The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, components, development, structure, clinical applications, and appearance on x-rays. It notes that the alveolar bone contains the tooth sockets and supports the teeth. The alveolar bone proper surrounds the tooth root and is perforated by Volkmann's canals. The supporting alveolar bone consists of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates and alveolar bone proper. The alveolar bone undergoes remodeling and modeling during tooth movement and in response to functional forces.
Alveolar bone is the specialized bone that forms the sockets for teeth in the maxilla and mandible. It consists of alveolar bone proper surrounding the tooth root, supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone, and bundle bone where periodontal ligament fibers insert. Osteoblasts build bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb it, allowing remodeling. With age, alveolar bone thins with wider marrow spaces and more fragile trabeculae, leading the alveolar crest to slope down distally as teeth tilt mesially.
This document provides information on dentin, including its composition, formation, and types. Some key points:
- Dentin makes up the bulk of the tooth and is composed of 65% inorganic material (mainly hydroxyapatite) and 35% organic material (collagen and proteoglycans).
- Odontoblasts are cells responsible for dentin formation. Their processes extend into dentinal tubules that permeate the dentin.
- Dentin formation begins with predentin, which mineralizes to become circumpulpal dentin. Mantle dentin forms the outer layer near the enamel.
- Dentinal tubules contain peritubular dentin and connect the
This document provides an overview of the periodontal ligament (PDL), including its development, cells, extracellular components, fiber groups, and structures. The PDL is a specialized connective tissue that attaches teeth to alveolar bone. It contains fibroblasts that secrete collagen fibers, along with blood vessels, nerves, and progenitor cells. The principal fiber groups resist various forces on teeth. The PDL allows teeth to withstand chewing forces through its extracellular matrix and continual remodeling by synthetic and resorptive cells.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including:
- Its physical characteristics, composition, classification, and formation process (cementogenesis).
- The cells involved in cementum formation and maintenance, including cementoblasts and cementocytes.
- Its locations and junctions with other tissues like enamel and dentin.
- The functions of cementum in anchoring teeth, adaptation, and repair.
- Some developmental anomalies and abnormalities that can affect cementum.
The document summarizes the development and growth process of teeth. It begins with the formation of the primitive oral cavity and buccopharyngeal membrane. It then discusses the development of the primary epithelial band and dental lamina. The key stages of tooth development are described - the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and root formation stage. The roles of the enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac, and Hertwig's epithelial root sheath in determining tooth shape and root development are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, development and clinical implications of alveolar bone. It describes the components and cellular makeup of bone, including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. It explains that the alveolar process develops with tooth eruption and is resorbed after tooth loss. Factors that regulate bone formation and resorption are discussed. The document also outlines how alveolar bone is affected by tooth loss, orthodontic forces and non-functioning teeth.
Cementum is the calcified tissue that covers the root surface of teeth. It is less calcified and harder than dentin. Cementum is classified based on the presence or absence of cells and fibers. Cellular cementum contains cementocytes within lacunae and forms later in life, while acellular cementum lacks cells and forms earlier. Cementum is deposited throughout life to maintain tooth structure and plays an important role in tooth attachment through Sharpey's fibers inserting into the cementum. Cementum can undergo resorption and repair in response to environmental changes and maintains tooth integrity under forces.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, components, development, structure, clinical applications, and appearance on x-rays. It notes that the alveolar bone contains the tooth sockets and supports the teeth. The alveolar bone proper surrounds the tooth root and is perforated by Volkmann's canals. The supporting alveolar bone consists of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates and alveolar bone proper. The alveolar bone undergoes remodeling and modeling during tooth movement and in response to functional forces.
Alveolar bone is the specialized bone that forms the sockets for teeth in the maxilla and mandible. It consists of alveolar bone proper surrounding the tooth root, supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone, and bundle bone where periodontal ligament fibers insert. Osteoblasts build bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb it, allowing remodeling. With age, alveolar bone thins with wider marrow spaces and more fragile trabeculae, leading the alveolar crest to slope down distally as teeth tilt mesially.
