The document describes a system for skeletal bone age estimation using region extraction from X-ray images of the left hand and wrist. The system uses discrete wavelet transformation, energy-based segmentation, and the Jacobi method to extract features like the carpal region and epiphyseal/metaphysical region. These extracted features are classified using k-means clustering to determine the bone age. The system was tested on a sample of 24 X-ray images and results were discussed. Performance was compared to other existing bone age assessment methods.
Knee Joint Articular Cartilage Segmentation using Radial Search Method, Visua...CSCJournals
Knee is a complex and highly stressed joint of the human body. Articular Cartilage is a smooth hyaline spongy material between the tibia and femur bones of knee joint. Cartilage morphology change is an important biomarker for the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the modality widely used to image the knee joint because of its hazard free and soft tissue contrast. Cartilage thickness measurement and visualization is useful for early detection and progression of the disease in case of OA affected patients. In the present work, knee joint MR images of normal and OA affected are processed for segmentation and visualization of cartilage using semiautomatic method. The radial search method is used with minor modifications in search area to reduce computation time. Cartilage thickness and volume is measured in lateral, medial and patellar regions of femur. The overall accuracy of measurements is determined by comparing the measurements with another semiautomatic method based on edge detection and interpolation. It is observed a good correlation between quantification of cartilage in two methods. The method takes less time for segmentation because of reduced manual steps. The reduced cartilage thickness and volume is observed in OA affected knee of different level of progression.
Bone disease imaging for students 2012 part2Abo AwdA
The document discusses the diagnosis of bone tumors based on 4 factors:
1. The age of the patient
2. The location of the tumor within the bone
3. The radiological or imaging appearance of the tumor, which can be categorized into 4 types:
- Type 1a: Well-defined lucency with a sclerotic rim
- Type 1b: Well-defined lucency without a sclerotic rim
- Type 1c: Ill-defined lytic lesion
- Type 2: Patchy lysis of the medullary cavity
- Type 3: Small patchy lucencies in the medullary cavity and cortex
4. The histological or microscopic features of the tumor tissue
Comparison of X-ray and DXA for Evaluating OsteoporosisRSIS International
Osteoporosis is a thinning of the bone that leads to fracture with minimum force. It affects postmenopausal women and elderly of both genders. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is one of the parameter related to bone strength. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is currently considered as the “gold standard” for measuring BMD.To evaluate osteoporosis in postmenopausal women using low-cost digital hip radiograph in comparison with DXA as a gold standard; i) To evaluate the morphometry of proximal femur using digital radiograph in the diagnosing osteoporosis in Indian women. ii) To evaluate the morphometry of metacarpal using digital radiograph in the diagnosing osteoporosis in Indian women. iii) To evaluate the loss of trabeculae in the proximal femur using Singh’s index in Indian women. iv) To estimate of volumetric trabeculae at Neck of the Femur in the Evaluation of Osteoporosis. v) To calculate the energy at neck of the proximal femur using image processing technique.A free medical screening camp for osteoporosis was conducted at SRM Medical College and Research Institute. A total number of 50 (n=50) Indian women, 18 healthy pre menopausal women (n=18, 36.3 ± 8.7 years) and 32 post menopausal women (n=32, 58 ± 9.1 years) whose age ranged from 20- 85 years were included. A standard digital radiograph of the right hip was obtained in all study Indian women using a digital x-ray machine. The results obtained by DXA found that 20% and 34% of the Indian women were having osteoporosis and osteopenia respectively. The mean values of ratio of femoral length to femoral width (BC/DE), thickness of the medial Shaft Cortex (SC), width of the Acetabular bone (AW), lesser trochanter thickness of the Medial cortex (NC), and ratio of hip axis length to femoral width (AC/DE) were lesser in the osteoporotic Indian women than in normal Indian women. These values were found to be decreased by - 29%, -23%, -17%, -15%, and -10% respectively, when comparing to normal Indian women. The mean values of metacarpal index of all the five were decreased in osteoporotic patients by cortical thickness (D-d) and relative cortical thickness (D-d)/D was -31% -30.7% respectively, when comparing to normal Indian women. The femur neck and total hip BMD and Singh’s index were lesser by 41.6% and 33.7%,40% (p<0.01) respectively in osteoporotic post-menopausal women, comparing to normal post-menopausal women. The mean values of area and the volume of the proximal neck were decreased -20% and -21% in the osteoporotic Indian women than in normal Indian women.
3D Printing and the Future of Trabecular Bone Grafts-Crimson PublishersCrimson-Arthritis
This document discusses the potential for 3D printing to improve bone grafting procedures. It notes that autografts, currently the gold standard, have complications, while allografts have higher costs due to quality control. The document reviews efforts to create bone substitutes and scaffolds using 3D printing and additive manufacturing. However, accurately replicating the hierarchical porous structure of trabecular bone remains a challenge. Future research is still needed to develop 3D printed grafts that closely match natural bone properties and can be customized for individual patients.
This document discusses patterns, variants, artifacts, and pitfalls seen on conventional radionuclide bone imaging and SPECT/CT scans. It notes that bone scans have high sensitivity but variable specificity. It describes common normal variants seen in the skull, sternum, vertebrae and other bones that can mimic pathology. Knowing these variants is important to avoid misinterpretation of scans. The document also discusses how hybrid SPECT/CT imaging can help characterize indeterminate lesions seen on bone scans.
Imaging findings of metabolic bone diseases Pankaj Kaira
This document discusses various metabolic bone diseases including osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and others. It provides details on:
- The definition and causes of osteoporosis as well as how it leads to loss of horizontal trabecular bone.
- The differences between rickets, which affects growth plates, and osteomalacia, which affects mineralization of bone. Causes include vitamin D deficiency and other disorders.
- Features of various other metabolic bone diseases like hypophosphatasia, hyperparathyroidism, and their effects on bone structure and mineralization.
This document provides an overview of the structure of bone. It begins by classifying bones based on their location in the body, shape, size, texture, matrix arrangement, maturity, and developmental origin. It then discusses the composition, anatomy, microscopic structure, histogenesis, dynamics, functions, calcium and phosphate metabolism, mineralization, blood supply, and development of facial bones in detail across multiple sections. The document is a comprehensive review of the structure and properties of bone intended to educate readers on this important tissue.
The document discusses bone growth and formation, describing the cells involved in bone remodeling including osteoclasts which resorb bone, osteoblasts which form bone, and osteocytes. It also covers bone structure, the layers of bone, the process of bone growth, and methods used in forensic anthropology to analyze skeletal remains such as macroscopic analysis, metric analysis, and radiography.
Knee Joint Articular Cartilage Segmentation using Radial Search Method, Visua...CSCJournals
Knee is a complex and highly stressed joint of the human body. Articular Cartilage is a smooth hyaline spongy material between the tibia and femur bones of knee joint. Cartilage morphology change is an important biomarker for the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the modality widely used to image the knee joint because of its hazard free and soft tissue contrast. Cartilage thickness measurement and visualization is useful for early detection and progression of the disease in case of OA affected patients. In the present work, knee joint MR images of normal and OA affected are processed for segmentation and visualization of cartilage using semiautomatic method. The radial search method is used with minor modifications in search area to reduce computation time. Cartilage thickness and volume is measured in lateral, medial and patellar regions of femur. The overall accuracy of measurements is determined by comparing the measurements with another semiautomatic method based on edge detection and interpolation. It is observed a good correlation between quantification of cartilage in two methods. The method takes less time for segmentation because of reduced manual steps. The reduced cartilage thickness and volume is observed in OA affected knee of different level of progression.
