This study investigated the antidiabetic and long-term effects of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract showed hypoglycemic effects in a dose-dependent manner, lowering blood glucose levels up to 2 weeks. While the extract did not significantly affect plasma lipids and most organ weights, it did increase liver enzyme activity (ALT and AST) at some doses. The extract also minimized body weight loss from diabetes. Overall, the study suggests E. grandiflorus has antidiabetic properties but its use should be limited to 2 weeks and monitored for potential toxicity from effects on liver enzymes.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats through intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The study aimed to compare changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels between normal and diabetic rats. Rats injected with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin developed diabetes within 3 days as the drug destroyed pancreatic beta cells. Diabetic rats showed increased glucose, water/food intake, and urine output compared to normal rats, but decreased weight, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Pancreas sampling confirmed beta cell destruction in diabetic rats. The study concluded streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes in rats through beta cell degeneration.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Anti diabectic effect of guava leaves upon alloxanyesmin nureja
Guava leaves were found to have a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes and then treated with guava leaf extract at various doses for 10 days. Blood glucose levels were measured daily. Guava leaf extract at all doses prevented serum glucose elevation compared to the diabetic control group. The study suggests guava leaf extract has anti-hyperglycemic properties, likely due to its antioxidant flavonoids such as quercetin.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study that investigated the biochemical effects of 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in albino rats. The study found that the compound had antidiabetic effects by lowering blood glucose levels but also caused abnormalities. Rats treated with the compound showed decreases in serum glucose and albumin levels but increases in ALT and AST levels. Long-term treatment for 6 weeks also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats. The compound affected both liver and blood biochemistry in rats.
1) The study investigated the effects of Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 84 days.
2) Oral administration of the extracts significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and kidney/liver markers, while increasing insulin, glycogen stores, and beneficial cholesterol.
3) The leaf extract showed slightly better effects than the flower extract in regulating these biochemical parameters and enzymes related to glucose metabolism.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats through intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The study aimed to compare changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels between normal and diabetic rats. Rats injected with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin developed diabetes within 3 days as the drug destroyed pancreatic beta cells. Diabetic rats showed increased glucose, water/food intake, and urine output compared to normal rats, but decreased weight, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Pancreas sampling confirmed beta cell destruction in diabetic rats. The study concluded streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes in rats through beta cell degeneration.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Anti diabectic effect of guava leaves upon alloxanyesmin nureja
Guava leaves were found to have a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes and then treated with guava leaf extract at various doses for 10 days. Blood glucose levels were measured daily. Guava leaf extract at all doses prevented serum glucose elevation compared to the diabetic control group. The study suggests guava leaf extract has anti-hyperglycemic properties, likely due to its antioxidant flavonoids such as quercetin.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study that investigated the biochemical effects of 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in albino rats. The study found that the compound had antidiabetic effects by lowering blood glucose levels but also caused abnormalities. Rats treated with the compound showed decreases in serum glucose and albumin levels but increases in ALT and AST levels. Long-term treatment for 6 weeks also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats. The compound affected both liver and blood biochemistry in rats.
1) The study investigated the effects of Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 84 days.
2) Oral administration of the extracts significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and kidney/liver markers, while increasing insulin, glycogen stores, and beneficial cholesterol.
3) The leaf extract showed slightly better effects than the flower extract in regulating these biochemical parameters and enzymes related to glucose metabolism.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
This document summarizes a study that examined the histological effects of Peganum harmala seed extract on the spleen, liver enzymes, and blood parameters of albino rats. Rats were administered normal saline or 1%, 2%, or 3% doses of P. harmala extract daily for one month. Higher doses caused more severe structural changes in the spleen, including hemorrhaging, degeneration, and necrosis. The extract also significantly affected body and liver weight. Blood glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly with treatment. While some liver enzymes were affected, white and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Histological examination showed dose-dependent damage to spleen tissue.
1) The study explored the effects of Physalis alkekengi and Alhagi maurorum extracts in ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
2) Cisplatin treatment significantly increased serum creatinine and urea levels as well as sodium and potassium excretion, while decreasing creatinine clearance, indicating renal dysfunction.
3) Oral administration of P. alkekengi or A. maurorum extracts for 10 days after cisplatin treatment reduced serum creatinine and urea levels and improved sodium and potassium excretion and creatinine clearance, demonstrating protective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney damage.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
This document summarizes in vitro experiments evaluating the anti-diabetic effects of alkaloidal fractions from Tinospora cordifolia and pentacyclic acid triterpenoids. Rat insulinoma cells were treated with fractions to measure insulin secretion. The fractions inhibited PTP-1B enzyme activity and glucose production in hepatocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating anti-diabetic effects. Molecular docking suggested the compounds bind to a secondary site on PTP-1B, inhibiting the enzyme by a mixed inhibition mechanism. The results suggest pentacyclic triterpenoids may have potential as insulin sensitizers for treating type 2 diabetes.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
Experimental evaluation of anti-diabeticsKirtan Bhatt
This document discusses experimental methods for evaluating anti-diabetic drugs. It describes various animal models of diabetes used, including those induced chemically, genetically, or surgically. Methods for measuring anti-diabetic activity include assessing glucose lowering effects in vivo in animals like rabbits, rats, mice, and dogs. The euglycemic clamp technique, a gold standard method, quantifies insulin sensitivity by infusing glucose to maintain blood sugar levels during insulin infusion in rats. A variety of genetic and transgenic animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are also summarized.
This study investigated the effects of aqueous alfalfa extract on blood glucose and lipid levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a non-diabetic control group, a diabetic control group, and two groups given 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of alfalfa extract. Alloxan injection resulted in higher blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver enzymes in diabetic rats compared to controls. Treatment with alfalfa extract significantly reduced glucose and lipid levels and improved liver enzymes and pancreas histology in a dose-dependent manner.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic effects of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Methanolic extracts of Vinca rosea reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and improved body weight, lipid profiles, and other diabetes-related biomarkers.
2) The extracts showed regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and restoration of cellular population in the islets of Langerhans.
3) The high dose extract (500mg/kg) was more effective than the low dose (300mg/kg) in managing diabetes symptoms after 14 days, showing similar effects to the antidiabetic drug gliben
Bosentan Ameliorates Diabetic Angiopathy and Nephropathy in Streptozotocin-In...iosrjce
Angiopathy and nephropathy are serious problems encountered in management of diabetes mellitus.
