This document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the hydro-alcoholic stem bark extract of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. in diabetic rats. Key findings include: 1) The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays and was found to be non-toxic up to 2000 mg/kg. 2) In diabetic rats, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin levels, and positively affected lipid profiles and liver function markers. 3) Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver tissues showed protective effects of the extract against diabetes-induced damage. 4) The results suggest that the stem bark

1. Dr Ashishkumar Baheti
JR 1 ,MD Pharmacology
MGIMS , Sevagram
JOURNAL CLUB 3
3/12/2019
1

2. Antidiabetic activity of hydro-alcoholic stem
bark extract of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. with
antioxidant potential in diabetic rats
Julfikar Ali Junejo, Mithun Rudrapal, Lalit Mohan Nainwal, Kamaruz
Zaman
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University,
Dibrugarh, Assam, India
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy Vol.95 , 2017
2

3. 1. Introduction
• Diabetes mellitus (or Diabetes) is a
metabolic disease characterized by
hyperglycemia with abnormal
carbohydrate, fat and protein
metabolism resulting from defects
in insulin secretion, insulin action/both.
• Oxidative stress (OS) is believed to be the underlying cause of cellular
injury, tissue damage or organ dysfunctions commonly associated
with diabetic complications.
• Callicarpa arborea Roxb., known as beautyberry (English), is a shrub
or small evergreen tree, which belongs to family Verbenaceae.
3

4. Ethnobotanical study indicates that paste of the stem bark and juice
of C. arborea has been used by the tribals of Mizoram state of
Northeast India to cure cuts and wounds.
The leaves infusion has also been used for the management of
diabetes.
Moreover, since a biochemical relationship exists between diabetic
hyperglycemia and cellular oxidative stress, the antidiabetic activity
evaluation of the hydro-alcoholic extract (HAE) of C. arborea stem
bark was carried out along with the antioxidant activity study.
4

5. 2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Chemicals
All chemicals and reagents, Commercial reagent kits were procured
from Rankem, Mumbai and Himedia Laboratories Ltd., Mumbai, and
SPAN Diagnostics Ltd., Surat (India).
2.2 Plant material
Stem bark of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. were collected from forest areas
of Dibrugarh district, Assam during the month of December 2014.
The plant species was identified and authenticated.
5

6. 2.3 Preparation of hydro-alcoholic extract (HAE)
100 g of powdered stem barks was used for the preparation of extract.
Powdered stem barks were extracted using sufficient quantity (1000
ml) of ethanol:water mixture (7:3) by cold maceration for 24 h.
2.4 Test Animals
Healthy Wistar male albino rats (240–260 g)
2.5 Phytochemical screening
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the HAE was carried out for
detection of the presence of various phytoconstitutents.
6

7. 2.6 Estimation of phenolic and flavonoid contents
The total phenolic content of the HAE was evaluated following the
Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method
The total flavonoid content was estimated using the aluminum chloride
colorimetric method
2.7 In vitro antioxidant activity
The in vitro antioxidant activity of HAE was carried out by the following
three assay methods in accordance with previously reported
procedures with minor modifications. Lipid peroxidation scavenging
activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and Superoxide radical
scavenging activity.
7

8. 2.8 Acute oral toxicity study
Over-night fasted rats were randomly divided into six groups of six
animals each.
Rats of different groups were administered with increasing doses (250,
500, 1000, 2000 and 2000 mg/kg b.w.) of the HAE.
One group was maintained as normal control and was given vehicle
alone.
The animals were observed individually for first one hour for any gross
behavioral changes if any, and then periodically for the next 24 h, and
then at every 24 h for any signs of acute toxicity over a period of 14
days.
8

9. 2.9 Oral glucose tolerane (OGT) test
Glucose 2 g/kg was fed orally 30 min after the administration of HAE
and metformin hydrochloride.
Blood was withdrawn from the tail vein at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min
Group 1 (n=6) Normal control vehicle (0.5% CMC w/v in NS).
Group 2 (n=6) Test group HAE at 250 mg/kg b.w.
Group 3 (n=6) Test group HAE at 500 mg/kg b.w.
Group 4 (n=6) Treatment group metformin hydrochloride (5
mg/kg b.w.).
9