Bone disease imaging for students 2012 part2Abo AwdA
The document discusses the diagnosis of bone tumors based on 4 factors:
1. The age of the patient
2. The location of the tumor within the bone
3. The radiological or imaging appearance of the tumor, which can be categorized into 4 types:
- Type 1a: Well-defined lucency with a sclerotic rim
- Type 1b: Well-defined lucency without a sclerotic rim
- Type 1c: Ill-defined lytic lesion
- Type 2: Patchy lysis of the medullary cavity
- Type 3: Small patchy lucencies in the medullary cavity and cortex
4. The histological or microscopic features of the tumor tissue
Comparison of X-ray and DXA for Evaluating OsteoporosisRSIS International
Osteoporosis is a thinning of the bone that leads to fracture with minimum force. It affects postmenopausal women and elderly of both genders. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is one of the parameter related to bone strength. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is currently considered as the “gold standard” for measuring BMD.To evaluate osteoporosis in postmenopausal women using low-cost digital hip radiograph in comparison with DXA as a gold standard; i) To evaluate the morphometry of proximal femur using digital radiograph in the diagnosing osteoporosis in Indian women. ii) To evaluate the morphometry of metacarpal using digital radiograph in the diagnosing osteoporosis in Indian women. iii) To evaluate the loss of trabeculae in the proximal femur using Singh’s index in Indian women. iv) To estimate of volumetric trabeculae at Neck of the Femur in the Evaluation of Osteoporosis. v) To calculate the energy at neck of the proximal femur using image processing technique.A free medical screening camp for osteoporosis was conducted at SRM Medical College and Research Institute. A total number of 50 (n=50) Indian women, 18 healthy pre menopausal women (n=18, 36.3 ± 8.7 years) and 32 post menopausal women (n=32, 58 ± 9.1 years) whose age ranged from 20- 85 years were included. A standard digital radiograph of the right hip was obtained in all study Indian women using a digital x-ray machine. The results obtained by DXA found that 20% and 34% of the Indian women were having osteoporosis and osteopenia respectively. The mean values of ratio of femoral length to femoral width (BC/DE), thickness of the medial Shaft Cortex (SC), width of the Acetabular bone (AW), lesser trochanter thickness of the Medial cortex (NC), and ratio of hip axis length to femoral width (AC/DE) were lesser in the osteoporotic Indian women than in normal Indian women. These values were found to be decreased by - 29%, -23%, -17%, -15%, and -10% respectively, when comparing to normal Indian women. The mean values of metacarpal index of all the five were decreased in osteoporotic patients by cortical thickness (D-d) and relative cortical thickness (D-d)/D was -31% -30.7% respectively, when comparing to normal Indian women. The femur neck and total hip BMD and Singh’s index were lesser by 41.6% and 33.7%,40% (p<0.01) respectively in osteoporotic post-menopausal women, comparing to normal post-menopausal women. The mean values of area and the volume of the proximal neck were decreased -20% and -21% in the osteoporotic Indian women than in normal Indian women.
3D Printing and the Future of Trabecular Bone Grafts-Crimson PublishersCrimson-Arthritis
This document discusses the potential for 3D printing to improve bone grafting procedures. It notes that autografts, currently the gold standard, have complications, while allografts have higher costs due to quality control. The document reviews efforts to create bone substitutes and scaffolds using 3D printing and additive manufacturing. However, accurately replicating the hierarchical porous structure of trabecular bone remains a challenge. Future research is still needed to develop 3D printed grafts that closely match natural bone properties and can be customized for individual patients.
This document discusses patterns, variants, artifacts, and pitfalls seen on conventional radionuclide bone imaging and SPECT/CT scans. It notes that bone scans have high sensitivity but variable specificity. It describes common normal variants seen in the skull, sternum, vertebrae and other bones that can mimic pathology. Knowing these variants is important to avoid misinterpretation of scans. The document also discusses how hybrid SPECT/CT imaging can help characterize indeterminate lesions seen on bone scans.
Imaging findings of metabolic bone diseases Pankaj Kaira
This document discusses various metabolic bone diseases including osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and others. It provides details on:
- The definition and causes of osteoporosis as well as how it leads to loss of horizontal trabecular bone.
- The differences between rickets, which affects growth plates, and osteomalacia, which affects mineralization of bone. Causes include vitamin D deficiency and other disorders.
- Features of various other metabolic bone diseases like hypophosphatasia, hyperparathyroidism, and their effects on bone structure and mineralization.
This document provides an overview of the structure of bone. It begins by classifying bones based on their location in the body, shape, size, texture, matrix arrangement, maturity, and developmental origin. It then discusses the composition, anatomy, microscopic structure, histogenesis, dynamics, functions, calcium and phosphate metabolism, mineralization, blood supply, and development of facial bones in detail across multiple sections. The document is a comprehensive review of the structure and properties of bone intended to educate readers on this important tissue.
The document discusses bone growth and formation, describing the cells involved in bone remodeling including osteoclasts which resorb bone, osteoblasts which form bone, and osteocytes. It also covers bone structure, the layers of bone, the process of bone growth, and methods used in forensic anthropology to analyze skeletal remains such as macroscopic analysis, metric analysis, and radiography.
This document summarizes research on communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the two main cells involved in bone remodeling. It discusses how osteoblasts can affect osteoclast formation and differentiation through several pathways, such as OPG/RANKL/RANK, ephrin2/ephB4, and M-CSF. It also reviews how osteoclasts can influence osteoblast activity through factors like Atp6v0d2. Direct cell-cell contact and cytokines released from resorbed bone matrix also facilitate communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Imbalances in this communication can lead to bone diseases like osteoporosis.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the structural and mechanical properties of human jaw bone attached to a tooth. Specifically, it examined "bundle bone", a type of adapted bone found in the jaw. Nanoscale imaging revealed bundle bone has a higher concentration of minerals and a higher elastic modulus than normal jaw bone. This suggests the adaptations in bundle bone allow it to better withstand forces from tooth movement and maintain the function of the bone-tooth complex joint. Understanding these adaptations could help address clinical issues like malocclusion and periodontal disease.
A Large Intra-Articular Ossicle in the Knee Joint-A Rare Occurrence_Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAICS
This document presents a case report of a rare occurrence of a large intra-articular ossicle in the knee joint of a 14-year-old male. Magnetic resonance imaging found a large ossicle impinging on the anterior cruciate ligament, causing lifting of the ligament anteriorly and laterally. Intra-articular ossicles in the knee are uncommon but can grow to a significant size, as seen in this case, producing mass effect and clinically mimicking an ACL injury. The etiology of intra-articular ossicles is unclear but may be congenital, traumatic, or degenerative in origin.