Angiotensin II (AII) and endothelins (ETs) receptors play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic
complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible renoprotective and antiangiopathic
effects of the non-selective endothelin (ET) receptor blocker bosentan in type 1 diabetic model of albino wister
rats. These rats were divided into four groups ( each group , N= 12 rats): control group (1), control group (2)
treated with bosentan (50 mg/kg/day), untreated diabetic group (3) and diabetic group (4) treated with
bosentan. Induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus in tested rats was performed by a single injection, in the tail vein,
of 35 mg/kg streptozotozin after overnight fast. Treatment with bosentan was continued for 12 weeks during
which the 24h urine volume, urinary albumin content, urine and plasma levels of creatinine as well as mean
non-invasive blood pressure (mean BP) were assessed at the end of each 4 weeks. At the end of the 12
th week
rats were sacrificed then the thoracic aortae were dissected for assessment of the vasorelaxant effect of
acetylcholine. Diabetic rats showed hyperglycemia, polyuria, albuminuria, elevated mean BP, reduced
response to vasorelaxant effect of ACh. Bosentan significantly reduced albuminuria and lowered elevated mean
BP. In addition the drug restored the normal values of creatinine clearance and improved vascular reactivity to
ACh. The present study suggested a possible renoprotective and aortic vasorelaxant effects by bosentan without
a significant effect on the control of blood glucose. The results of the present study was directed towards a
possible role of bosentan, as a drug acting on Endothelin receptors, in the improvement of diabetic angiopathy and nephropathy.
Comparison of the Acute Hypervolemic Capacities of Erythropoietin and U-74389...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Aim: This study compared the hyper volemic capacities of erythropoietin (Epo) and antioxidant drug U-74389G based on 2 preliminary studies. The provided results at mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) levels augmentation were co-evaluated in a hypoxia re oxygenation protocol of an animal model.
Materials and methods: MCV levels (MCVl) were evaluated at the 60th reoxygenation min (for groups A, C and E) and at the 120th reoxygenation min (for groups B, D and F) in 60 rats. Groups A and B received no drugs, rats from groups C and D were administered with Epo; whereas rats from groups E and F were administered with U-74389G.
Results: The first preliminary study of Epo non-significantly increased the MCVl by 0.30%+0.39% (p-value=0.4430). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G significantly rised the MCVl by 1.60%+0.43% (p-value=0.0005). These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.352528-fold hypervolemic potency than Epo (p-value=0.0000).
Conclusion: The anti-oxidant capacities of U-74389G accelerate the acute hypervolemic properties; presenting 4.352528-fold rise on MCVl than epo (p-value=0.0000)
Pharmacodynamic study of Jerusalem artichoke particles in type I and II diabe...Premier Publishers
To study the therapeutic effect of Jerusalem artichoke particles in type I and type II diabetic rats. Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for 3 consecutive days to generate a type I diabetic rat model. The rats were orally administered Jerusalem artichoke particles (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg) once a day for 3 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined by ELISA. Male SD rats were fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet then received an intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg STZ to generate a type II diabetic rat model. The rats were treated as mentioned above for 4 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined using the glucose oxidase method. Jerusalem artichoke particles significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations in type I and type II diabetic rats. Following 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg Jerusalem artichoke particles treatment for specified weeks, blood glucose concentrations were decreased by 9.7%, 21.69% and 15.48% in type I diabetic rats, respectively; and type II diabetic rats were decreased by 12.07%, 28.57% and 21.80%, respectively. Jerusalem artichoke particles have a hypoglycemic effect in type I and type II diabetic rats.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows for the amplification of specific DNA sequences. It is a sensitive, selective, and rapid technique that can amplify DNA from a single cell over 20-30 cycles. The PCR process involves strand separation, primer annealing, and polymerization through repeated heating and cooling cycles. PCR has many applications including disease diagnosis, cancer detection, forensics, and evolutionary studies. DNA sequencing determines the nucleotide sequence of genes and helps elucidate gene structure, expression, and function. Microarrays can analyze gene expression patterns across thousands of genes simultaneously and have applications in disease diagnosis and drug discovery.
1. Insulin is stored in the body as a hexamer but is active as a monomer. Cow and pig are the best sources for animal insulin due to easy availability and high similarity to human insulin.
2. Porcine insulin differs from human insulin by one amino acid while bovine insulin differs at two amino acid positions. Minor differences do not impact receptor binding or activity.
3. Insulin and proinsulin have different molecular structures - insulin is a double-stranded polypeptide while proinsulin is single-stranded. This results in insulin having a faster formation of correct disulfide bonds when purified compared to proinsulin.
This document summarizes different classes of anti-diabetic medications, including their mechanisms of action and examples. It discusses insulin, insulin sensitizers like biguanides and thiazolidinediones, secretagogues such as sulfonylureas and meglitinides, as well as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, and other natural substances. The selection of anti-diabetic drugs depends on the type of diabetes, individual factors, and whether diet/exercise modifications sufficiently control blood glucose levels. Lifestyle changes are usually the first approach for type 2 diabetes.
1) The document describes a study evaluating a novel polyherbal antidiabetic tablet formulation developed from several plant extracts with traditional use in diabetes.
2) It outlines the experimental design which includes procurement and evaluation of raw materials, optimization of extract combinations, development and evaluation of a tablet dosage form, and assessment of anti-diabetic activity.
3) Key plants evaluated include Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Syzygium cumini, and Zingiber officinale, and the study aims to develop an optimized polyherbal tablet and confirm its anti-diabetic effects in a rat model of diabetes.
This document summarizes research on anti-diabetic assays using medicinal plants. It provides background on the growing diabetes epidemic and current treatments. It then reviews literature on anti-diabetic properties of Bergenia crassifolia, Syzygium cumini, and various seaweeds. The document describes methodology for alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays used to measure anti-diabetic activity. It discusses advantages of inhibition assays and prospects for new therapies targeting ghrelin O-acyltransferase or extracts from Terminalia paniculata and Actinidia kolomikta. The conclusion emphasizes diabetes as a major health challenge and potential of medicinal plants as anti-di
Insulin receptor and mechanism of signallingJuhi Arora
The document summarizes insulin signaling pathways. It describes how insulin binds to its receptor, causing dimerization and autophosphorylation. This leads to recruitment and phosphorylation of IRS and Shc proteins. The IRS pathway involves PI3K and Akt, promoting GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. The Shc pathway activates Ras, leading to MAPK cascade and cellular growth/proliferation responses. Key proteins, their roles, and evidence for mechanisms are discussed.
This document discusses various animal models used to study diabetes. It describes methods for inducing both type 1 diabetes (IDDM) and type 2 diabetes (NIDDM) in animals. For IDDM, models include chemical induction using alloxan or streptozocin, viral induction, surgical partial pancreatectomy, and genetic models like BB rats and NOD mice. For NIDDM, models include chemical induction using neonatal streptozocin or adrenaline, genetic obese models, hybrid crosses, and transgenic techniques. The document also discusses various in vitro methods used to study effects on pancreas, hepatocytes, muscle cells, adipocytes, and isolated tissues like diaphragm.
The document discusses diabetes and related topics. It defines diabetes, describes the different types, and explains insulin and its role in regulating blood glucose levels. It provides recommendations from WHO on diagnosing hyperglycemia in pregnancy. It lists plant families and compounds that show antidiabetic properties. Herbal drugs are classified based on their mechanisms of action and secondary metabolites. Various antidiabetic herbs, parts used, and active components are outlined. Symptoms and classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs are also mentioned.
