytic effect of the extract of M.annua after acute treatment in mice.The methanolic extract from the aerial parts of M.annua (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) was orally administered, and its anxiolytic effect was evaluated in hole board test, the light–dark box test, and motor coordination with the rota rod test. Diazepam was employed as standard drug 1mg/kg.The methanolic extract of Ma 100 mg/kg increased the time spent in the brightly-lit chamber of the light/dark box, as well as in the number of times the animal crossed from one compartment to the other. Performance on the rota rod was unaffected. In the hole board test, the extract significantly increased head-dip counts.These results provides support for anxiolytic activity of Mercurialis annua, in line with its medicinal traditional use, and may also suggest a better side-effect profile of Mercurialis annua relative to diazepam.
Neurophysiology is a branch of neuroscience and physiology concerned with the study and functioning of the nervous system it is also related to neuroanatomy, psychology, electrophysiology, and its applications in clinical neurophysiology. There are a few tools which are elementary to neurophysiological research, such as electrophysiological recordings which includes extracellular single-unit recording, patch clamps, and voltage clamps. Calcium imaging, molecular biology, ontogenetic, and also play a key role into neurophysiology
Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Withania Somnifer...iosrjce
Anti-depressants play a major role in today’s life style. There are evidences of the ayurvedic
formulation withania somnifera (roots) being effective in various neuro- psychiatric conditions. The antidepressant
activities of aqueous extract Withania somnifera roots (AEWS) were studied using - Forced swim
test (FST). Effect of different doses of AEWS (30,40,50 mg/kg), Imipramine (15mg/kg)were studied on
behavioural despair tests induced immobility time . WS produced dose dependent decrease in immobility
time in FST, maximum effect being observed with WS 50 mg/kg. The findings support the use of WS as potential
adjuvant in depressive disorders.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Expt. 10 effect of spasmogens and spasmolytics using rabbit jejunumVISHALJADHAV100
Overview of Discussion
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Drugs and solutions used in rabbit intestine experiment
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Result and interpretation
Similar to Study of Sedation, Pre-anesthetic and Anti-anxiety Effects of Salix Aegyptiaca Herbal Extract in Comparison with Diazepam in Rats (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Study of Sedation, Pre-anesthetic and Anti-anxiety Effects of Salix Aegyptiaca Herbal Extract in Comparison with Diazepam in Rats
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 2 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 17-20
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
Study of Sedation, Pre-anesthetic and Anti-anxiety Effects of
Salix Aegyptiaca Herbal Extract in Comparison with Diazepam
in Rats
Ali Razaei1
, Sajjd Moghaddam2
, Mehrdad Pashazadeh3
, Arvin Tayari4
,
Ehsan Sanati5
1
(Department of Clinical Sciences, Facultyof Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, TabrizBranch,
Tabriz, Iran)
2
(expert group of Biology, Islamic Azad University of Ahar–Iran)
3
(Young researchers and EliteClub, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar–Iran)
4
(Young researchers and EliteClub, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz –Iran)
5
(Department of Histology & Embryology science, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran –Iran)
Abstract:salix herb to mediate the effect of sedation, anti-spasmodic and analgesic in Europe traditional
medicine and most countries have had a special status and also in Iran since ancient is used as herbal extract,
as well as salix extract has many therapeutic properties. Because this plant hasmany alkaloids, phenols
andflavonoidsare constantly used for reducing the nerve pressure, treatment of chronic insomnia, depression,
create a calming effect and appealed to the restoration of skin.With noticeof synthetic drugsside effects and
economic issues we sensed to need that to compare of anti-anxiety and pre anesthetic effects of the extracts of
this plant with the synthetic drugs. Methods: In different groups of Wistar male rats, the extract ofSalix
Aegyptiacawith doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg and diazepam with 1.2 mg/kgwere injected
andDimethyl sulfoxide with the same volume 30 minutes prior to the assessment of the effects of sedation and
anesthesia (sleeping period induced with ketamine) with the dose of 40 mg/kg was injected and for evaluating of
the anti-anxiety effects ‘‘Elevated plus maze’’was used. Results: The achieved results represent a significant
increase for sleeping that induced by ketamine, as well as a significant increase in the time expired in the open
arms in the treated group with 200 mg/kg of extract.Conclusion: The results showed that the salixextract with a
dose of 200 mg/kg has the effects of pre-anesthesia, and anti-anxiety.
Keywords:Anti-anxiety, Diazepam, Elevated plus maze, SalixAegyptiaca, Sedative.