This document provides an overview of several bone dysplasias (skeletal abnormalities) with key radiographic features summarized for each. It discusses 7 specific dysplasias: Cleidocranial dysplasia, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteopetrosis, Achondroplasia, Mucopolysaccharidosis, Chondroectodermal dysplasia, and Pyknodysostosis. For each, it covers incidence, types if relevant, and the characteristic radiographic abnormalities seen in locations like the skull, spine, pelvis, and long bones. Common findings included bone fragility/fractures, vertebral anomalies, distinctive hand/wrist abnormalities, and skeletal disproportion
This document discusses bioprinting of osteochondral tissue, which contains both cartilage and bone regions. It outlines printing strategies using alginate hydrogel reinforced with PLA microfibers to mimic cartilage, and a PCL/HA scaffold to mimic bone's varying stiffness gradients. Mesenchymal stem cells would be seeded and differentiated into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The objectives are to 3D print a scaffold that mimics the native tissue structure and gradients, and evaluate its ability to regenerate tissue in vivo. Challenges include fully mimicking the varying mechanical properties and spatial organization of the native tissue.
Skeletal dysplasia is a genetically heterogeneous group of over 350 disorders that affect the development of bone and cartilage, leading to abnormalities in bone size, shape, and mineralization. Prenatally diagnosed skeletal dysplasias have a high risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, and perinatal death. The four most common types prenatally diagnosed are thanatophoric dysplasia, achondrogenesis, achondroplasia, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Prenatal diagnosis involves 2D imaging to identify skeletal abnormalities like shortened long bones, followed by amniocentesis, fetal echocardiogram, and referral to genetic specialists for counseling and management planning.
This document discusses ultrasound evaluation of the fetal musculoskeletal system. It begins by describing development of the fetal skeleton from various cell types and then discusses limb bud development. It describes the process of skeletogenesis and factors involved in patterning. It provides details on qualitative assessment of long bones and differential diagnosis of various skeletal dysplasias based on ultrasound findings. Key skeletal dysplasias discussed in detail include achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, achondrogenesis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and hypophosphatasia.
This document provides an overview of examining bones for medicolegal purposes. It discusses identifying whether a bone is human, determining characteristics like age, sex and stature. Tools used in examination include microscopy, X-rays and DNA analysis. The medicolegal importance is identification of victims and determining cause and manner of death. Proper documentation of where bones are recovered is important for the examination.
1) Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) uses sound waves to measure bone properties beyond mineral density, including microarchitecture. QUS of the calcaneus can predict fracture risk and monitor treatment effectiveness.
2) A study found QUS measurements of the calcaneus to be precise over both short and long time periods. QUS values correlate with bone mineral density at the calcaneus.
3) Several studies found that QUS measurements of the calcaneus predict vertebral bone mineral density and fracture risk, and may be more sensitive than DXA for diagnosing fractures and evaluating risk. QUS provides information on both bone mineral density and microarchitecture.
Hypothesis 1 is supported, as Old World Monkeys have more medially placed zygomaxillare superiors and anteriorly placed zygomaxillare inferiors compared to New World Monkeys. Hypothesis 2 is not fully supported, as only the robust New World Monkey species showed slightly more lateral zygomaxillare inferiors. Hypothesis 3 is also supported, as correlations between the zygomatic module and other landmarks were consistently higher than between the feeding and sensory units, indicating development has a stronger influence than function on integration patterns.
This document discusses Paget's disease of bone and provides several radiographic images as examples. Paget's disease causes abnormal breakdown and formation of bone. It often presents with lytic (destructive) lesions in the skull, appendicular skeleton, pelvis, spine, and femur as seen in the images. Complications can include bone deformity, fractures, arthritis, and in rare cases, malignant transformation to osteosarcoma as demonstrated in one of the later images showing a humerus lesion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document compares the results of MACI (matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation), a two-step cartilage repair technique, to AMIC (autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis), a one-step technique. A retrospective study of 30 patients who underwent MACI found mostly normal or near-normal arthroscopic and biopsy results. A separate study of 18 patients who received AMIC also found largely positive clinical outcomes and biopsy results indicating hyaline-like tissue, though further large prospective studies are still needed to directly compare the techniques.
This document describes and provides images of 18 different mandible lesions that can be identified on computed tomography scans. It includes examples of periapical cysts, follicular cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, solitary bone cysts, ameloblastomas, ossifying fibromas, osteosarcomas, metastases, apical peridontitis, chronic osteomyelitis, central giant cell granulomas, arteriovenous malformations, renal osteodystrophy, torus mandibularis, and fibrous dysplasia. Each image shows the appearance of the lesion on CT and helps distinguish the condition from other mandible pathologies.
Osteoid osteoma is among the commonest bone tumors, primarily affecting young subjects. Often localized in the diaphysis cortex of long bones, the disease has a well-described symptomatology and imagery of choice for diagnosis. When in a different location, the diagnosis is less evident. We describe a case herein of an intra-articular osteoid osteoma of the hip misdiagnosed as a femoro-acetabular impingement and treated by means of hip arthroscopy.
03 Cartilage And Bone Connective TissueKevin Young
This document provides an overview of bones and bone structure. It discusses how bones support vital organs, provide muscle attachments, and allow for body movement. It covers different bone cell types like osteoblasts and osteoclasts, bone growth and development, bone fractures and healing, and age-related bone conditions like osteoporosis. A variety of bone structures, features, and development processes are examined, from long bone anatomy to skull development.
This document discusses endocrine bone diseases including hyperparathyroidism, thyroid acropachy, and acromegaly.
Hyperparathyroidism is caused by increased parathyroid hormone levels leading to bone resorption. It can cause generalized osteopenia, Rugger Jersey spine, brown tumors, skull changes like the salt and pepper sign, and rib notching. Thyroid acropachy occurs in some patients with Graves' disease and causes thick periosteal reactions in the hands.
Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone secretion leading to gradual bone and soft tissue enlargement. Radiographic features include skull thickening and enlarged sinuses, spade-shaped phal
Bone isotope scans are a sensitive method for detecting bone abnormalities. They involve injecting radioactive tracers that are drawn to bone tissue, allowing areas of abnormal bone metabolism to be visualized. Common clinical uses include detecting bone cancer metastases, stress fractures, and infections like osteomyelitis. The scan may reveal single or multiple problematic areas and provides diagnostic information beyond plain X-rays.
Biological profiling from skeleton remains.PAñķåj JáņGřã
This document discusses biological profiling techniques used in forensic anthropology to analyze skeletal remains. It covers estimating age, sex, stature, ancestry, and cause and manner of death from bones. Age can be estimated from dental development in subadults or degenerative changes in adults. Sex is estimated by examining pelvic and skull morphology. Stature uses long bone measurements in regression equations. Ancestry examines cranial features. A case study example analyzes remains from New York to estimate age over 40 years old.
Forensic Anthropology* Sutures of the SkullDeepali Panwar
This topic is a part of Forensic Anthropology.
Forensic Anthropology
Sutures of the Skull
The sutures are a type of fibrous joint, found in between many of the bones that make up the skull. Today we're going to take a look at three sutures; the coronal suture, the sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture.