The document discusses cellular signaling pathways and their role in diabetes. It explains that signaling pathways involve an initial signal, receptor, signaling molecules that transmit the message, and effectors that cause a cellular response. It then describes two common signaling mechanisms: (1) protein kinase cascades where one activated kinase activates another in a chain, amplifying the signal and speeding the response; and (2) second messenger pathways where a small molecule messenger amplifies and spreads the signal throughout the cell. Understanding these signaling mechanisms is important for understanding how diabetes occurs at the cellular level and for developing new diabetes treatments.
This document summarizes a study that examined the histological effects of Peganum harmala seed extract on the spleen, liver enzymes, and blood parameters of albino rats. Rats were administered normal saline or 1%, 2%, or 3% doses of P. harmala extract daily for one month. Higher doses caused more severe structural changes in the spleen, including hemorrhaging, degeneration, and necrosis. The extract also significantly affected body and liver weight. Blood glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly with treatment. While some liver enzymes were affected, white and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Histological examination showed dose-dependent damage to spleen tissue.
1) The study explored the effects of Physalis alkekengi and Alhagi maurorum extracts in ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
2) Cisplatin treatment significantly increased serum creatinine and urea levels as well as sodium and potassium excretion, while decreasing creatinine clearance, indicating renal dysfunction.
3) Oral administration of P. alkekengi or A. maurorum extracts for 10 days after cisplatin treatment reduced serum creatinine and urea levels and improved sodium and potassium excretion and creatinine clearance, demonstrating protective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney damage.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
This document summarizes in vitro experiments evaluating the anti-diabetic effects of alkaloidal fractions from Tinospora cordifolia and pentacyclic acid triterpenoids. Rat insulinoma cells were treated with fractions to measure insulin secretion. The fractions inhibited PTP-1B enzyme activity and glucose production in hepatocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating anti-diabetic effects. Molecular docking suggested the compounds bind to a secondary site on PTP-1B, inhibiting the enzyme by a mixed inhibition mechanism. The results suggest pentacyclic triterpenoids may have potential as insulin sensitizers for treating type 2 diabetes.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
Experimental evaluation of anti-diabeticsKirtan Bhatt
This document discusses experimental methods for evaluating anti-diabetic drugs. It describes various animal models of diabetes used, including those induced chemically, genetically, or surgically. Methods for measuring anti-diabetic activity include assessing glucose lowering effects in vivo in animals like rabbits, rats, mice, and dogs. The euglycemic clamp technique, a gold standard method, quantifies insulin sensitivity by infusing glucose to maintain blood sugar levels during insulin infusion in rats. A variety of genetic and transgenic animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are also summarized.
This study investigated the effects of aqueous alfalfa extract on blood glucose and lipid levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a non-diabetic control group, a diabetic control group, and two groups given 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of alfalfa extract. Alloxan injection resulted in higher blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver enzymes in diabetic rats compared to controls. Treatment with alfalfa extract significantly reduced glucose and lipid levels and improved liver enzymes and pancreas histology in a dose-dependent manner.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic effects of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Methanolic extracts of Vinca rosea reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and improved body weight, lipid profiles, and other diabetes-related biomarkers.
2) The extracts showed regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and restoration of cellular population in the islets of Langerhans.
3) The high dose extract (500mg/kg) was more effective than the low dose (300mg/kg) in managing diabetes symptoms after 14 days, showing similar effects to the antidiabetic drug gliben
Bosentan Ameliorates Diabetic Angiopathy and Nephropathy in Streptozotocin-In...iosrjce
Angiopathy and nephropathy are serious problems encountered in management of diabetes mellitus.
Angiotensin II (AII) and endothelins (ETs) receptors play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic
complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible renoprotective and antiangiopathic
effects of the non-selective endothelin (ET) receptor blocker bosentan in type 1 diabetic model of albino wister
rats. These rats were divided into four groups ( each group , N= 12 rats): control group (1), control group (2)
treated with bosentan (50 mg/kg/day), untreated diabetic group (3) and diabetic group (4) treated with
bosentan. Induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus in tested rats was performed by a single injection, in the tail vein,
of 35 mg/kg streptozotozin after overnight fast. Treatment with bosentan was continued for 12 weeks during
which the 24h urine volume, urinary albumin content, urine and plasma levels of creatinine as well as mean
non-invasive blood pressure (mean BP) were assessed at the end of each 4 weeks. At the end of the 12
th week
rats were sacrificed then the thoracic aortae were dissected for assessment of the vasorelaxant effect of
acetylcholine. Diabetic rats showed hyperglycemia, polyuria, albuminuria, elevated mean BP, reduced
response to vasorelaxant effect of ACh. Bosentan significantly reduced albuminuria and lowered elevated mean
BP. In addition the drug restored the normal values of creatinine clearance and improved vascular reactivity to
ACh. The present study suggested a possible renoprotective and aortic vasorelaxant effects by bosentan without
a significant effect on the control of blood glucose. The results of the present study was directed towards a
possible role of bosentan, as a drug acting on Endothelin receptors, in the improvement of diabetic angiopathy and nephropathy.
Comparison of the Acute Hypervolemic Capacities of Erythropoietin and U-74389...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Aim: This study compared the hyper volemic capacities of erythropoietin (Epo) and antioxidant drug U-74389G based on 2 preliminary studies. The provided results at mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) levels augmentation were co-evaluated in a hypoxia re oxygenation protocol of an animal model.
Materials and methods: MCV levels (MCVl) were evaluated at the 60th reoxygenation min (for groups A, C and E) and at the 120th reoxygenation min (for groups B, D and F) in 60 rats. Groups A and B received no drugs, rats from groups C and D were administered with Epo; whereas rats from groups E and F were administered with U-74389G.
Results: The first preliminary study of Epo non-significantly increased the MCVl by 0.30%+0.39% (p-value=0.4430). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G significantly rised the MCVl by 1.60%+0.43% (p-value=0.0005). These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.352528-fold hypervolemic potency than Epo (p-value=0.0000).
Conclusion: The anti-oxidant capacities of U-74389G accelerate the acute hypervolemic properties; presenting 4.352528-fold rise on MCVl than epo (p-value=0.0000)
Pharmacodynamic study of Jerusalem artichoke particles in type I and II diabe...Premier Publishers
To study the therapeutic effect of Jerusalem artichoke particles in type I and type II diabetic rats. Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for 3 consecutive days to generate a type I diabetic rat model. The rats were orally administered Jerusalem artichoke particles (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg) once a day for 3 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined by ELISA. Male SD rats were fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet then received an intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg STZ to generate a type II diabetic rat model. The rats were treated as mentioned above for 4 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined using the glucose oxidase method. Jerusalem artichoke particles significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations in type I and type II diabetic rats. Following 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg Jerusalem artichoke particles treatment for specified weeks, blood glucose concentrations were decreased by 9.7%, 21.69% and 15.48% in type I diabetic rats, respectively; and type II diabetic rats were decreased by 12.07%, 28.57% and 21.80%, respectively. Jerusalem artichoke particles have a hypoglycemic effect in type I and type II diabetic rats.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows for the amplification of specific DNA sequences. It is a sensitive, selective, and rapid technique that can amplify DNA from a single cell over 20-30 cycles. The PCR process involves strand separation, primer annealing, and polymerization through repeated heating and cooling cycles. PCR has many applications including disease diagnosis, cancer detection, forensics, and evolutionary studies. DNA sequencing determines the nucleotide sequence of genes and helps elucidate gene structure, expression, and function. Microarrays can analyze gene expression patterns across thousands of genes simultaneously and have applications in disease diagnosis and drug discovery.