I. Introduction
Nowadays, medicinal plants make an important part of traditional medicine in most of the countries,
and in the establishment of the therapeutic value of new approacheshas a special place. In this study, which has
been trying that this extract as an anti-anxiety andpre-anesthetic drugwith better efficacy and fewer side effects
than a synthetic drug be introduce[1].This plantis known with the scientific name of Salix aegyptiacaand that’s
extract maked by petals of the plant, which contains 200 types variescompositionsand 30 of them have known.
This plant is mainly cultivated in Europe and the United States for industrial [2].In some areas of Iran such as
Azerbaijan it grows well,the extract of that has dark brown color with bitter tasteand penetrating smell.The
major material it consists of:carovone,phenolic flavonoids (16%), carvacrol(9%), cedreneoxide(16%) ,Geranol
(10%), citronellol (4%), p-metoxybenzene (2.3%)[3]. This extract is available to absorb from the skin and
mucosal membrane and it almost is completely absorbed from the digestive tract, and some of that is
disintegrated here and metabolized in liver and some also is excreted by urinary system.the extract of Salix is
depressor of sympathetic system activity and multiplier of Parasympathetic [4,5]. Another of its properties has
been mentioned are anti-depressant effect, skin repair and sedationand also it can be used in topical method on
way of skin and oral methods.Diazepam is type ofbenzodiazepinethat it’s connected to molecular components of
GABA-A receptor in membrane of the central nervous systemand leads to the opening of the chlorine Canal,
thus it makes sedation and relaxationof muscles effects. The aim of this study is more discovering of a sedation
and anti-anxiety effects of Salix extract and compare it with Diazepam as astandard sedative drug [6, 7].
II. Methods
In the present study, 30 Wistar male rats of 200±20 g weighting and about 3 month aged were used for
laboratory experiments. Animals were kept in standard condition, at 20-25°C, 70% humidity and light cycle of
12 hours lighting and 12 hours darkness. Standard foods were used in order to feeding by method of Ad-Libitum
in during 24 hours feeding. Specific dishes were used for water. It should be noted in order to adapt the rats with
new environments, 10 days before the testing the rats were moved from Center of rats reproduction and
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breedingof School of medicine at Tabriz University to animals laboratory place of Islamic Azad University of
Ahar. To prepare extract of the plant, the petals were used, tothis end1000 grams of dried herb were powdered,
and in mixed chloroform: methanol (70:30) was soaked at least for 24 hours, and then obtained mixture under
vacuum pressure in the rotary operator machine was removed solventto have earned raw extract [8]. The crude
extract obtained heated in the least amount methanol and then within the freezer decreased to -15℃ temperature
and quickly was smooth to get fatless extract,also in order to remove of water, the fat removed extract was
solved in di-chloromethane and was dried with magnesium sulphateand in the rotary operator machine under
vacuum was removed solvent to get pure extract. In order to study of pre-anesthesia and sedation effects of Salix
herb extract in comparisonwith diazepam in the first group extract with dose of 100mg/kg, in the second group
the extract with dose of 200 mg/kg, in the third group the extract with dose of 400 mg/kg, in the forth group
diazepam with dose of 1.2 mg/kg and in fifth group di-methylsulfoxide in the same volume were injected by
intra peritoneal and in the sixth group wasn’t injected any drugs.30 minutes after administration of the above
medications, ketamine with a dose of 40 mg/kg were administered by intraperitoneal to each of sixgroups.
Immediately after administration of ketamine, the amount of time that an animal losses corrector reflexes
(duration of anesthesia induction) and the amount of time that an animal, after induction of anesthesia,gains
again the corrector reflexes (Duration of anesthesia) were calculated by seconds. In the second part of the study
the aim is evaluating of the anti-anxiety effect of the drug. Elevated Plus Maze test consists of two open arms in
front of each other in sizeof (10 × 50 cm) and two enclosed armsin front of each other in size of (40 × 10 × 50
cm) that by a central page (10 × 10 cm) are connected together and this set is located in a relative dark and silent
room with 50cm altitudefrom the Earth. The time of testing the rat is put slowly and cautiously on the central
part of the device so that the head of the rat is toward the open side, and for five minutes the number of went
back to the inside of the arms and the period of staying on open arms were recorded and after every time of
using of this device, it was cleanedby a cloth dipped in alcohol.Then the drugs were therefore listed as
prescribed doses were administrated, and 30 minutes later, the rats For lonely, in the center of the maze, were
put and the times that the rats spent in each of the maze arms were recorded in terms of seconds with a
chronometer.The duration of the presence rats in the center of the maze and opened arms is considered as a
markerof the lack of anxiety and the duration of the presence of rats on the enclosed arms is considered as a
marker of anxiety. So increasing of duration, related to open arms, shows that the intended drug has the stronger
anti-anxiety effect.