*There are four major sutures that connect the bones of the cranium together: the frontal or coronal, the sagittal, the lambdoid, and the squamous. The frontal suture connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones. The sagittal suture connects the two parietal bones.
Wavelets in Medical Image Processing On Hip Arthroplasty and De-Noising, Segm...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of wavelet transforms for medical image processing, specifically for hip arthroplasty. It provides background on wavelet transforms and how they can be used for tasks like de-noising and segmentation. The document then describes the key parameters measured in hip arthroplasty, including parameters from anterior-posterior and anterior-lateral x-rays both before and after prosthesis insertion. It also discusses using the DICOM standard to organize medical image data and extracting information from DICOM files.
Image compression using discrete wavelet transformHarshal Ladhe
This document discusses image compression using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as outlined in the JPEG2000 standard. It presents the basic block diagram of image compression, including the encoder and decoder. It demonstrates color and gray-scale image compression across multiple levels of compression, showing the original and compressed images. It concludes that DWT provides high compression ratios while maintaining image quality and outperforms other traditional techniques. Future work is proposed to implement neural network-based compression.
This document summarizes research on communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the two main cells involved in bone remodeling. It discusses how osteoblasts can affect osteoclast formation and differentiation through several pathways, such as OPG/RANKL/RANK, ephrin2/ephB4, and M-CSF. It also reviews how osteoclasts can influence osteoblast activity through factors like Atp6v0d2. Direct cell-cell contact and cytokines released from resorbed bone matrix also facilitate communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Imbalances in this communication can lead to bone diseases like osteoporosis.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the structural and mechanical properties of human jaw bone attached to a tooth. Specifically, it examined "bundle bone", a type of adapted bone found in the jaw. Nanoscale imaging revealed bundle bone has a higher concentration of minerals and a higher elastic modulus than normal jaw bone. This suggests the adaptations in bundle bone allow it to better withstand forces from tooth movement and maintain the function of the bone-tooth complex joint. Understanding these adaptations could help address clinical issues like malocclusion and periodontal disease.
A Large Intra-Articular Ossicle in the Knee Joint-A Rare Occurrence_Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAICS
This document presents a case report of a rare occurrence of a large intra-articular ossicle in the knee joint of a 14-year-old male. Magnetic resonance imaging found a large ossicle impinging on the anterior cruciate ligament, causing lifting of the ligament anteriorly and laterally. Intra-articular ossicles in the knee are uncommon but can grow to a significant size, as seen in this case, producing mass effect and clinically mimicking an ACL injury. The etiology of intra-articular ossicles is unclear but may be congenital, traumatic, or degenerative in origin.
This document provides an overview of several bone dysplasias (skeletal abnormalities) with key radiographic features summarized for each. It discusses 7 specific dysplasias: Cleidocranial dysplasia, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteopetrosis, Achondroplasia, Mucopolysaccharidosis, Chondroectodermal dysplasia, and Pyknodysostosis. For each, it covers incidence, types if relevant, and the characteristic radiographic abnormalities seen in locations like the skull, spine, pelvis, and long bones. Common findings included bone fragility/fractures, vertebral anomalies, distinctive hand/wrist abnormalities, and skeletal disproportion
This document discusses bioprinting of osteochondral tissue, which contains both cartilage and bone regions. It outlines printing strategies using alginate hydrogel reinforced with PLA microfibers to mimic cartilage, and a PCL/HA scaffold to mimic bone's varying stiffness gradients. Mesenchymal stem cells would be seeded and differentiated into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The objectives are to 3D print a scaffold that mimics the native tissue structure and gradients, and evaluate its ability to regenerate tissue in vivo. Challenges include fully mimicking the varying mechanical properties and spatial organization of the native tissue.
Skeletal dysplasia is a genetically heterogeneous group of over 350 disorders that affect the development of bone and cartilage, leading to abnormalities in bone size, shape, and mineralization. Prenatally diagnosed skeletal dysplasias have a high risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, and perinatal death. The four most common types prenatally diagnosed are thanatophoric dysplasia, achondrogenesis, achondroplasia, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Prenatal diagnosis involves 2D imaging to identify skeletal abnormalities like shortened long bones, followed by amniocentesis, fetal echocardiogram, and referral to genetic specialists for counseling and management planning.
This document discusses ultrasound evaluation of the fetal musculoskeletal system. It begins by describing development of the fetal skeleton from various cell types and then discusses limb bud development. It describes the process of skeletogenesis and factors involved in patterning. It provides details on qualitative assessment of long bones and differential diagnosis of various skeletal dysplasias based on ultrasound findings. Key skeletal dysplasias discussed in detail include achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, achondrogenesis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and hypophosphatasia.
This document provides an overview of examining bones for medicolegal purposes. It discusses identifying whether a bone is human, determining characteristics like age, sex and stature. Tools used in examination include microscopy, X-rays and DNA analysis. The medicolegal importance is identification of victims and determining cause and manner of death. Proper documentation of where bones are recovered is important for the examination.
1) Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) uses sound waves to measure bone properties beyond mineral density, including microarchitecture. QUS of the calcaneus can predict fracture risk and monitor treatment effectiveness.
2) A study found QUS measurements of the calcaneus to be precise over both short and long time periods. QUS values correlate with bone mineral density at the calcaneus.
3) Several studies found that QUS measurements of the calcaneus predict vertebral bone mineral density and fracture risk, and may be more sensitive than DXA for diagnosing fractures and evaluating risk. QUS provides information on both bone mineral density and microarchitecture.
Hypothesis 1 is supported, as Old World Monkeys have more medially placed zygomaxillare superiors and anteriorly placed zygomaxillare inferiors compared to New World Monkeys. Hypothesis 2 is not fully supported, as only the robust New World Monkey species showed slightly more lateral zygomaxillare inferiors. Hypothesis 3 is also supported, as correlations between the zygomatic module and other landmarks were consistently higher than between the feeding and sensory units, indicating development has a stronger influence than function on integration patterns.
This document discusses Paget's disease of bone and provides several radiographic images as examples. Paget's disease causes abnormal breakdown and formation of bone. It often presents with lytic (destructive) lesions in the skull, appendicular skeleton, pelvis, spine, and femur as seen in the images. Complications can include bone deformity, fractures, arthritis, and in rare cases, malignant transformation to osteosarcoma as demonstrated in one of the later images showing a humerus lesion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document compares the results of MACI (matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation), a two-step cartilage repair technique, to AMIC (autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis), a one-step technique. A retrospective study of 30 patients who underwent MACI found mostly normal or near-normal arthroscopic and biopsy results. A separate study of 18 patients who received AMIC also found largely positive clinical outcomes and biopsy results indicating hyaline-like tissue, though further large prospective studies are still needed to directly compare the techniques.
This document describes and provides images of 18 different mandible lesions that can be identified on computed tomography scans. It includes examples of periapical cysts, follicular cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, solitary bone cysts, ameloblastomas, ossifying fibromas, osteosarcomas, metastases, apical peridontitis, chronic osteomyelitis, central giant cell granulomas, arteriovenous malformations, renal osteodystrophy, torus mandibularis, and fibrous dysplasia. Each image shows the appearance of the lesion on CT and helps distinguish the condition from other mandible pathologies.