1. Insulin is stored in the body as a hexamer but is active as a monomer. Cow and pig are the best sources for animal insulin due to easy availability and high similarity to human insulin.
2. Porcine insulin differs from human insulin by one amino acid while bovine insulin differs at two amino acid positions. Minor differences do not impact receptor binding or activity.
3. Insulin and proinsulin have different molecular structures - insulin is a double-stranded polypeptide while proinsulin is single-stranded. This results in insulin having a faster formation of correct disulfide bonds when purified compared to proinsulin.
This document summarizes different classes of anti-diabetic medications, including their mechanisms of action and examples. It discusses insulin, insulin sensitizers like biguanides and thiazolidinediones, secretagogues such as sulfonylureas and meglitinides, as well as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, and other natural substances. The selection of anti-diabetic drugs depends on the type of diabetes, individual factors, and whether diet/exercise modifications sufficiently control blood glucose levels. Lifestyle changes are usually the first approach for type 2 diabetes.
1) The document describes a study evaluating a novel polyherbal antidiabetic tablet formulation developed from several plant extracts with traditional use in diabetes.
2) It outlines the experimental design which includes procurement and evaluation of raw materials, optimization of extract combinations, development and evaluation of a tablet dosage form, and assessment of anti-diabetic activity.
3) Key plants evaluated include Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Syzygium cumini, and Zingiber officinale, and the study aims to develop an optimized polyherbal tablet and confirm its anti-diabetic effects in a rat model of diabetes.
This document summarizes research on anti-diabetic assays using medicinal plants. It provides background on the growing diabetes epidemic and current treatments. It then reviews literature on anti-diabetic properties of Bergenia crassifolia, Syzygium cumini, and various seaweeds. The document describes methodology for alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays used to measure anti-diabetic activity. It discusses advantages of inhibition assays and prospects for new therapies targeting ghrelin O-acyltransferase or extracts from Terminalia paniculata and Actinidia kolomikta. The conclusion emphasizes diabetes as a major health challenge and potential of medicinal plants as anti-di
Insulin receptor and mechanism of signallingJuhi Arora
The document summarizes insulin signaling pathways. It describes how insulin binds to its receptor, causing dimerization and autophosphorylation. This leads to recruitment and phosphorylation of IRS and Shc proteins. The IRS pathway involves PI3K and Akt, promoting GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. The Shc pathway activates Ras, leading to MAPK cascade and cellular growth/proliferation responses. Key proteins, their roles, and evidence for mechanisms are discussed.
This document discusses various animal models used to study diabetes. It describes methods for inducing both type 1 diabetes (IDDM) and type 2 diabetes (NIDDM) in animals. For IDDM, models include chemical induction using alloxan or streptozocin, viral induction, surgical partial pancreatectomy, and genetic models like BB rats and NOD mice. For NIDDM, models include chemical induction using neonatal streptozocin or adrenaline, genetic obese models, hybrid crosses, and transgenic techniques. The document also discusses various in vitro methods used to study effects on pancreas, hepatocytes, muscle cells, adipocytes, and isolated tissues like diaphragm.
The document discusses diabetes and related topics. It defines diabetes, describes the different types, and explains insulin and its role in regulating blood glucose levels. It provides recommendations from WHO on diagnosing hyperglycemia in pregnancy. It lists plant families and compounds that show antidiabetic properties. Herbal drugs are classified based on their mechanisms of action and secondary metabolites. Various antidiabetic herbs, parts used, and active components are outlined. Symptoms and classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs are also mentioned.
The document discusses cellular signaling pathways and their role in diabetes. It explains that signaling pathways involve an initial signal, receptor, signaling molecules that transmit the message, and effectors that cause a cellular response. It then describes two common signaling mechanisms: (1) protein kinase cascades where one activated kinase activates another in a chain, amplifying the signal and speeding the response; and (2) second messenger pathways where a small molecule messenger amplifies and spreads the signal throughout the cell. Understanding these signaling mechanisms is important for understanding how diabetes occurs at the cellular level and for developing new diabetes treatments.
Introduction to Diabetes & anti diabetic drug screening methodsAnurag Raghuvanshi
This document provides an introduction to diabetes and anti-diabetic drug screening methods. It begins by classifying diabetes and defining the main types - type 1, type 2, gestational, and secondary. It then describes the pancreas and its beta cells that produce insulin. Various models for inducing diabetes in animals are discussed for screening anti-diabetic drugs, including chemical agents like alloxan and streptozotocin, viral induction, immune-mediated induction using anti-insulin serum, genetic alteration in mice/rats, pancreatectomy, and hormone-induced using dexamethasone. Common screening methods and their principles, procedures, advantages, and limitations are summarized.
The document discusses various types of signal transduction in cells. It describes how extracellular signals like hormones bind to cell surface receptors and trigger intracellular signaling pathways using second messengers. These pathways involve G proteins and the production of molecules like cyclic AMP and inositol triphosphates to activate enzymes like protein kinase A and C. This leads to changes in gene expression, metabolism and cell behavior in response to extracellular signals.
This document summarizes diabetes mellitus and insulin. It describes the different types of diabetes, how blood glucose and insulin levels are monitored, and the mechanisms and effects of insulin in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. It also discusses various insulin preparations and oral anti-diabetic drugs used to treat diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, dosages, durations, and potential adverse effects.
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin used to treat diabetes. It describes the two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by insulin deficiency and type 2 caused by insulin resistance. The document outlines several classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs including biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. It provides details on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, effects and side effects of drugs from each class.
This document summarizes key aspects of insulin including its history, structure, biosynthesis, transport, degradation, effects, and clinical correlations. It describes how insulin was first extracted from dog pancreases in 1921. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that are held together. It regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin increases glucose uptake and storage while decreasing gluconeogenesis. Clinically, insufficient insulin production can lead to symptoms of diabetes like frequent urination.
El documento proporciona una definición y clasificación de la diabetes mellitus. Explica que la diabetes tipo 1 es causada por la destrucción autoinmune de las células beta del páncreas que producen insulina, mientras que la diabetes tipo 2 se debe a la resistencia a la insulina. Describe las manifestaciones clínicas, complicaciones agudas y crónicas de ambos tipos, así como los tratamientos con insulina y medicamentos hipoglucemiantes. También cubre la diabetes gestacional.