10. 2.10 Hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Diabetes was induced in overnight fasted animals by a single
intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/ kg b.w. in
normal saline).
Blood was collected from the tail vein each time for the determination
of glucose levels on 0, 7, 14 and 21 day.
Group 1 (n=6) Normal control vehicle (0.5% CMC w/v in NS).
Group 2 (n=6) Diabetic control vehicle (0.5% CMC w/v in NS).
Group 3 (n=6) Test group 1 HAE at 250 mg/kg b.w.
Group 4 (n=6) Test group 2 HAE at 500 mg/kg b.w.
Group 5 (n=6) Standard group metformin hydrochloride (5 mg/kg
b.w.).
10

11. 2.11 Liver and kidney function tests
Blood was collected , The serum was separated by centrifugation
(2000 rpm, 10 min) for estimation of various biochemical
parameters.
Serum insulin levels were measured by the microplate ELISA method
using a commercial kit (SPAN Diagnostics Ltd.).
Serum lipid profile was estimated using commercially available kits
(SPAN Diagnostics kit). Serum was used to estimate glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate
transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein
(TPR) and creatinine (CRTN).
11

12. 2.12 In vivo antioxidant activity
On 21st day, all the groups of animals were anaesthetized using
diethyl ether, liver was dissected out, washed with normal saline
and one part was preserved in 10% formalin for histopathological
studies.
The other part of liver was homogenized by ice chilled Tris- HCl
buffer and used for activities/levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD),
catalase, reduced Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase
(GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA).
12

13. 2.13 Histopathological studies
At the end of 21th day of treatment, the animals were fasted for 12 h,
anaesthetized using diethyl ether and sacrificed by cervical dislocation.
Pancreas and liver were instantly dissected out, excised and rinsed in
ice-cold saline solution. Tissues were processed and after fixation,
tissues were dehydrated in ethanol (70–95%), cleared in xylene, and
embedded in paraffin, solid transverse sections of 4–5 mm thickness
were obtained by using a rotary microtome.
The section were stained with haematoxin-eosin and histopathological
observations were carried out under a light microscope.
2.14 Statistical analysis
one-way ANOVA followed by Student’s t-test.
13

14. 3. Results
3.1 Phytochemical screening
The percent yield of crude dried extract was found to be 68.78%, w/w
per dry weight of powdered stem barks. The results of preliminary
phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids,
glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
3.2 Acute toxicity study
No sign and symptoms of acute toxicity and mortality up to 2000
mg/kg body weight dose were observed during the whole
experimental period.
For further studies, the doses were fixed as 250 and 500 mg/kg body
weight. 14

15. 15

16. 3.3 In vitro antioxidant activity
Fig. 3.3.1. Superoxide radical scavenging activity. Values are mean ± SEM
of three replicate experiments. HAE, quercetin and gallic acid exhibited 78.47 ±
0.20%, 82.12 ± 0.44% and 85.33 ± 0.34% of scavenging effect respectively at the
highest tested concentration of 250 mg/ml.
16

17. Fig.3.3.2. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Values are mean ± SEM
of three replicate experiments. The percent inhibition of hydroxyl radicals
were 83.45 ± 0.18%, 87.37 ± 0.30% and 86.14 ± 0.49 for HAE, quercetin and gallic
acid respectively at the concentration of 250 mg/ml.
17

18. Fig. 3. Lipid peroxidation scavenging activity.
Values are mean ± SEM of three replicate experiments.
%Scavenging activity of HAE is statistically significant at p < 0.05,
compared to quercetin & gallic acid (standards). 64.11 ± 0.27%, while quercetin and gallic
acid inhibited by 74.27 ± 0.65%, and 71.09 ± 0.34%, respectively at 250 mg/ml
18

19. Fig. 4. OGT test. Values are mean ± SEM of three replicate
experiments. Activities of HAE and metformin are statistically
significant at p < 0.05, compared to normal control.
In OGT, HAE (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction of glucose load (plasma glucose level) as compared to normal
control group.
19