Osteoid osteoma is among the commonest bone tumors, primarily affecting young subjects. Often localized in the diaphysis cortex of long bones, the disease has a well-described symptomatology and imagery of choice for diagnosis. When in a different location, the diagnosis is less evident. We describe a case herein of an intra-articular osteoid osteoma of the hip misdiagnosed as a femoro-acetabular impingement and treated by means of hip arthroscopy.
03 Cartilage And Bone Connective TissueKevin Young
This document provides an overview of bones and bone structure. It discusses how bones support vital organs, provide muscle attachments, and allow for body movement. It covers different bone cell types like osteoblasts and osteoclasts, bone growth and development, bone fractures and healing, and age-related bone conditions like osteoporosis. A variety of bone structures, features, and development processes are examined, from long bone anatomy to skull development.
This document discusses endocrine bone diseases including hyperparathyroidism, thyroid acropachy, and acromegaly.
Hyperparathyroidism is caused by increased parathyroid hormone levels leading to bone resorption. It can cause generalized osteopenia, Rugger Jersey spine, brown tumors, skull changes like the salt and pepper sign, and rib notching. Thyroid acropachy occurs in some patients with Graves' disease and causes thick periosteal reactions in the hands.
Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone secretion leading to gradual bone and soft tissue enlargement. Radiographic features include skull thickening and enlarged sinuses, spade-shaped phal
Bone isotope scans are a sensitive method for detecting bone abnormalities. They involve injecting radioactive tracers that are drawn to bone tissue, allowing areas of abnormal bone metabolism to be visualized. Common clinical uses include detecting bone cancer metastases, stress fractures, and infections like osteomyelitis. The scan may reveal single or multiple problematic areas and provides diagnostic information beyond plain X-rays.
Biological profiling from skeleton remains.PAñķåj JáņGřã
This document discusses biological profiling techniques used in forensic anthropology to analyze skeletal remains. It covers estimating age, sex, stature, ancestry, and cause and manner of death from bones. Age can be estimated from dental development in subadults or degenerative changes in adults. Sex is estimated by examining pelvic and skull morphology. Stature uses long bone measurements in regression equations. Ancestry examines cranial features. A case study example analyzes remains from New York to estimate age over 40 years old.
Forensic Anthropology* Sutures of the SkullDeepali Panwar
This topic is a part of Forensic Anthropology.
Forensic Anthropology
Sutures of the Skull
The sutures are a type of fibrous joint, found in between many of the bones that make up the skull. Today we're going to take a look at three sutures; the coronal suture, the sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture.
*There are four major sutures that connect the bones of the cranium together: the frontal or coronal, the sagittal, the lambdoid, and the squamous. The frontal suture connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones. The sagittal suture connects the two parietal bones.
Wavelets in Medical Image Processing On Hip Arthroplasty and De-Noising, Segm...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of wavelet transforms for medical image processing, specifically for hip arthroplasty. It provides background on wavelet transforms and how they can be used for tasks like de-noising and segmentation. The document then describes the key parameters measured in hip arthroplasty, including parameters from anterior-posterior and anterior-lateral x-rays both before and after prosthesis insertion. It also discusses using the DICOM standard to organize medical image data and extracting information from DICOM files.
Image compression using discrete wavelet transformHarshal Ladhe
This document discusses image compression using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as outlined in the JPEG2000 standard. It presents the basic block diagram of image compression, including the encoder and decoder. It demonstrates color and gray-scale image compression across multiple levels of compression, showing the original and compressed images. It concludes that DWT provides high compression ratios while maintaining image quality and outperforms other traditional techniques. Future work is proposed to implement neural network-based compression.
This document provides information on fractures of the tibia. It begins with definitions of fractures and their various classifications. The causes of tibial fractures include direct forces, indirect forces, twisting, bending, and pathological fractures. Fracture patterns include transverse, oblique, spiral, impacted, comminuted, and compression fractures. Treatment options for tibial fractures depend on the fracture type and include casting, intramedullary nailing, plating, and external fixation. Complications can include nonunion, malunion, infection, and hardware failure. Open fractures require urgent debridement and antibiotics to prevent infection.
Scaphoid fractures are the most common carpal bone fractures, often occurring in young adults from falls on an outstretched hand. The scaphoid has a tenuous blood supply and is prone to non-union, especially for proximal pole fractures. Treatment depends on fracture type and stability, ranging from casting to operative fixation with screws. Complications include malunion, delayed union, non-union and avascular necrosis, requiring further procedures like bone grafting or carpal fusion.
Shallow introduction for Deep Learning Retinal Image AnalysisPetteriTeikariPhD
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This document provides an introduction to wavelet transforms. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including an overview of wavelet transforms, the limitations of Fourier transforms, the historical development of wavelets, the principle of wavelet transforms, examples of applications, and references. It then discusses the stationarity of signals and how Fourier transforms cannot show when frequency components occur over time. Short-time Fourier analysis is introduced as a solution, but it is noted that wavelet transforms provide a more flexible approach by allowing the window size to vary. The document proceeds to define what a wavelet is, discuss the historical development of wavelet theory, provide examples of popular mother wavelets, and explain the steps to compute a continuous wave
fracture and dislocation ppt . Almas khan. khorfakkhan hospital dubaialmasmkm
This document discusses fractures and dislocations, including:
- Signs and symptoms of fractures like pain, deformity, and loss of function
- Types of fractures such as complete, incomplete, open, comminuted, spiral, and stress fractures
- Emergency care for fractures including splinting, immobilization, and controlling bleeding
- Diagnosis using x-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to identify fracture type and location
- Treatment options like casting, internal fixation surgery, traction, and exercise
- Factors that can delay or prevent fracture healing like infection, movement, and poor blood supply
- The role of the radiographer in obtaining quality images to aid in diagnosis and monitoring healing
This document defines trauma and fractures, and describes the types and features of fractures and dislocations. It discusses [1] the signs and symptoms of fractures, including pain, swelling, deformity and loss of movement or feeling; [2] the process of fracture healing through callus formation; and [3] factors that can affect healing like age, health, nutrition and circulation. It also provides examples and illustrations of different fracture patterns like transverse, spiral, comminuted, impacted and compression fractures.
- Mandibular fractures are common injuries that may be encountered by dental surgeons. They can be classified based on type, site, and cause of the fracture.
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- Management involves addressing the airway, hemorrhage, and pain. Definitive treatment consists of reduction to realign fragments followed by immobilization to allow bone healing, which depends on the stability and mobility at the fracture site. Teeth in the line of fracture may require extraction.
This document discusses different types of femoral bone fractures including neck, intertrochanteric, subtrochanteric, and shaft fractures. It provides details on femoral neck fractures, including causes such as falls in the elderly and high-energy injuries in younger patients. Treatment options are discussed including internal fixation with screws or pins for displaced fractures or prosthetic replacement in elderly patients. Complications of femoral fractures include nonunion, osteonecrosis, healing inhibition, and for shaft fractures, vascular injury, thromboembolism, infection, and malunion.
