The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
AGE FACTORS IN ORTHODONTICS
An important consideration in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning is the age of the patient. In addition age factors influence the treatment mechanics and prognosis.
There are certain features which are normal to a child, however if present in an adult would constitute malocclusion. These malocclusions need no treatment at that age as they get corrected automatically as the age advances.
The chronological age may sometimes be misleading and may not reflect the exact growth status. Thus skeletal and dental ages of the patient should be ascertained for a more accurate diagnosis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Soft tissue analysis 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic Diagnosis And Treatment In Transverse Dimension
• In orthodontics, among the three planes of space - sagittal, vertical, and
transverse, the transverse is the least studied.
• The transverse facial growth normally completes before the sagittal and
vertical growth.
• Understanding the transverse growth is important in making proper
diagnosis and treatment planning of the transverse problems.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
AGE FACTORS IN ORTHODONTICS
An important consideration in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning is the age of the patient. In addition age factors influence the treatment mechanics and prognosis.
There are certain features which are normal to a child, however if present in an adult would constitute malocclusion. These malocclusions need no treatment at that age as they get corrected automatically as the age advances.
The chronological age may sometimes be misleading and may not reflect the exact growth status. Thus skeletal and dental ages of the patient should be ascertained for a more accurate diagnosis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Soft tissue analysis 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic Diagnosis And Treatment In Transverse Dimension
• In orthodontics, among the three planes of space - sagittal, vertical, and
transverse, the transverse is the least studied.
• The transverse facial growth normally completes before the sagittal and
vertical growth.
• Understanding the transverse growth is important in making proper
diagnosis and treatment planning of the transverse problems.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Skeletal maturity indicators /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
skeletal maturity indicators in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic cou...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Skeletal maturity indicators /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
skeletal maturity indicators /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Early vs late orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Copy of growth and development of the mandible1/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tissue reaction to dentofacial orthopedic appliances /certified fixed orthodo...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Theories of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Histological changes in dentofacial orthopaedics1 /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Theroies of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Modus operandi of functional appliances mallik /prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth pattern of mandible /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Theories /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
4. Functional Matrix Hypothesis
(Moss’ Hypothesis-1968)
“The functional matrix is primary and the
presence, size, shape, spatial position, and
growth of any skeletal unit is secondary,
compensatory, and mechanically obligated to
changes in the size, shape, spatial position of
its related functional matrix”
PROFESSOR MEVLIN L MOSS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Functional Matrix Hypothesis
(Moss’ Hypothesis)
“The origin, development and maintenance of
all skeletal units are secondary, compensatory
and mechanically obligatory responses to
temporally and operationally prior demands of
related functional matrices.”www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. The functional cranial component is
divided into two:
• Functional Matrix
• Skeletal Unit.
•All the tissues, organs and spaces comprise the
functional matrix
•Skeletal matrix comprises the skeletal unit.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Skeletal unit:
All skeletal tissues associated with a single
function are called “skeletal unit”. E.g. bone,
cartilage and tendinious tissue.
When a bone is comprised of several contiguous skeletal units,
they are termed as “micro- skeletal units”.
Maxilla and Mandible are comprised of number of such Micro-
Skeletal Units.
e.g. Mandible: alveolar,angular,condylar,gonial,mental,coronoid
and Basal skeletal units.
Maxilla: Orbit, Pneumatic,, palatal micro skeletal units.www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Types of Functional Matrix
1. Periosteal matrix
(e.g., muscles, blood vessels,
nerves and glands)
Act directly on skeletal units
Deposition and resorption
Affect size and/or shape
2. Capsular matrix
(e.g., brain, oral cavity)
Passive growth
No deposition
No resorption
Affect location
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Growth
Active growth (Periosteal)
+
Passive growth (Capsular)
=
Total growth
Craniofacial Growth
Active growth process
1) Sutural growth
2) Bone remodeling
3) Cephalic cartilage growth
Passive growth process
1) The growth of neural,
orbital, CSF, and other
masses and real substances
2) The expansion of oro- naso-
pharyngeal and other functioning
spaces
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. He theorizes that growth of face
occurs as response to functional needs
and neurotrophic influences, and is
mediated by the soft tissue in which
the jaws are embedded.