20. 20

21. 21

22. 3.8. Effect of HAE on lipid profile in diabetic rats
In diabetic rats, the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC),
and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly increased and
high density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly decreased. In
HAE (250 and 500 mg/kg) treated groups the TG, TC and LDL levels
activities were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced and the HDL level was
significantly (p < 0.05) increased as compared to diabetic control rats.
22

23. 23

24. Increased levels of MDA, an indicator of LPO, in diabetic rats were significantly (p < 0.05)
reduced after treatment with HAE (250 & 500 mg/kg) as compared to the normal rats.
24

25. Fig. 5. Histology of pancreas of experimental rats after treatment with HAE, 500
mg/kg.
(A) Normal control, (B) Diabetic control, (C) Diabetic treated with HAE (500
mg/kg), (D) Diabetic treated with metformin.
25

26. Fig. 6. Histology of liver of experimental rats after treatment with HAE 500
mg/kg. (A) Normal control, (B) Diabetic control, (C) Diabetic treated with
HAE (500 mg/kg), (D) Diabetic treated with metformin.
26

27. 4. Discussion
 The intraperitoneal administration of STZ damages partially the
insulin secreting b-cells of the pancreas by breaking DNA strands
leading to decreased endogenous insulin release which ultimately
results in diabetes mellitus.
 Administration of HAE to diabetic rats showed a significant reduction
in the levels of blood glucose and an increase in the levels of serum
insulin and it was further supported by histopathological
observations.
 The liver glycogen content was markedly reduced in diabetic
animals, which was in proportion to insulin deficiency.
 Diabetic rats treated with HAE increased significantly the liver
glycogen content as compared to the diabetic control, which could
be due to increased insulin secretion.
27

28.  Under normal circumstances insulin activates enzyme
lipoprotein lipase and hydrolyses triglycerides.
 Diabetic rats treated with HAE significantly improved
serum TG and TC.
 The significant control of the levels of serum lipids in the
HAE treated diabetic rats might be attributed to
improvements in insulin levels.
 Significant lowering of LDL cholesterol and raise in HDL
cholesterol were observed in treated diabetic rats.
28

29.  Diabetic rats showed significantly increased level of CRTN.
 The significant reduction in the level of CRTN in HAE
treated diabetic rats indicated that the HAE prevented the
progression of renal damage in diabetic rats.
 In diabetes mellitus, high glucose level can inactivate
antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GSH and GPx by glycating
these proteins thus producing induced oxidative stress,
which in turn, causes lipid peroxidation.
 Furthermore, malonaldehyde (MDA) is one of the end
products in LPO process.
29

30.  LPO in the tissue homogenate was determined by measuring the
amounts of MDA produced primarily.
 SOD, CAT, GSH and GPx activities were increased to normal
indicating the efficacy of HAE in attenuating the oxidative stress
(OS) and eventual inhibition of LPO in diabetic liver.
 Decrease in MDA level indicated reduced rate of LPO in HAE
treated diabetes.
 In this study, a marked increase in the concentration of TBARS and
MDA were observed in STZ induced diabetic rats indicating the LPO
of tissues under OS.
 Since the HAE significantly decreased TBARS levels as well as MDA
in liver of diabetic rats indicating strong lipid peroxidation
scavenging activity of the HAE as antioxidant agent. 30

31.  Superoxide directly initiates LPO and plays an important role in the
formation of other ROS like hydroxyl radicals, which induce oxidative
damage in lipids, proteins and DNA.
 Hydroxyl radical is directly involved in the LPO process. Hydroxyl
radicals are more potent than superoxides, and HAE could effectively
scavenge these radicals together with the inhibition of LPO, where in
it scavenged active oxygen species by preventing the propagation of
free radical chain reaction as antioxidant.
 It is now assumed that the antioxidant activity is responsible for the
antidiabetic action of the HAE, and phenolic compounds and
flavonoids present in the HAE may be involved in reducing underlying
cellular OS and eventual hypoglycemic reactions.
31