1. The document describes different types of fractures including complete, incomplete, impacted and comminuted fractures. It also discusses fracture classification systems and factors that influence bone healing.
2. Clinical signs of fractures include pain, swelling, deformity, loss of function. Examination involves inspection, palpation, and assessment of range of motion. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosis and fracture characterization.
3. Potential complications of fractures include vascular or nerve injury, visceral injury, infection, and malunion. Proper diagnosis and management can help prevent long-term disability.
This document summarizes a student project on implementing lossless discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT). It provides an overview of the project, which includes introducing DWT, reviewing literature on lifting schemes for faster DWT computation, and simulating a 2D (5,3) DWT. The results show DWT blocks decomposing signals into high and low pass coefficients. Applications mentioned are in medical imaging, signal denoising, data compression and image processing. The conclusion discusses the need for lossless transforms in medical imaging. Future work could extend this to higher level transforms and applications like compression and watermarking.
The document discusses the hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of bone. At the macrostructural level, bone is divided into cortical and cancellous bone based on their density. Cortical bone forms the hard outer shell, while cancellous bone is found at the interior and has an irregular structure. Cancellous bone remodels more frequently than cortical bone. Mechanical properties vary between cortical and cancellous bone as well as between different bones and regions within the same bone.
Improving Bone Health
Aging can take a toll on bone health, but with proper care and attention, bone health can be improved to lower the risk of painful conditions like osteoporosis. Some tips for better bone health include taking calcium supplements, quitting smoking, and considering a bone density test to understand bone health status and determine if medications may help. Speaking to chiropractors at Fick Chiropractic Centers can provide more information on improving bone health.
Bone physiologynew /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses bone tumors and osteosarcoma. It begins with background on bone neoplasms, noting they can be benign or malignant. Primary bone neoplasms originate from bone tissue itself, while secondary neoplasms spread from other organs to bone. Most primary bone tumors are benign. Osteosarcoma is then discussed in more detail, as the most common primary malignant bone tumor. It typically presents in adolescents and young adults as pain in the metaphysis of long bones. Radiographs show characteristic features of bone destruction and formation. MRI is used to determine tumor extent prior to biopsy and treatment.
A Study of Interparietal Bones in Adult Human Skullsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Tissue reaction to dentofacial orthopedic appliances /certified fixed orthodo...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Antropological Comparision Between Human and Non-human Skeleton RemainsG.S Shaktawat
The skeleton remains can be found at the scene of crime and to confirm the skeleton belongs to human or non human is very important. And for this one should able to do the camparision among them and should drive the investigation in right path. So, In this presentation you will see the some comparisions between human and non human skeleton remains,which is an important topic of the Forensic Anthropology.
The Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Skeletal System Essay
Skeletal System
The Skeletal System Essay
The Skeletal System
Skeletal System Support Body
Skeletal System
The Skeletal System Essay
Chapter 5: the Skeletal System Essay
Healthy Skeletal System
Bone tissue is a complex living tissue that is continuously remodeling itself through the breakdown of old bone and formation of new bone. It consists of several cell types within an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and mineral salts. Bone provides structural support to the body, protects internal organs, assists in movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells, and stores fats. The continuous remodeling of bone tissue through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts allows bones to maintain their strength and repair damage.
Bone development and morphology / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Studying relation between sitting position and knee osteoarthritiiosrjce
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is the most common form of arthritis and leads to more activity
limitations (e.g., disability in walking and stair climbing) than any other disease, especially in the elderly. The
aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the sitting position and knee osteoarthritis. The study
involved fat males of knee pain and clinical diagnosis of early knee osteoarthritis this research is applied and
the research method is "descriptive-correlative". In order to collecting data was used questionnaire tool. Also,
in order to analyzing data was used statistical method such as Pierson coefficient and Chi-squared test. Data is
analyzed from both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics and graphs on the table will
describe the characteristics of the study sample. The researcher to analyze the hypotheses used Chi-square
method. The statistical society is Osteoarthritis disease males.
The document provides information about fractures of the skeletal system. It defines closed and open fractures, noting that open fractures have broken skin and are more prone to infection since the bone is exposed. It advises that if there is an open fracture with a protruding bone, one should call for help immediately while controlling bleeding with steady pressure on the wound until assistance arrives. The summary emphasizes the risks of open fractures and the importance of promptly seeking medical care for open fractures.
Advancement in Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Reviewiosrjce
In last decade, Tissue Engineering has moved a way ahead and has proposed solutions by replacing
the permanently or severely damaged tissues of our body. The field has expanded to tissue regeneration of
cartilage, bone, blood vessels, skin, etc. The domain of tissue engineering is very wide and is the combination of
bioengineering, biology & biochemistry. This review is focus on recent research advancement in bone tissue
engineering. Bone grafting techniques are used to replace the severely damaged due to any accident, trauma or
any disease. These are either allograft, autologous or synthetic bone properties similar to bone. Bone Tissue
Engineering is part of a synthetic technique and overcome the limitations faced in other two mentioned
techniques. Bone Tissue engineering is rapidly developing field and has become important due to its remarkable
therapeutic properties. Mesenchymal stem cells are used as starting cells in tissue regeneration. These cells get
differentiated into bone cells and start multiplying to form bone. One inevitable requirement of these growing
human cells is a strong support which helps in the proper growth. This support is known as scaffold, in tissue
engineering. For proper regeneration of cells scaffold materials plays vital importance in the field of bone tissue engineering. This review attempts is illustrate the biology of natural bone, various desirable properties of scaffold, biomaterials used for fabrication of scaffold and various fabrication techniques with examples of bone regenerate.
Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. There are several bone types classified by shape. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while short, flat, and irregular bones vary in shape. Bone tissue contains cells, water, collagen fibers, and minerals. Growth and remodeling is regulated by hormones and nutrients. Bones develop from cartilage templates in a multi-step process beginning before birth and continuing into early adulthood.
The document discusses bone matrix and disorders like osteoporosis. It describes how bone is made up of an organic matrix of collagen fibers and inorganic mineral salts like hydroxyapatite. In osteoporosis, there is a reduction in bone density due to increased resorption relative to formation. Diagnosis involves tests like DXA scans. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, hormones, and antiresorptive drugs like bisphosphonates which inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts.
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
It consist of detail content about different types of bone cells, two different type of bone formation and structure of long bone. easy to understand for students. language is simple.
The document discusses the skeletal system, including:
1. The functions of bone such as protection, movement, and blood production.
2. Methods of classifying bones by shape (long, short, flat), structure (compact, spongy), and location (axial, appendicular).
3. The structure of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphysis, and growth plates.
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This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
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This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
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This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
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This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
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This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
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Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
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Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p- ISSN: 2278-8727Volume 12, Issue 3 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 06-13
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
Skeletal Bone Age Analysis Using Emroi Technique
Dr. Shubhangi D. C1
, Sweta2
1
Professor, Department of Computer Science And Engineering, Poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering,
Gulbarga, Karnataka, India,
2
Department of Computer Science And Engineering, Poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering, Gulbarga,
Karnataka, India,
Abstract : Bones are calcified connective tissue forming the major portion of the skeleton of most vertebrates.