The soft tissues grow, and both bone and
cartilage react.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. The growth of cranium is a
direct response to the growth of
the brain.
Pressure exerted by the growing
brain separates the bones at
sutures, and new bone passively
fills in at these sites .
e.g. Microcephaly &
Hydrocephaly are
explanatory.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Enlarged eye or small eye causes a
corresponding change in the orbital cavity.
Moss theorizes that major determinant of
growth of maxilla and mandible is enlargement
of nasal and oral cavities, which grow in
response to functional needs.
Absence of normal function would have wide-
ranging effects.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Resulting loss of condyle in condylar # does
not impede mandibular growth.
Children in whom a growth deficit occurs,
may be due to interference with normal
function.
Mandibular Ankylosis.
Infection or trauma in the TMJ, leading to
scarring causes mechanical restriction, thus
impeding the growth .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Illizarow: 1950
Demonstrated that bone can be induced to
grow at surgically created sites by a method
called Distraction osteogenesis.
“If cuts were made through
the cortex of any bone, they
could be lengthened by
applying graduated traction
(.5-1.5mm/day) after initial
callus formation (7 days).
Large amounts of new bone
can be formed in between the
cut segments”. www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Distraction osteogenesis is now a days
widely used in lengthening Arms or
legs by several centimeters.
In 1992, McCarthy et al, reported the first
clinical cases of mandibular lengthening
by gradual distraction.
Molina et al, reported mandibular
elongation by distraction as a farewell to
major osteotomies.
Reconstruction of mandibular and
maxillary defects, treating patients
with “hemi facial microsomia” is
done now a days by distraction
osteogenesis. www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Mouth breathing children tend to have
higher mandibular inclination and more
vertical growth. These findings support
the influence of the breathing mode in
craniofacial development.
V.71, n.2, 156-60, mar./apr. 2005
Fernanda Campos Rosetti Lessa,etal
Otorrinolaringol.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Teacher: " Where were U born?
Sardar : In Tiruvanantapuram.
Teacher: Spell it?
Sardar : (after thinking) I think I was born in GOA.
Thought for the Day!!!
If you call your mother as MUM..
What will you call Mother's younger
sis and elder sis?
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Introduction
Chronological age is often not sufficient for
assessing the developmental stage and
somatic maturity of the patient.
The biological age is determined from the
skeletal, dental and morphologic age and
the onset of puberty.
Due to individual variations in timing, duration
and velocity of growth, skeletal age
assessment is essential in formulating viable
orthodontic treatment plans.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Skeletal maturation refers to the degree of
development of ossification in bone. Size and
maturation can vary independently of each
other.
During growth, every bone goes through a
series of changes that can be seen
radiologically. The sequence of changes is
relatively consistent for a given bone in every
person. The timing of the changes varies
because each person has his or her own
biologic clock.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Biologic age, skeletal age, bone age, and skeletal maturation
are nearly synonymous terms used to describe the stages of
maturation of a person
The technique for assessing skeletal age
consists of visual inspection of bones— their
initial appearance and their subsequent
ossification changes in shape and size.
Various areas of the skeleton have been used:
the foot, the ankle, the hip, the elbow, the
hand-wrist, and the cervical vertebrae
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. METHODS AVAILABLE TO ASSESS THE
SKELETALMATURITY
OF AN INDIVIDUAL--
1.USE OF HAND WRIST X-RAYS
2.EVALUATION OF SKELETAL MATURATION
USING CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
3.ASSESMENT OF MATURITY BY CLINICAL AND
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF DIFFERENT STAGES
OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Clinical Importance
To determine the amount of significant facial
cranial growth potential left and potential
vector of facial development.
To decide the onset of treatment timing and
type of effective treatment.
To evaluate the treatment prognosis.
To understand the role of genetics and
environment on the skeletal maturation
pattern.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Anatomical Region Suitable For Skeletal
Maturational Assessment
Head and Neck : Skull
Cervical Vertebrae
Upper Limb :Shoulder Joint-Scapula
Elbow
Hand Wrist and Fingers
Lower Limb : Femur and Humerus
Hip joint
Knee
Ankle
Foot tarsals and Meta tarsals
Tooth mineralization as an indicator.