There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is the most common type and is often linked to obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, and pre-diabetes means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 1 or 2. Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Testing involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Managing diabetes involves diet, exercise, medication and monitoring blood sugar levels. Long-term complications can affect the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves and skin if diabetes is
In vivo study on the efficacy of hypoglycemic activity of Spirulina plantesis...Open Access Research Paper
The ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis was investigated for antihyperglycemic effects in Long Evans rats. Three tests were carried out to assess these activities. The extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of glucose absorption and showed hypoglycemic effects at rats weighing from 110 – 150 gram. The anti-diabetic effects were estimated by measuring the amount of glucose in the samples collected after the experiment. The extract at a dose level of 250mg/kg showed significant result (p<0.05) at 15 minutes and the dose level of 500mg/kg showed significant efficacy (p<0.05) at 10 and 15 minutes and the glucose absorption rates were 38.94±0.21, 34.99±1.91 and 40.86±0.07 respectively. The present study explored the extra pancreatic action of the plant in Long Evans rats. This study suggests that ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis has anti-diabetic effects in a dose dependant manner and these may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats using streptozotocin to then study the effects of transplanting pancreatic islet cells. The researchers injected adult male Wistar rats intravenously with 60mg/kg of streptozotocin to destroy pancreatic beta cells and induce diabetes within 3 days. Diabetic and normal control rats were then monitored for changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels over 80 days. Biopsies of pancreatic tissue showed beta cell degeneration in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes, shown by increased glucose and decreased insulin/C-peptide and weight in treated rats compared to
This study evaluated the antidiabetic activity of Gluconarc (AYU-DIA), an Ayurvedic formulation, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into groups: normal control, diabetic control, groups treated with AYU-DIA doses of 105mg/kg or 210mg/kg, and a group treated with glibenclamide. AYU-DIA at 210mg/kg showed significant reduction in blood glucose in glucose tolerance and adrenaline hyperglycemia tests compared to controls. In alloxan-induced diabetes, AYU-DIA at 210mg/kg and glibenclamide significantly reduced blood glucose over 7 days compared to diabetic controls
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
1) The study characterized the hypoglycemic effects of a glycoprotein purified from the edible brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (UPGP).
2) UPGP showed dose-dependent inhibition of yeast and rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.29 mg/mL, respectively.
3) UPGP inhibition of alpha-glucosidase was stable under different temperatures and when exposed to metal ions. UPGP inhibition decreased slightly during gastric digestion but increased during duodenal digestion.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTION AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS O...Jing Zang
In recent studies Teucrium polium(T. polium ) was known as a hypoglycemic plants. But further research is needed to better understand the effect of Teucrium polium and biological active part of it. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the effect of different chromatographic fractions of aqueous and alcoholic extract of this plant on the level of insulin secretion and glucose content in hyperglycemic rat model. Also, our aim is determination of biological active fraction of aqueous and alcoholic extract of this plant. This study was carried out on the 36 rats. Hyperglycemia induced by administrating of 50 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally and glucose level was monitored for hyperglycemic status. Hyperglycemic was confirmed by blood glucose measurement. In each experiment 100 grams of Teucrium polium aerial parts powder were boiled with 2 Litter of distilled water for 36 h. The decoction preparation was then filtered through a gauz cloth followed by filtration through filter paper. The extract was evaporated to one-fifth of its original volume and kept at 4oC until its use. Determination of different fraction aqueous extract effect of Teucrium polium on glucose level and insulin secretion was carried out. Blood was collected from the tail of the rats. Then glucose and insulin level was evaluated. The hyperglycemic animals showed significant decrease in the blood glucose level in rats administered with fourth fraction compared with other factions. Administration of fourth fraction Teucrium polium aerial parts extract cause increase in insulin levels in alloxan-treated rats. Results suggest that treatment of fourth fraction Teucrium polium aerial parts extract may be useful in preventing the increase of glucose level in hyperglycemic rats. The interesting phenomenon of our results has shown that fourth fraction given parenterally possesses a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan hyperglycemic rats. Fourth fraction was found biological active and to be responsive to glucose challenge as evidenced by increase in insulin secretion.
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Comparative Effect of Daily Administration of Allium sativum and Allium cepa ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that compared the effects of daily administration of garlic and onion extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in female rats by injecting alloxan monohydrate. The diabetic rats were divided into groups that received either garlic extract, onion extract, or saline by oral administration for six weeks. Blood samples were then analyzed for glucose and other biomarkers. The results showed that both garlic and onion extracts significantly reduced serum glucose levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats, with the garlic extract proving more potent. No significant differences were found between the extracts in terms of protecting the kidneys and liver.
This study examined how type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats respond differently than healthy Wistar rats to activation of the autonomic nervous system by intracisternal injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The GK rats had higher baseline blood glucose levels compared to Wistar rats. TRH injection induced a greater insulin response but smaller decrease in blood glucose in GK rats, indicating impaired insulin secretion and action. Vagotomy blocked the insulin response, while adrenalectomy prevented the rise in blood glucose, showing the involvement of the vagus nerve and adrenal glands. The GK rats also had higher basal insulin gene expression but a lower response to TRH
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
This study compared the antidiabetic effects of methanolic extracts of leaves from Abroma augusta and seeds from Syzygium cumini in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were treated with either plant extract at 300 mg/kg body weight daily for 7 days. Treatment with both plant extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels and increased body weight compared to untreated diabetic rats. Histopathological analysis also showed improvements in treated rats compared to changes seen in untreated diabetic rats. The results indicate that both Abroma augusta and Syzygium cumini have antidiabetic properties and warrant further study of their active components for potential antidiabetic drug development.
This study compared the antidiabetic effects of methanolic extracts of Abroma augusta leaves and Syzygium
cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were treated with 300 mg/kg of each extract daily for 7
days. Both extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels and increased body weight compared to
untreated diabetic rats. Histopathological analysis also showed protective effects on tissues. The extracts
were found to have antidiabetic properties similar to the standard drugs metformin and glibenclamide,
suggesting their potential as antidiabetic agents.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Background: The present study sought to investigate erythrocyte glutathione S-transferases (GST),
NADH-Methaemoglobin reductase (NADH-MR) and Na+/K+-ATPase activities of hypoglycemic rats treated with
ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa as agent of glycemic control.
Methods: Hyperglycemia was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 0.1 mol/L alloxan monohydrate in
phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH = 7.4); dosage = 140 mg/kg. At the end of the experimental time
(t = 76 h), erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities as well as serum fasting blood sugar (FBS)
levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods.