There are about 206 bones in our body and contains more calcium. Bones begin to develop before birth. From
the moment of birth until the time one has grown up, bones go through a set a characteristic changes. Therefore
the skeletal maturity, or bone age, can be estimated from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.
Children who grow exceptionally slow or fast are often examined by making a radiograph of their left hand and
wrist. The aim of this work is to develop a system for skeletal bone age estimation using region of extraction. By
analyzing left hand x-ray image, the feature extracted are CROI(Carpal ROI), EMROI
(Ephiphysial/Metaphysial ROI),using discrete wavelet transformation, ISEF edge detector, energy based
segmentation, Jacobi method, cell full and vertex full method. Extracted features are classified using k-mean
classifier. Results obtained on a sample of 24 X-rays are discussed. The systems were studied and their
performances were compared by various other methods.
Keywords - Bone age assessment, CROI, EMROI, Jacobi method, TW2 method.
I. Introduction
Bone is dense, semirigid, porous, calcified connective tissue forming the major portion of the skeleton
of most vertebrates. It consists of a dense organic matrix and an inorganic, mineral component. There are more
than 200 different bones in the human body. Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of
vertebrates. As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult,
the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray. The "bone age” is the
average age at which human reach this stage of bone maturation. A human current height and bone age can be
used to predict adult height in pediatric radiology [1]. Bones, such as those in the fingers and wrist, contain
"growing zones" at both ends called growth plates. These plates consist of special cells responsible for the
bones' growth in length. Growth plates are easy to spot on an X-ray because they're softer and contain less
mineral, making them appear darker on an X-ray image than the rest of the bone. A difference between bone age
with chronological age [2] might indicate a growth problem. In our proposed method bone age is determined by
detailed morphological analyses of left hand x-ray, using discrete wavelet transformation or image
transformation, energy based segmentation, Jacobi method, EMROI and CROI for feature extraction, ISEF edge
detector and k-mean classifier.
II. Related Work
Bone is the substance that forms the skeleton of the body. It serves as a storage area for calcium,
playing a large role in calcium balance in the blood. Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of the
endoskeleton of vertebrates. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes
and have a complex internal and external structure. The epiphysis [1] is the rounded end of a long bone, at its
joint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal
plate. At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the
epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone.
Submitted date 15 June 2013 Accepted Date: 20 June 2013
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Fig 1: Structure of bone
The diaphysis is the main or midsection of a long bone as shown in “Fig 1”. It is made up of cortical
bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue. It's a middle tubular part composed of compact bone
which surrounds a central marrow cavity which contains red or yellow marrow. In diaphysis, primary
ossification occurs. The metaphysis is the wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate. This is
the part of the bone that grows during childhood; as it grows, it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses. At
roughly 18 to 25 years of age, the metaphysis stops growing altogether and completely ossifies into solid bone.
Carpus [3] is anatomical assembly connecting the hand to forearm. In human anatomy, the main role
of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the
forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. The carpus
is the sole cluster of bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus as shown in “Fig 2”. The
bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers .The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate
vertically.
Fig 2 : Structure of carpal bone
The carpal bones are ossified endochondrally (from within the cartilage) and the ossific centers appear
only after birth. The formation of these centers roughly follows a chronological spiral pattern starting in the
capitate and hamate during the first year of life. The ulnar bones are then ossified before the radial bones, while
the sesamoid pisiform arises in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris after more than ten years.
TABLE I : Appearance of ossification centers of carpal bones.
The bone age study can help evaluate how fast or slowly a skeleton is maturing, which can help doctors
diagnose conditions that delay or accelerate physical growth and development. Bone age indicate diseases that
affect the levels of hormones involved in growth, such as growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism,
precocious puberty, and adrenal gland disorders, genetic growth disorders [3], such as Turner syndrome
(TS).The most commonly used method is based on a single x-ray of the left hand, fingers, and wrist. A hand is
easily x-rayed with minimal radiation and shows many bones in a single view. The bones in the x-ray are
Bone Average Variation
Capitate 2.5 months 1–6 months
Hamate 4-5.5 months 1–7 months
Triquetrum 2 years 5 months to 3 years
Lunate 5 years 2-5.5 years
Trapezium 6 years 4–8 years
Trapezoid 6 years 4–8 years
Scaphoid 6 years 4–7 years
Pisiform 12 years 8–12 years
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compared to the bones of a standard atlas, usually "Greulich and Pyle" [9][10]. Pal and King used fuzzy
functions [4] along with the successive use of contrast intensifier to isolate the regions in the property plane,
which could be used for further feature extraction from the X-ray films. (CASAS) system [4] is based on nine
prototype images for each bone, representing the nine stages of maturity. Dynamic thresholding technique [4] is
used to differentiate between the bones and the soft tissue. The changes in size and shape [5] of bones can be
seen by x-ray.BAA is universally used due to its simplicity, minimal radiation exposure, and the availability of
multiple ossification centers for evaluation of maturity [6]. The DGHT is a method which has been successfully
applied to object localization in medical images. The method combines the Generalized Hough Transform
(GHT) with the Discriminative Model Combination (DMC) [7]. A fuzzy methodology is used to translate the
natural language descriptions of the TW3 method [8] for bone age assessment into an automatic classifier. The
classifier is built upon a modified version of a fuzzy ID3 decision tree. No large data records are needed to train
the classifier, i.e., to find out the classification rules, since the classifier is built upon rules given by the TW3
method. A computerized BAE system based on the analysis of carpal features and to evaluate the value of BAE
by neural networks [11]. The registration method [12] is based on registering human left hand radiographs for
the purpose of bone age determination. The (ACR) k-mean clustering method [13] begins with bands
separations into vertical and horizontal direction. Next, the pixels of each section are clustered and performed
with GLCM texture analysis. At last, all the sections will be reconstructed based on the texture analysis. Hand
Bone Segmentation [14] is done to extract phalangeal and carpal feature from human hand. Statistical models
[15] of bone shape and appearance is useful for estimating skeletal maturity.
The methods for skeletal bone age estimation are the Greulich & Pyle (GP) [5] method and the Tanner
& Whitehouse (TW) [6] method. In GP method, a left-hand wrist radiograph is compared with a series of
radiographs grouped in the atlas according to age and sex.TW method uses a detailed analysis of each individual
bone, assigning it to one of eight classes reflecting its development stage for bone age. The TW3 [8] method is a
commonly accepted procedure in which the guidelines to analyze each bone are described using words (natural
language descriptions), sometimes in a vague way. In addition, one particular bone may show features
belonging to different stages or a particular bone shape could be classifiable into two possible predefined labels
of the same feature. A flexible classification method is needed to manage these sources of ambiguity. Fuzzy
logic is known to be a very flexible tool in classification problems where imprecise knowledge or not-well-
defined features have to be used.
III. System Design
The proposed system contains the following modules as shown in “Fig 3”. Image Preprocessing is done
to remove noise and eliminate irrelevant, visually unnecessary information and to crop the image, if both hands
are present in same x-ray image.