III. Findings
According to Fig.1, the Salix extract with dose of200 mg/kg has less anesthesia induction time duration
than diazepam, and the difference in the level of (p ≤ 0.01) is significant.According to diagram 2, theSalix
extract with dose of 200 mg/kg has more anesthesia duration than diazepam andall differences are significant in
statistically (p ≤ 0.01). According to diagram 3, the Salix extract with dose of 200 mg/kg has the most effect as a
anti-anxiety agent and all differences are significant in statistically (p ≤ 0.01).
Fig.(1) Induction Time in study groups, according to the above chart, the dose of 200 mg/kg of Salixaegyptiaca
has less Induction Time than the diazepam and all differences are significant in statistically ( p≤0.01).
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
Openmazetime(Sec.)
Control DMSO Diazpam Doz100 Doz200 Doz400
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Fig.(2) Sleeping Time in study groups, according to the above chart, the dose of 200 mg/kgof
Salixaegyptiacahasless Time Sleeping than to diazepam and all differences are significant in statistically (
p≤0.01).
Fig.(3)Open Maze Time in study groups, according to the above chart, the dose of 200 mg/kg of Salix
aegyptiaca has rather Time open maze than the diazepam and all differences are significant in statistically (
p≤0.01).
IV. Discussion
The purpose of this studyis survey of sedation, pre-anesthetic and anti-anxiety effects of Salix extract
in comparison with diazepam in rats. Different compounds in the herb Salixaegyptiacahas been identified as
follows: citronellol, 1, 4-Dimethoxybenzene, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-phenylethyl acetate. These factors increase
the probability affectof this plant on different areas in CNS. Reports arebased on the influence of flavonoids on
the benzodiazepine receptors [9]. According to being flavonoids in this plant,the probability that Salix extract by
Group
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
Inductiontime(Sec.)
Control DMSO Diazpam Doz100 Doz200 Doz400
Group
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
Sleepingtime(Sec.)
Control DMSO Diazpam Doz100 Doz200 Doz400
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affect of the benzodiazepine receptors bound to the GABA-A receptors, causes sedation and anti-anxietyeffect is
enhanced.Using of Salix aegyptiaca herb extract had been current in the middle ages for treatmentof depression
[10, 11]. This extract as a benzodiazepine drughas a proven effects on the central nervous system and the other
sideit’s mentioned as an anti-anxiety drug. Diazepam via interactions with the GABA receptors in the brain,
especially in lattice structure in Middle brain, cause effects of sedation and anti-anxiety. The results showed that
during the reviews of the sedation, in between of the doses used,the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight had more
significant responses than other doses of extract in comparison with diazepam (p ≤0.01).in this research to get
the appropriate dose, in experimentally some doses were used(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), based on achieved
results Salixaegyptiacaextract in dose of200 mg/kg has less anesthetic induction and moreanesthetic duration
than diazepam with dose of 1.2 mg/kg and it hasmore significant responses in comparison with other doses of
extract in contrast of diazepam (p≤0.01)[12, 13]. In other words, it has the better pre-anesthetic and sedative
effects in comparison withdiazepam.Salix extract in doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg body weight has weaker
sedative and pre-anesthetic effects in comparison with diazepam. In another part of the study the anti-anxiety
effect of diazepam was surveyed that the based on achieved results the Salix extract in dose of 200 mg/kg makes
stronger anti-anxiety effect in comparison with diazepam in dose of 1.2mg/kg , also the extract in this dose
makes decreaseof mobility balance.It can be concluded from the present study that the injection of Salix
extractin dose of200 mg/kg by intraperitoneal as a pre-anesthetic medication before of ketamine injection makes
less anesthetic induction period and more duration of anesthesia than diazepam in dose of 1.2 mg/kg , and it
shows significant difference (p≤0.01) [14]. As well as the injection of Salix extract in dose of 200mg/kg by
intraperitoneal in order to evaluate the anti-anxiety effects makesthe increase ofstaying time on the open armsof
the maze device and makes better effects in comparison with diazepamand shows a significant difference
(p≤0.01). Therefore, due to the existence of flavonoids in Salix extract, it is probablythat this plant via effect on
benzodiazepine receptors bound to GABA-A receptors causes sedation and anti-anxiety effects [15].
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