Results: Serum FBS levels of control/normal (C/N) rats ranged between 72.93 ± 0.82–95.12 ± 0.92 mg/dL, whereas
experimental rats without glycemic control gave: 249.41 ± 1.03–256.11 ± 1.23 mg/dL. Hyperglycemic rats treated
with ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa exhibited comparative reduced serum levels of FBS alongside with
erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities. The average relative activities of the three enzymes and
corresponding order of enzyme activity in hyperglycemic rats treated with ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa
was: NADH-MR = 60.99% > GST = 47.81% > Na+/K+-ATPase = 46.81%. In the same order, relative activities of the three
enzymes in rats without glycemic control were: NADH-MR = 49.65% > GST = 23.69% > Na+/K+-ATPase = 17.02%.
Conclusion: Erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities gave insights into the pathophysiology of
diabetic state and served as biomarkers for ascertaining therapeutic control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in ratsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of water and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolia leaves in rats. Phytochemical analysis found both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and high levels of polyphenols. Rats treated with various doses of both extracts for 21 days had significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to controls, in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content may cause insulin-like effects by binding insulin receptors or stimulating insulin release, reducing blood glucose similarly to insulin and justifying G. latifolia's traditional use for treating diabetes.
Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in rats
Anti diabetic
1. Naresuan University Journal 2007; 15(1): 17-28 17
Antidiabetic and Long-term Effects of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus
Chunlada Bualeea
,Anan Ounaroonb
and Rattima Jeenapongsaa,*
a
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000,
Thailand.
b
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University,
Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
*Corresponding author. E-mail address: rattima@yahoo.com, rattima@nu.ac.th (R. Jeenapongsa)
Received 3 August 2006; accepted 28 March 2007
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus water extract in
alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Chronic effects of the extract on plasma glucose, lipids, blood biochemistry, some
drug-metabolizing enzymes and internal organ weights were also studied. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats
by subcutaneous injection of alloxan. After being confirmed as diabetic, the animals were orally administered
with distilled water or the extract at 0.0001, 0.001 or 0.01 g/kg body weight (BW) daily for 30 days. The results
showed that hypoglycemic effect of the extract was dose-dependently observed on day 7. The glucose lowering
effect was also continuously observed at the highest dose until the second week. The diabetic rats treated with
the extract at 0.0001 and 0.001 g/kg BW possessed greater alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity than the
diabetic control rats. The diabetic rats treated with the extract at 0.001 g/kg BW possessed increased plasma
triglyceride compared with the diabetic control rats. The diabetic control rats tended to possess decreased
aminopyrine-N-demethylase (APD) activity. Insulin or the extract could not reverse the enzyme activity to
the baseline value. However, the aniline hydroxylase (AH) activities were unchanged in all groups. The
diabetic-induced BW lost was minimized by the extract. Studies for long-term effects of the extract on internal
organ weights revealed that the normal rats treated with extract at 0.01 g/kg BW possessed increased weights of
heart and pancreas. The extract at 0.001 g/kg BW significantly reduced the diabetic effect on the kidney and liver
weights but failed to return them to the baseline values. The extract at 0.01 g/kg BW significantly reversed the
heart and lung weights to the normal values. It is concluded that E. grandiflorus water extract possesses a
hypoglycemic effect. The use of the extract should not be longer than two consecutive weeks. A close follow-up
for any possible toxicity should be performed during the chronic use of E. grandiflorus.
Keywords: Elaeocarpus grandiflorus; Diabetes; Hypoglycemia
Introduction
Elaeocarpus grandiflorus belongs to the family Elaeocarpaceae. Previous studies show
that E. grandiflorus possesses antibacterial (Rahman et al., 1998), anti-diuretic (Van Der Woerd,
1950) and antiviral (Kurokawa et al., 1993; Nawawi et al., 1999; Xu et al., 1996) activities.
Water extract of leaves, fruit and twigs of E. grandiflorus has been traditionally used to treat
diabetic patients while none of scientific data is available.Tannin, geraniin and 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy
geraniin have been isolated from E. grandiflorus leaves (Rahman et al., 1998).
Cytochrome P450 is composed of a number of CYP enzyme families that metabolize
a large number of compounds such as steroids, chemical carcinogens and drugs (Gibson & Skett,
1994). The CYP enzymes may be induced or suppressed in many pathophysiological conditions,
such as diabetes, cancer and inflammation (Po-Yung & Edward, 2001). It was reported that the
activities of some drug metabolizing enzymes were altered in chemical-induced diabetes animals
(Po-Yung & Edward, 2001). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the chronic effect of
E.grandiflorusonplasmaglucoselevels,onsomehepaticenzymefunctionsandonplasmalipidin
alloxan-induced diabetes rats. In addition, long-term effects of E. grandiflorus extract on rat
internalorganswerealsostudiedbymeasuringtheorganweights.
2. 18 Naresuan University Journal 2007; 15(1)
Materials and Methods
Animals
Adult male Wistar rats (190-260 g) were obtained from the National LaboratoryAnimal
CentreofMahidolUniversity,Thailand. Theywerehousedinaroomwithcontrolledtemperature
(23+2 o
C) and a 12-hr light/ 12-hr dark cycle. The animals had free access to food and water
except on the day of plasma glucose measurement. The study protocol was approved by the
NaresuanUniversityEthicalCommittee.
Plantmaterials
E. grandiflorus was collected from Poi Waterfall area, Wangthong District, Phitsanulok,
Thailand. Avoucherspecimen(NO.6863)wasdepositedatRoyalForestDepartment,Ministryof
AgricultureandCooperatives.
Extractpreparation
Water extract of E. grandiflorus was prepared according to the traditional use. Dried
E.grandiflorusleaves,twigsandfruitswereweighedintheratioof3:4:1byweightandthenboiled
with 3 liter of distilled water for 3 hr.The aqueous extract was filtered and freeze-dried.
Inductionofdiabetes
Afreshlypreparedsolutionofalloxan(120mg/kgbodyweight(BW),Sigma-Aldrich,USA)
in 0.9% NaCl was subcutaneously injected to 24-hr fasted rats (Poopat, 1993). After 24 hr of the
treatment,bloodglucosewasmeasuredusingGlucostripreadonaGlucometer.Theanimalshaving
blood glucose exceeded 200 mg/dl were judged to be diabetic and then chosen for the subsequent
experiments.
Treatmentprotocol
Theanimalsweredividedintosevengroups(fiveratsineachgroup).Thefirstthreegroups
were:normalcontrolratsorallyreceivingdistilledwater(DW);normalcontrolratsorallyreceiving
the extract (0.01 g/kg BW); and diabetic rats orally receiving DW. The other four groups were
diabeticratsintraperitoneallyinjectedwithinsulin(6U/kgBW)anddiabeticratsorallyreceivingthe
extract at the doses of 0.0001, 0.001 or 0.01 g/kg BW. The treatment was performed daily for
30 days.
Collection of blood samples
The rats were fasted for 15 hr before blood collection. Blood was collected from the tail
vein and the extract was administered immediately. After 30 min, equal volume of blood was
collectedagainandglucose(1.25g/kg)wasorallyadministered. Thenbloodwasfurthercollected
forfivetimesatevery30min.