Frontal sinus
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Hand wrist radiograph
One important diagnostic
tool currently used in
determining whether the
pubertal growth has
started, is occurring, or
has finished is the hand-
wrist radiographic
evaluation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Roland, in 1896, introduced the
idea of using the comparative
size and shape of the
radiographic shadows of growing
bones as indicators of rate of
growth and maturity.
Hellman published his
observations on the ossification
of epiphysial cartilages of the
hand in 1928.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. Flory in 1936, indicated that the
beginning of calcification of the carpal
sesamoid (adductor sesamoid) was a
good guide to determining the period
immediately before puberty.
The appearance of the adductor
sesamoid has been highly correlated
to peak height velocity and the start of
the adolescent growth spurt. Most
authors agree that peak height
velocity follows adductor sesamoid
appearance by approximately 1 year.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Fishman developed a system of hand-wrist skeletal
maturation indicators (SMIs) using four stages of
bone maturation at six anatomic sites on the hand
and the wrist.
Others who contributed are Tanner-
white,maria.t.oreilly,shigemi
Goto,Rajagopal, Bjork, Grave and
Brown,schopf
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Hand Wrist Radiographs
Assessment of the skeletal age is often made
with the help of a hand radiograph which can
be considered the Biological clock.
Hand wrist region is made up of numerous
small bones. These bone show a predictable
and scheduled pattern of appearance,
ossification and union from birth to maturity.
Hence, this region is one of the most suited
to study growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Anatomy of Hand-Wrist
The hand wrist
region is made of
four groups of bones
1.Distal ends of long
bones of forearm.
2.Carpal
3.Metacarpals
4.Phalanges
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Indication Of Hand Wrist Radiographs
In patients who exhibit major discrepancy between
dental and chronologic age.
Determination of skeletal maturity status prior to
treatment of skeletal malocclusion.
To assess the skeletal age in a patient whose
growth is affected by infections, neoplastic or
traumatic conditions.
Help to predict future skeletal maturation rate and
status.
To predict the pubertal growth spurt.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. Methods Of Assessing Skeletal Age
Bjork ,Grave and Brown method
Fishman’s skeletal maturity indicators
Hagg and Taranger method
Atlas method by Greulich and Pyle
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Fishman Skeletal Maturity Indicators
Proposed by Leonard S
Fishman in 1982.
Make use of anatomical
sites located on thumb,
third finger, fifth finger
and Radius .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. The Fishman’s system of interpretation
Uses four stages
of bone maturation 1.Epiphysis equal in width to diaphysis
2.Appearence of adductor sesamoid of thumb
3.Capping of epiphysis.
4.Fusion of epiphysis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. Fishman method –Eleven SMIsWidth of Epiphysis equal to Diaphysis
SMI-1 Third finger-Proximal Phalanx
SMI-2 Third finger-Middle Phalanx
SMI-3 Fifth finger-Middle Phalanx
SMI-4 Appearance of adductor sesamoid of
the thumb
Capping of Epiphysis
SMI-5 Third finger –Distal Phalanx
SMI-6 Third finger-Middle Phalanx
SMI-7 Fifth finger-Middle Phalanx
Fusion of Epiphysis and Diaphysis
SMI-8 Third finger-Distal Phalanx
SMI-9 Third finger-Proximal Phalanx
SMI-10 Third finger-Middle Phalanx
SMI-11 Seen in Radiuswww.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Maturation Assessment by Hagg and
Taranger
Analyzed from radiograph taken between the
ages of 6 and 18 years, by assessing of the
ossification of the ulnar sesamoid of the
metacarpophalangeal joint of first finger.
Certain specified stages of 3 epiphyseal bone
-Middle and distal phalanges of third finger
[MP3 and DP3] and distal epiphysis of
Radius.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Sesamoid
Sesamoid is usually attained during the
acceleration period of the pubertal growth
spurt [onset of peak height velocity]
The appearance of the adductor
sesamoid has been highly correlated
to peak height velocity and the start
of the adolescent growth spurt. Most
authors agree that peak height
velocity follows adductor sesamoid
appearance by approximately 1
year. www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. Modified MP3 Cervical Vertebrae
MP3-F Stage
Start of the curve of pubertal growth spurt .