This document provides information on dentin, including its composition, formation, and types. Some key points:
- Dentin makes up the bulk of the tooth and is composed of 65% inorganic material (mainly hydroxyapatite) and 35% organic material (collagen and proteoglycans).
- Odontoblasts are cells responsible for dentin formation. Their processes extend into dentinal tubules that permeate the dentin.
- Dentin formation begins with predentin, which mineralizes to become circumpulpal dentin. Mantle dentin forms the outer layer near the enamel.
- Dentinal tubules contain peritubular dentin and connect the
This document provides an overview of the periodontal ligament (PDL), including its development, cells, extracellular components, fiber groups, and structures. The PDL is a specialized connective tissue that attaches teeth to alveolar bone. It contains fibroblasts that secrete collagen fibers, along with blood vessels, nerves, and progenitor cells. The principal fiber groups resist various forces on teeth. The PDL allows teeth to withstand chewing forces through its extracellular matrix and continual remodeling by synthetic and resorptive cells.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including:
- Its physical characteristics, composition, classification, and formation process (cementogenesis).
- The cells involved in cementum formation and maintenance, including cementoblasts and cementocytes.
- Its locations and junctions with other tissues like enamel and dentin.
- The functions of cementum in anchoring teeth, adaptation, and repair.
- Some developmental anomalies and abnormalities that can affect cementum.
The document summarizes the development and growth process of teeth. It begins with the formation of the primitive oral cavity and buccopharyngeal membrane. It then discusses the development of the primary epithelial band and dental lamina. The key stages of tooth development are described - the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and root formation stage. The roles of the enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac, and Hertwig's epithelial root sheath in determining tooth shape and root development are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, development and clinical implications of alveolar bone. It describes the components and cellular makeup of bone, including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. It explains that the alveolar process develops with tooth eruption and is resorbed after tooth loss. Factors that regulate bone formation and resorption are discussed. The document also outlines how alveolar bone is affected by tooth loss, orthodontic forces and non-functioning teeth.
Cementum is the calcified tissue that covers the root surface of teeth. It is less calcified and harder than dentin. Cementum is classified based on the presence or absence of cells and fibers. Cellular cementum contains cementocytes within lacunae and forms later in life, while acellular cementum lacks cells and forms earlier. Cementum is deposited throughout life to maintain tooth structure and plays an important role in tooth attachment through Sharpey's fibers inserting into the cementum. Cementum can undergo resorption and repair in response to environmental changes and maintains tooth integrity under forces.
It is a presentation in detail about the strongest structure of the oral cavity "ENAMEL". It is a simple topic but people find it difficult to learn about it. I hope my presentation is a simple method to learn about it. I would like to thank my professors for assign me this project and i learn't a lot from it and still learning my basics daily.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
The document summarizes the development of the mandible from the first branchial arch. It begins as Meckel's cartilage, which later develops into the mandibular body, rami, and processes through intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification guided by secondary cartilages. The mandibular canal and alveolar process also develop during this time. The shape of the mandible changes with age from birth through childhood, adulthood, and old age. Developmental disturbances can result in conditions like agnathia, micrognathia, and macrognathia.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
An odontoblast is a biological cell of neural crest origin whose main function is formation of dentin.
This slide gives a detailed explanation of the same.
The document provides information about alveolar bone. It begins by defining bone as a dynamic connective tissue that is constantly adapting to its environment. It then classifies bones based on location and shape. The document focuses on the alveolar bone, describing it as the bone that supports and protects teeth. It provides details on the composition, gross morphology, classification, and histology of alveolar bone. In summary, the document provides an overview of the structure, function and characteristics of alveolar bone.
This document provides an overview of bone histology and development. It discusses that bone is a specialized mineralized connective tissue that can be divided into compact and cancellous bone microscopically. Bone develops through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification. The key cells involved are osteoblasts, which form new bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Bone is remodeled throughout life by the balanced actions of these cells.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, composition, structure, cells, blood supply, and changes associated with orthodontic forces. It notes that alveolar bone surrounds and supports the teeth sockets. It is composed primarily of inorganic minerals and collagen. Microscopically, it contains osteons arranged in concentric lamellae around Haversian canals. Osteoblasts build bone while osteoclasts resorb it, maintaining a constant state of remodeling. The alveolar bone has a rich blood supply from the superior and inferior alveolar arteries and drains via lymph vessels. Orthodontic forces induce changes in the bone's morphology and turnover.
Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation. It occurs in two steps - organic matrix formation and mineralization. During the secretory stage, cells called ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins that make up the organic portion of enamel. In the maturation stage, ameloblasts facilitate the removal of water and organic material from enamel while depositing minerals, resulting in fully mineralized enamel. Ameloblasts undergo morphological and functional changes throughout their lifespan to facilitate the different stages of enamel formation.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of dentin. It discusses the different types of dentin - primary, secondary, tertiary - and their locations and functions. It also describes odontoblasts, the cells responsible for dentin formation, and dentinal tubules, the structures that span the thickness of dentin.
Alveolar bone is a specialized bone structure that contains the sockets for teeth and supports the teeth. It is composed of alveolar bone proper and supporting bone. Alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle during tooth development and eruption. It functions to protect tooth sockets, provide attachment for periodontal ligament fibers, and support the teeth. The structure of alveolar bone includes an outer cortical plate, inner alveolar bone proper, and central spongy bone. It receives its blood supply from alveolar arteries. Periodontal disease can affect the tissues that support teeth, including the alveolar bone.
Bone is a living tissue that provides structure and support. It can be classified based on shape, development, histology, and composition. The alveolar process forms with tooth development and eruption to support teeth in the jaw. It consists of cortical and cancellous bone layers surrounded by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which build and resorb bone through various signaling pathways and enzymes.
Alveolar bone forms tooth sockets and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It is composed of outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Osteoblasts form bone matrix containing collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone is remodeled through the balanced actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors.
Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin by odontoblast cells that differentiate from dental papilla cells. Odontoblasts first form an uncalcified predentin matrix that then undergoes mineralization. There are two types of primary dentin formed - mantle dentin near the enamel and circumpulpal dentin forming the bulk of the tooth. Dentin has a microscopic structure consisting of dentinal tubules containing odontoblast processes, surrounded by highly mineralized peritubular dentin and less mineralized intertubular dentin.
The document discusses the complex process of tooth development from initiation to eruption. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial bands and dental lamina between 6-7 weeks in utero, which give rise to the tooth buds. The buds progress through stages of proliferation, histodifferentiation, and morphodifferentiation to form the crown and root structures. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is responsible for root formation and shape before teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
The document describes the life cycle of ameloblasts and the process of amelogenesis. There are seven stages in the life cycle of ameloblasts: 1) morphogenic, 2) differentiation, 3) secretory, 4) transitional, 5) maturative, 6) protective, and 7) desmolytic. Amelogenesis involves two processes - formation of the enamel matrix through protein secretion and mineralization through hydroxyapatite deposition and maturation. Defects in amelogenesis can result from conditions like febrile diseases or tetracycline intake, producing malformed or discolored enamel. Enamel undergoes age-related changes like attrition, discoloration, and increased hardness due
This document discusses root formation in teeth. It begins by explaining that the root starts developing after the crown is complete, as epithelial cells from the inner and outer enamel epithelium proliferate to form the Hertwig's root sheath in two layers. This sheath then bends to form an epithelial diaphragm. Next, it describes how the root grows in length as the root sheath elongates below the stationary diaphragm, inducing odontoblast differentiation and dentin deposition. Finally, it notes that the epithelial root sheath breaks down after root formation, with remnants residing in the periodontium as epithelial rests of Malassez.
The document summarizes the development of teeth from the dental lamina. It discusses how the primary epithelial band forms and divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina. Tooth buds then develop from the dental lamina, forming the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle. Teeth progress through developmental stages including the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and root formation. The dental lamina gives rise to both primary and permanent teeth before degenerating.