Fig 3 : Functional diagram of system
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Fig 4: Standard input image set
The input for preprocessing is the standard set of images as shown in “Fig 4”. The feature extraction
phase starts with testing input image. Image transformation is a function that takes an image as its input and
produces an image as its output depending on the transformation chosen, the input and output images may
appear entirely different and have different interpretation. The available methods are Fourier transformation,
principal component analysis, various spatial filters. For the proposed system we used the discrete wavelength
transformation. The DWT of a signal x is calculated by passing it through a series of filters. First the samples are
passed through a low pass filter with impulse response 𝑔 resulting in a convolution of the two :
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 ∗ 𝑔 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑔[𝑛 − 𝑘]∞
𝑘=−∞ (1)
A discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is any wavelet transform for which the wavelets are discretely
sampled. The transform of a signal is just another form of representing the signal. The Wavelet Transform
provides a time-frequency representation of the signal (1). The wavelet transforms captures both
frequency and location information. Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into
multiple segments. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries in images. More
precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with
the same label share certain visual characteristics. The result of image segmentation is a set of segments that
collectively cover the entire image, or a set of contours extracted from the image. The Energy based
segmentation introduces the energy-based segmentation approach wherein the energy of reconstructed surface(s)
is directly used to segment the data. For the proposed system Jacobi method is used for first time for bone age
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evaluation along with cell full and vertex full method. Jacobi method is an algorithm used for determining the
solutions of a proposed system of linear equations with largest absolute values in each row and column
dominated by the diagonal element. Each diagonal element is solved (2) for, and an approximate value plugged
in. The process is then iterated until it converges.
The solution is then obtained iteratively via:
𝑥(𝑘+1)
= 𝐷−1
𝑏 − 𝑅𝑥 𝑘
(2)
The element-based formula is thus:
𝑥𝑖
(𝑘+1)
=
1
𝑎 𝑖𝑖
𝑏𝑖 − 𝑎𝑖𝑗𝑗≠𝑖 𝑥𝑗
𝑘
, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛 (3)
Note that the computation of 𝑥𝑖
(𝑘+1)
requires each element in 𝑥(𝑘)
except itself. Unlike the Gauss–Seidel method,
it can't overwrite 𝑥𝑖
(𝑘)
with 𝑥𝑖
(𝑘+1)
(3), as that value will be needed by the rest of the computation. The
minimum amount of storage is two vectors of size n. Feature extracted are the edge detection of hand and wrist,
carpal region, epiphysial/metaphysical region, morphology of epiphysial, metaphysical along with carpal bones,
shape and distance between object as in “Fig 5”.
Morphology here deals with study of bone form and their specific structural features. The metacarpals are
more readily described than the phalanges. Because metacarpals are asymmetrical in their morphology which
allows them to be easily distinguished from each other. The lengths of the metacarpals and phalanges of the
human hand can be used to estimate the length of a long bone which in turn used to determine the bone age.
Fig 5: Emrois and Crois
Edge detection is a fundamental of low-level image processing and good edges are necessary for higher level
processing. Different edge detection techniques are the marr-hildreth edge detector, the canny edge detector, the
local threshold and boolean function based edge detection color edge detection using Euclidean distance and
vector angle color edge detection using the canny operator. The ISEF is a very high quality of edge detector on
images with high frequency uniform noise, which computes the difference of the exponentially weighted means
of each half window. Morphological boundary extraction uses some simple set operations to outline edges on
the boundaries of objects in an image. Edge detection is a well-developed field on its own within image
processing. Region boundaries and edges are closely related, since there is often a sharp adjustment in intensity
at the region boundaries. Edge detection techniques have therefore been used as the base of another
segmentation technique. The edges identified by edge detection are often disconnected. To segment an object
from an image however, one needs closed region boundaries. The desired edges are the boundaries between
such objects. Segmentation methods can also be applied to edges obtained from edge detectors. The proposed
system makes use of k-mean classifier. This classifier used to perform classification, or clustering, in a group of
images. This is most commonly applied to land cover classification using multi-spectral, remotely sensed
images. The algorithm starts by randomly locating k clusters in spectral space. Each pixel in the input image
group are then assigned to the nearest cluster centre and the cluster centre locations are moved to the average of
their class values. This process is then repeated until a stopping condition is met. The stopping condition may
either be a maximum number of iterations or a tolerance threshold which designates the smallest possible
distance to move cluster centers before stopping the iterative process. Next, the input images are compared with
standard images and bone age is obtained via result phase. And the process is repeated for different set of
images.
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IV. Experimental Results
Fig 6 : Gui of system proposed.
Skeletal hand image is given as input, which is transformed using discrete wavelength transformation.
Fig 7 : Snapshot of region extraction
Pattern based ROI extraction is done and feature extracted are phalangeal features and carpal bones features in
hand.
Fig 8 : Snapshot of vertex full for bone age determination.
Vertex full with Jacobi method is used for extraction.
Fig 9 : Snapshot of cell full for bone age determination.
Cell full with Jacobi method is used for extraction.
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Fig 10 : Snapshot of output
TABLE II : Age determined on different image set
S.no Image set Age determined Undetermined
1-5 5-8 8-15 15-18
1 50 11 8 12 16 3
2 100 20 22 24 27 7
3 250 58 60 53 70 9
4 500 123 106 156 100 15
TABLE III : Performance accuracy
S.no Age Proposed system accuracy
1 8 months to 2 years 90%
2 2 to 5 years 91%
3 5 to 8 years 93%
4 8 to 12 years 94%
5 12 to 15 years 95%
6 15 to 18 years 97%
The proposed approach has been tested on 24 standard x-ray images and various image sets. We used for bone
age assessment comparing standard images with input images. Region of extraction is done on carpal bones,
later on Epiphyseal/Metaphyseal Region Of Interest. We found that using carpal bones extraction bone age
assessment found 92-98% for x-ray images. Concerning classification, the average matching Percentage
between the obtained results and the radiologist’s evaluations is about 87%.The main advantage of the proposed
system is that it presents a high success rate of 95% with standard set of images, with removal of improper set of
images.
V. Conclusion
Skeletal maturity can be assessed in a number of ways. From the x-ray images as input for the proposed
system, the bone age can be estimated. From this estimate, together with other pieces of information such as the
calendar age, sex and height of the child and possibly information about the parents, the adult height can be
predicted. A big discrepancy between the calendar age and the bone age can indicate an atypical skeletal
development. In many cases the decision whether to treat a child with growth hormones depends on the outcome
of bone age estimation. We used EMROI, CROI, Jacobi method with morphological features in proposed
system. CROI based assessment investigates the size and shape of the carpal bones. In the newborn, the carpal
bones are nothing more than well defined dots, which grow bigger almost uniformly as the subject ages. This is
the reason that, in contrast to the EMROI approach, the CROI approach is more accurate in assessing skeletal
chronological maturity. Bone age assessment can be done on IR Imaging. Hence we found this proposed system
gives higher performance with great accuracy. This bone age assessment system offers a reliable, simpler and
more efficient alternative to current methods, for use by residents, fellows, radiologists, and pediatric
orthopaedic surgeons.
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