Epiphysis is as wide as metaphysis
End of epiphysis are tapered and rounded.
Radiolucent gap [cartilageous epiphyseal growth
plate] between epiphysis and metaphysis is wide.
Initiation stage of cervical vertebrae
C2,C3 and C4 inferior vertebral body
borders are flat.
Superior vertebral borders are tapered
from posterior to anterior [wedge shape]
80-100% of pubertal growth remains.
CVMI-1
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. Cervical vertebra
The first seven vertebrae in the spinal column constitute the
cervical spine. The first two, the atlas and the axis, are quite
unique, the third through the seventh have great similarity
Vertebral growth takes place from the cartilagenous layer on the
superior and inferior surfaces of each vertebrae.Secondary
ossification nuclei on the tips of the bifid spinous processes and
transverse processes appear during puberty.Secondary ossification
nuclei unite with the spinous processes when vertebral growth is
complete.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. Acceleration of the curve of pubertal growth spurt.
Epiphysis is as wide as metaphysis.
Distinct medial and lateral border of epiphysis forms
line of demarcation at right angle to distal border.
Metaphysis begins to show slight undulation.
Radiolucent gap between metaphysis and epiphysis
is wide.
Acceleration stage of cervical vertebrae.
Concavities are developing in lower
borders of C2 and C3.
Lower border of C4 vertebral body is flat.
C3 and C4 are more rectangular in shape.
65-85% of pubertal growth remains.
MP3-FG Stage CVMI-2
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. • MP3-G Stage CVMI-3
Maximum point of pubertal growth spurt.
Sides of epiphysis have thickened and cap
its metaphysis, forming sharp distal edge
on one or both the sides.
Marked undulations in metaphysis give it
“Cupid’s bow’’ appearance.
Radiolucent gap is moderate.
Transition stage of cervical vertebrae
Distinct concavities are seen in lower borders
of C2 and C3.
Concavity is developing in lower border of C4.
C3 and C4 are rectangular in shape.
25-65% of pubertal growth remains.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. MP3-HI Stage CVMI-5
Maturation of the curve of pubertal growth spurt
Superior surface of epiphysis shows smooth
concavity.
Metaphysis shows smooth, convex surface,
fitting into reciprocal concavity of epiphysis.
No undulation present in metaphysis.
Radiolucent gap is insignificant.
Maturation stage of cervical vertebrae.
Accentuated concavities of C2, C3 and C4
inferior vertebral body borders are observ
C3 and C4 are square in shape.
5-10% of pubertal growth remains.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. MP3-I Stage CVMI-6
End of pubertal growth spurt
Fusion of epiphysis and metaphysis complete.
No radiolucent gap.
Dense, radiopaque epiphyseal line forms
integral part of proximal portion of middle
phalanx.
Completion stage of cervical vertebrae.
Deep concavities are present in C2, C3
and C4 inferior vertebral body borders.
C3 and C4 are greater in height than in width.
Pubertal growth is completed.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. Third finger distal phalanx
DP3-1:Fusion of Epiphysis and Metaphysis is
completed.
-This is attained during the deceleration period
of pubertal growth spurt [ end of PHV] .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. Radius
R-1:Fusion of the epiphysis and Metaphysis has
began.
-This stage is attained 1 year before or at the end of
growth spurt.
R-1J:Fusion is almost completed but there is still a
small cap at one or both margin.
R-J:Characterised by fusion of the epiphysis and
metaphysis.
These stages were not attained before end of PHV.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
65. THE EYES:
When you rearrange the letters:
THEY SEE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. If utilized properly hand-wrist radiograph and cervical
vertebra radiograph provide a reliable and efficient means
of development assessment.
Simple reference on the assumption that skeletal age or
rather normal skeletal age for a specific chronologic age as
a reasonable indicator of maturity is not justified
Studies have shown that healthy children of any age do not
demonstrate any chronological specificity regarding
particular stages of maturation
conclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
When a number of bones are united to function as a single cranial component is termed as “macro skeletal unit”
e.g.endocranial surface of the calvarium