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone, including its development, histology, cellular components, and remodeling. It begins with a brief introduction to bone classification and composition. Key points include that alveolar bone forms via intramembranous ossification, and is composed of inorganic minerals and organic collagen fibers. It contains two main cell types - osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Alveolar bone is continually modeled and remodeled throughout life to adapt to forces.
The dentogingival junction is the region where the tooth is attached to the gingiva. It initially forms with the emergence of the tooth into the oral cavity, with the enamel covered by epithelium. Over time, the junction shifts apically as the epithelium separates from the enamel surface in a process called passive eruption. The junctional epithelium, which is more permeable, eventually attaches at the cementoenamel junction. In unhealthy conditions, the junction and sulcus can shift further onto the root surface, forming a pathological periodontal pocket.
6. alveolar bone in health part b dr-ibrahim_shaikhDrIbrahim Shaikh
This document discusses the cells and components that make up healthy alveolar bone. It describes the main cell types, including osteoprogenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and regulate mineralization, while osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. The bone matrix contains collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals, along with noncollagenous proteins. Alveolar bone undergoes physiological remodeling through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, allowing adaptation to tooth movement and replacement over time.
Odontogenic cysts ii/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
It is a presentation in detail about the strongest structure of the oral cavity "ENAMEL". It is a simple topic but people find it difficult to learn about it. I hope my presentation is a simple method to learn about it. I would like to thank my professors for assign me this project and i learn't a lot from it and still learning my basics daily.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
The document summarizes the development of the mandible from the first branchial arch. It begins as Meckel's cartilage, which later develops into the mandibular body, rami, and processes through intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification guided by secondary cartilages. The mandibular canal and alveolar process also develop during this time. The shape of the mandible changes with age from birth through childhood, adulthood, and old age. Developmental disturbances can result in conditions like agnathia, micrognathia, and macrognathia.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
An odontoblast is a biological cell of neural crest origin whose main function is formation of dentin.
This slide gives a detailed explanation of the same.
The document provides information about alveolar bone. It begins by defining bone as a dynamic connective tissue that is constantly adapting to its environment. It then classifies bones based on location and shape. The document focuses on the alveolar bone, describing it as the bone that supports and protects teeth. It provides details on the composition, gross morphology, classification, and histology of alveolar bone. In summary, the document provides an overview of the structure, function and characteristics of alveolar bone.
This document provides an overview of bone histology and development. It discusses that bone is a specialized mineralized connective tissue that can be divided into compact and cancellous bone microscopically. Bone develops through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification. The key cells involved are osteoblasts, which form new bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Bone is remodeled throughout life by the balanced actions of these cells.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, composition, structure, cells, blood supply, and changes associated with orthodontic forces. It notes that alveolar bone surrounds and supports the teeth sockets. It is composed primarily of inorganic minerals and collagen. Microscopically, it contains osteons arranged in concentric lamellae around Haversian canals. Osteoblasts build bone while osteoclasts resorb it, maintaining a constant state of remodeling. The alveolar bone has a rich blood supply from the superior and inferior alveolar arteries and drains via lymph vessels. Orthodontic forces induce changes in the bone's morphology and turnover.
Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation. It occurs in two steps - organic matrix formation and mineralization. During the secretory stage, cells called ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins that make up the organic portion of enamel. In the maturation stage, ameloblasts facilitate the removal of water and organic material from enamel while depositing minerals, resulting in fully mineralized enamel. Ameloblasts undergo morphological and functional changes throughout their lifespan to facilitate the different stages of enamel formation.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of dentin. It discusses the different types of dentin - primary, secondary, tertiary - and their locations and functions. It also describes odontoblasts, the cells responsible for dentin formation, and dentinal tubules, the structures that span the thickness of dentin.
Alveolar bone is a specialized bone structure that contains the sockets for teeth and supports the teeth. It is composed of alveolar bone proper and supporting bone. Alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle during tooth development and eruption. It functions to protect tooth sockets, provide attachment for periodontal ligament fibers, and support the teeth. The structure of alveolar bone includes an outer cortical plate, inner alveolar bone proper, and central spongy bone. It receives its blood supply from alveolar arteries. Periodontal disease can affect the tissues that support teeth, including the alveolar bone.