Plasmaglucosedetermination
Plasma glucose was determined by glucose oxidase method (Peungvicha et al., 1998).
Regarding long-term treatment, plasma glucose was determined on days 7, 14, 21 and 30 after the
alloxaninjection(Nagappaetal.,2003withsomemodification).
Enzymeactivityassay
At the end of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed and liver microsomes were
prepared by CaCl2 precipitation (Lake, 1987). Protein concentration was measured by the method
3. Naresuan University Journal 2007; 15(1) 19
of Lowryetal(1951).Anilinehydroxylase(AH,CYP2E1)activitywasmeasuredbythemethodof
Schenkman et al (1967). Aminopyrine-N-demethylase (APD, CYP2C11) and p-Nitroanisole-O-
demethylase (p-NAOD, CYP1A1/2) activities were measured by the method of Nash (1953)
and Bidlack & Lowery (1982), respectively.
Long-term effects of E. grandiflorus on blood biochemistry and organ weight
Blood samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the study. They were
centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min. Plasma was obtained and stored at room temperature for
biochemicalanalysis.Plasmaaspartateaminotransferase(AST),alanineaminotransferase(ALT),
triglyceride,cholesterolandcreatinineweredeterminedbyanautomaticchemistryanalyzer(Roche
Diagnostics,Switzerland).
This study investigated long-term effects of the extract on internal organs by determining
organ weights. At the end of the study, all the rats were sacrificed. The liver, kidney, heart, lung,
spleen,urinaryandpancreaswereweighed. Theorganweightsareexpressedaspercentagesofthe
bodyweights.
Statisticalanalysis
Thestatisticalanalysiswasperformedbyone-wayanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)followed
bytheleastsignificantdifferent(LSD)test.Whenthenumberofgroupswas2,Student'st-testwas
used for comparison. Data are expressed as mean+standard error of mean (SEM).AP-value of
lessthan0.05wasconsideredasstatisticallysignificant.
Results
Effect of E. grandiflorus on plasma glucose in normal rats
Plasma glucose reached the maximum level at 30 min after the glucose administration
(Table 1). The same phenomena were observed with the extract-treated normal rats and
DW-treated diabetic rats. Therefore, this time point was employed for blood collection in the
subsequentlong-termstudy.Thediabeticcontrolratspossessedsignificantincreasedglucoselevels
compared with the normal control rats.
Hypoglycemic effect of E. grandiflorus in diabetic rats
The subcutaneous injection of alloxan induced diabetes in all rats. The plasma glucose
levelsofthediabeticratsat30minafterglucoseadministrationareshowninTable2.Inthediabetic
rats treated with DW, hyperglycemia existed for the whole period of the study. Insulin injection
significantly reduced plasma glucose levels compared with the DW-treated diabetic rats.
Hypoglycemic effect of the E. grandiflorus extract was dose-dependently observed on day 7. The
glucose lowering effect was also continuously observed at the highest dose until the second week.
Effect of E. grandiflorus on plasma lipid and blood biochemistry
Effect of the E. grandiflorus extract on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride were
investigated.Theplasmalipidsandbiochemistryweremeasuredatthebeginningandtheendofthe
treatment. Long-term treatment of the normal control rats with DW or the extract revealed
unchangedplasmalipidsandbiochemistryparameters(Table3).Althoughtheywerenotstatistically
significant, the diabetic control rats tended to possess greater plasma cholesterol and triglyceride
levelscomparedwiththeinitialvalues.
Treatment of the diabetic rats with the extract had no effect on the plasma cholesterol and
triglyceride. However,thediabeticratstreatedwith0.001g/kgBWextractexhibitedhigherplasma
4. 20 Naresuan University Journal 2007; 15(1)
triglyceride than that of the initial value. The diabetic control rats tended to possess greaterALT
activity compared with that of the normal control rats although it was not statistically significant.
The diabetic rats treated with the extract at the doses of 0.0001 and 0.001 g/kg BW possessed
greaterALTactivitythanthoseofthenormalandthediabeticcontrolrats.TheASTactivitiesofthe
diabetic rats treated with the extract at the dose 0.001 g/kg BW was significantly increased
compared with the normal and the diabetic control rats.
The DW-treated diabetic control rats possessed lower creatinine level compared with the
normal control rats. Treatment of the diabetic rats with the extract had no effect on the creatinine
level.
Effect of E. grandiflorus on hepatic enzyme function
Activities of AH, APD and p-NAOD were investigated at the end of the treatment.
The results show that theAH activity of all the treatment groups were not significantly different
(Table 4). The diabetic control rats tended to possess decreased APD activity compared to the
normal control group although this was not statistically significant. Decreased APD activities
were observed in the diabetic rats treated with insulin and the extract at the dose of 0.0001
and 0.001 g/kg BW. Regarding the p-NAOD activity, the normal rats treated with the extract
tendedtopossessanincreaseinthep-NAODactivityalthoughthiswasnotstatisticallysignificant.
Effect of E. grandiflorus on rat organ weights
After being sacrificed, the organ weights were recorded and the data are shown inTable 5.
Treatmentofthenormalcontrolratswiththeextract0.01g/kgBWsignificantlyincreasedweightsof
heart, kidney and pancreas. The diabetic control rats possessed increased all the organ weights,
except spleen weight, compared with the normal control group. Insulin treatment of the diabetic
rats restored the heart, lung and urinary bladder weights to the baseline values. The extract at the
doseof0.001g/kgBWsignificantlyreducedthediabeticeffectonthekidneyandliverweightsbut
failed to return them to the baseline values. The extract at the dose of 0.01 g/kg BW significantly
reversedtheheartandlungweightstothenormalvalues.
Effect of E. grandiflorus on body weight
The normal control rats progressively gained weight while the diabetic rats lost weight
duringthestudy(Table6).Thenormalratstreatedwiththeextracttendedtohavehigherweightgain
compared with the water-treated normal rats although this was not statistically significant.
Insulintreatmentreducedthediabeticeffectonbodyweightlost. Effectsoftheextractonthebody
weightgainweresignificantlyobservedonthethirdweek. Thediabetes-inducedbodyweightlost
wasminimizedbytheextracttreatment.
Discussion
The water extract of E. grandiflorus was investigated for its antidiabetic activity and
long-termeffectsontheorganweights.Thediabeticstatewasinducedbyintraperitonealinjection
of alloxan, one of the two most commonly used diabetogenic chemicals (Szkudelski et al., 1998;
Szkudelski, 2001). In this study alloxan effectively induced diabetes in all animals studied.
The plasma glucose levels observed were above the standard range for diabetes. The previous
studiesreportedthatsomeanimalsdieduponalloxaninjectionduetoitspotenteffectonpancreatic
cells and some other organs (Alarcon et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2005). However, our results did not
correspondtothepreviousstudiessincenoneof animalsdiedduringthestudy.Thismaybearesult
ofthedifferencesintheanimalstrainsandsources.Theratsusedinthisstudymaywithstandtothe
alloxandamagingeffectmorethantheothers.