32. 5. Conclusion
 The present study concludes that HAE showed potent hypoglycemic
activity in diabetic rats compared to normal rats with significant
improvement in body weight, levels of serum insulin, liver glycogen,
serum lipids, liver and kidney biochemical markers and liver
antioxidant enzymes levels of experimental animals.
 The antioxidant activity of C. arborea stem bark reported herein
signifies the potential of this plant species as herbal antioxidant with
possible role in the prevention of oxidative stress-induced diabetes
and associated disease complications.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
32

33. Criticism
1)Title – Clear, brief
Study design was not mentioned
2) Abstract - Provided an accurate summary of the
background, key methods, principal findings and
conclusions of the study
Introduction
3) Background- Included sufficient scientific
background
4) Objectives - Yes, objectives were Clearly described.
33

34. Methods
5) Ethical statement – Yes, animal ethics committee approval
was taken
6) Study design - The number of experimental and control
groups was mentioned for each experiment; sampling
method was mentioned
7) Experimental procedures – were explained in detail,
method of euthanasisa also mentioned.
8) Experimental animals - Provided details of the animals
used, including species, strain, sex, developmental stage,
weight, source of animal
34

35. 9) Housing and husbandary – type of facility, type of cage,
number of cage companions was mentioned.
10) Sample size - the number of animals in each group was
mentioned in each experiment.
Doesn’t mention How sample size was calculated?
11) Allocating animals to experimental groups – full details of
how animals were allocated, treated and assessed in different
experimental groups given.
12)Experimental outcomes -Yes, they were Clearly defined
13) Statistical methods – Yes, details of the statistical method
used for each analysis was mentioned
35

36. Results
14) Baseline data- Yes, it was mentioned.
15) Numbers analysed- the mean of all the animals
6/6 present in each group was used in analysis
16) Outcomes and estimation – Yes, it was
mentioned. P < 0.05 was considered statistically
significant, all the outcomes were mentioned
graphically and in tabular form.
17) Adverse events- No, there were no adverse
events 36

37. Discussion
18) Interpretation/ scientific implications- Yes,
interpretations of the study were mentioned
19) Generalisability/ translation- Yes, the findings of
the study were relevant to human biology
20 ) Funding – NO, source of funding was not
mentioned.
37

38. THANK
YOU
38

39. 39

40. FIG. 3
3.3.3. Lipid peroxidation scavenging activity
LP induced by Fe2+/ascorbate in rat liver homogenate was
found to be inhibited by the HAE in a concentration
dependant manner and a considerable amount of lipid
peroxidation inhibitory effect was observed by 64.11 ±
0.27%, while quercetin and gallic acid inhibited by 74.27 ±
0.65%, and 71.09 ± 0.34%, respectively at 250 mg/ml
(Fig. 3).
Test results were considered statistically significant when
compared to standard drugs (p < 0.05). 40

41. FIG. 5
3.11. Histopathological observations
3.11.1. Effect of HAE on pancreatic section in normal and diabetic
rats
Histopathological studies of pancreas (Fig. 5) of STZ-treated diabetic
rats exhibited reduction in the dimensions of islets, damaged b-cell
population and extensive necrotic changes followed by fibrosis and
atrophy (B).
HAE (500 mg/kg) and metformin treated rats restored the necrotic
and fibrotic changes and also increased the number and increased the
size of the islets (C).
In normal control group normal acini and normal cellular in the islets
of langerhans in the pancreas were observed (A). 41

42. FIG. 6
3.11.2 Effect of HAE on liver section in normal and diabetic rats
Photomicrographs of liver (Fig. 6) showed normal hepatic cells with
well preserved cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus and central vein (A).
In case of diabetic rats, the normal lobular structure was preserved.
The central vein was prominent and prominently congested. Focal
areas of hemorrhage were also seen. Vacuoliza- tion and fatty change
were evident. The portal tracts appeared normal (B).
In diabetic treated group (HAE 500 mg/kg), the hepatocytes portal
tracts and central veins appeared normal (C).
HAE treated group is comparable with metformin treated group (D)
and changes in treated groups are significant (p < 0.05) compared to
normal control group. 42