5. NaresuanUniversityJournal2007;15(1)21
Table 1. Effect of E. grandiflorus water extract on glucose tolerance in fasted and glucose loaded normal rats
Table 2. Long-term effects of E. grandiflorus water extract on plasma glucose in normal and diabetic rats
* P<0.05 compared to the control. Data represent means + S.E.M.
Data represent means + S.E.M.
a
compared with the normal rats treated with DW
b
compared with the diabetic rats treated with DW
** P< 0.005.
*P<0.05.
6. 22NaresuanUniversityJournal2007;15(1)
Table 3. Effect of chronic exposure to E. grandiflorus water extract on plasma lipid and biochemistry
Data represent means + S.E.M.
* significant difference from the normal rats treated with DW on the final day.
# significant difference from the diabetic rats treated with DW on the final day.
7. NaresuanUniversityJournal2007;15(1)23
Table 4. Effect of chronic exposure to E. grandiflorus water extract on hepatic enzymes
Data represent means + S.E.M.
*p<0.05 compared with the normal rats treated with DW.
AH=Aniline hydroxylase
APD=Aminopyrine-N-demethylase
p-NAOD=p-nitroanisole-O-demethylase
8. 24NaresuanUniversityJournal2007;15(1)
Table 5. Organ weights of normal and diabetic rats treated with distilled water, insulin or E. grandiflorus extract
Data represent means + S.E.M.
* p<0.05 compared to the normal rats treated with DW.
# p<0.05 compared to the diabetic rats treated with DW.
9. NaresuanUniversityJournal2007;15(1)25
Table 6. Effect of E. grandiflorus on the % body weight change in diabetic rats in 30 days
Data represent means + S.E.M.
acompared with the normal rats treated with DW.
bcompared with the diabetic rats treated with DW.
*p<0.05 compared to the normal rats treated with DW.
#p<0.05 compared to the diabetic rats treated with DW.
10. 26 Naresuan University Journal 2007; 15(1)
Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were used as a model for studying hypoglycemic effects of
the E.grandiflorus water extract. The results demonstrate that the water extract possessed
an antidiabetic activity in the diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic activities were dose-dependently
observed on the first week of the treatment with a longer effect when the highest dose was used.
The hypoglycemic activity was unobserved during the rest of the study. However, the extract was
notabletorestoretheplasmaglucosetothebaselinevalue.ThisindicatesthatiftheE.grandiflorus
extract is going to be used to treat diabetic patients, it should be used with other means for diabetic
controlsuchasfoodrestrictionandhypoglycemicdrugs.
Regarding the effective period of the hypoglycemic activity, long-term use of the extract
doesnotprovidebettercontroloftheplasmaglucose. Itseffectisobservedonlyduringthefirsttwo
weeks. Therefore, it is recommended that the use of the E. grandiflorus should not be longer than
two consecutive weeks. This recommendation would also prevent the patients from the adverse
effects seen from the chronic use. However, more studies are required before any conclusion on
human use of E. grandiflorus as an antidiabetic can be made.
Generally,bodyweightsarereducedinthediabeticratsaswellasintypeIdiabeticpatients
(Bwititi et al., 2001; McDermott et al., 2003; Musabayane et al., 2005). In this study, the
decrease of body weights were diminished by the extract treatment, thus this effect may be useful
for the diabetic patients. Chronic diabetes usually results in disturbance of the plasma lipid profile
includingincreasedplasmacholesterolandtriglyceride(Safaketal.,2002).Thisstudyconfirmsthe
previous finding that the plasma lipids were increased in the diabetic rats. However, long-term
exposure with E. grandiflorus water extract or insulin could not improve the plasma lipids of the
diabetic rats.
A number of herbal medicines are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic (Nyarko et al., 2005).
Damagestotheliverandkidneyoftenresultinelevationsintheserumbiochemistryparameterssuch
as plasma AST and ALT and creatinine (Handerson, 2001). Increases in the plasma ALT are
observed in the condition in which pancreas, liver, kidney and heart are destroyed by alloxan
(Szkudelskietal.,1998;Szkudelski,2001).ThisstudyobservedanincreaseintheplasmaALTand
a decrease in the creatinine level which correspond with the previous study (Hwang et al., 2005).
Treatment with the extract tended to increase plasma AST and ALT levels in both normal and
diabeticratsindicatingpossibleunwantedeffectsoftheextractontheinternalorgan.
ThehepaticmicrosomalCYPenzymesareinvolvedinthemetabolismofvariousdrugsand
xenobiotics (Gibson & Skett, 1994). Chronic diabetes results in the increased activities of AH and
p-NAOD and the decrease in APD activity (Poopat, 1993; Po-Yung & Edward, 2001).
Thisstudyfoundthattheactivityof AHindiabeticratstreatedwithwater,insulinandextractdidnot
differ from the normal control rats.Aprevious study found that the activity ofAH began to decline
during weeks 4 and 8 after the diabetic induction (Barnett et al., 1994). Therefore, the appearance
oftheAHactivitymaybetheresultofthediseasepatternitself.Regardingthep-NAODactivity,this
study failed to detect any changes in the enzyme activity. However, theAPD activity tended to be
decreased which corresponds with the previous report. In addition, long-term treatment of the
diabeticratswithinsulinortheextracthadnoimprovingeffectontheenzymeactivity.
An alteration in the internal organ weights may primarily indicate toxicity or pathology
occurring to those organs. This study investigated long-term effects of E.grandiflorus through
recordingtheorganweightsattheendofthetreatmentinadditiontothehepaticenzymeactivityand
plasmabiochemistrymeasurement.Itwasfoundthatmostoftheorganweightsstudied,exceptthe
spleenweight,wereincreasedbythediabeticstate.Theinsulintreatmentcouldpreventorminimize
the increases in the weight of some organs. Chronic exposure did not correct the increased organ
weights in the diabetics. Regarding the renal system, extract treatment reduced weights of the
kidney and urinary bladder. This may be the result of antidiuretic effect of E.grandiflorus as
11. Naresuan University Journal 2007; 15(1) 27
reported previously. In the normal control rats treated with the extract, increased organ weights
wereidentifiedintheheartandpancreas. RegardingtheplasmaALTlevels,thediabeticratstreated
with the extract tended to have a greater amount of ALT compared to that of the diabetic control
rats.Theseresultstogethermaysuggestsomepossibletoxiceffectsontheliver.Thisshouldbealso
taken into consideration when E. grandiflorus is going to be used in long periods.
Conclusion
E. grandiflorus water extract possesses an antidiabetic activity. It should not be used for
longer than 14 consecutive days.Aclose follow-up for any possible toxicity should be performed
during the chronic use. Further studies are required to identify the active fractions that are
responsibleforhypoglycemicactivityandtoclarifymechanismsoftheiractions.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by The Thailand Research Fund and the Faculty of
PharmaceuticalSciences,NaresuanUniversity.
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