Bone is a living tissue that provides structure and support. It can be classified based on shape, development, histology, and composition. The alveolar process forms with tooth development and eruption to support teeth in the jaw. It consists of cortical and cancellous bone layers surrounded by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which build and resorb bone through various signaling pathways and enzymes.
Alveolar bone forms tooth sockets and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It is composed of outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Osteoblasts form bone matrix containing collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone is remodeled through the balanced actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors.
Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin by odontoblast cells that differentiate from dental papilla cells. Odontoblasts first form an uncalcified predentin matrix that then undergoes mineralization. There are two types of primary dentin formed - mantle dentin near the enamel and circumpulpal dentin forming the bulk of the tooth. Dentin has a microscopic structure consisting of dentinal tubules containing odontoblast processes, surrounded by highly mineralized peritubular dentin and less mineralized intertubular dentin.
The document discusses the complex process of tooth development from initiation to eruption. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial bands and dental lamina between 6-7 weeks in utero, which give rise to the tooth buds. The buds progress through stages of proliferation, histodifferentiation, and morphodifferentiation to form the crown and root structures. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is responsible for root formation and shape before teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
The document describes the life cycle of ameloblasts and the process of amelogenesis. There are seven stages in the life cycle of ameloblasts: 1) morphogenic, 2) differentiation, 3) secretory, 4) transitional, 5) maturative, 6) protective, and 7) desmolytic. Amelogenesis involves two processes - formation of the enamel matrix through protein secretion and mineralization through hydroxyapatite deposition and maturation. Defects in amelogenesis can result from conditions like febrile diseases or tetracycline intake, producing malformed or discolored enamel. Enamel undergoes age-related changes like attrition, discoloration, and increased hardness due
This document discusses root formation in teeth. It begins by explaining that the root starts developing after the crown is complete, as epithelial cells from the inner and outer enamel epithelium proliferate to form the Hertwig's root sheath in two layers. This sheath then bends to form an epithelial diaphragm. Next, it describes how the root grows in length as the root sheath elongates below the stationary diaphragm, inducing odontoblast differentiation and dentin deposition. Finally, it notes that the epithelial root sheath breaks down after root formation, with remnants residing in the periodontium as epithelial rests of Malassez.
The document summarizes the development of teeth from the dental lamina. It discusses how the primary epithelial band forms and divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina. Tooth buds then develop from the dental lamina, forming the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle. Teeth progress through developmental stages including the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and root formation. The dental lamina gives rise to both primary and permanent teeth before degenerating.
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone, including its development, histology, cellular components, and remodeling. It begins with a brief introduction to bone classification and composition. Key points include that alveolar bone forms via intramembranous ossification, and is composed of inorganic minerals and organic collagen fibers. It contains two main cell types - osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Alveolar bone is continually modeled and remodeled throughout life to adapt to forces.
The dentogingival junction is the region where the tooth is attached to the gingiva. It initially forms with the emergence of the tooth into the oral cavity, with the enamel covered by epithelium. Over time, the junction shifts apically as the epithelium separates from the enamel surface in a process called passive eruption. The junctional epithelium, which is more permeable, eventually attaches at the cementoenamel junction. In unhealthy conditions, the junction and sulcus can shift further onto the root surface, forming a pathological periodontal pocket.
6. alveolar bone in health part b dr-ibrahim_shaikhDrIbrahim Shaikh
This document discusses the cells and components that make up healthy alveolar bone. It describes the main cell types, including osteoprogenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and regulate mineralization, while osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. The bone matrix contains collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals, along with noncollagenous proteins. Alveolar bone undergoes physiological remodeling through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, allowing adaptation to tooth movement and replacement over time.
Odontogenic cysts ii/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthopedic Conditions That Require Regeneration Of Bone And Enhancement Of Bone Healing Include Substantial Bone Devitalization And/or Loss From Trauma (E.G., Highly Comminuted Fractures) Or From Resection Of A Neoplasm, Arthrodesis, Spinal Fusion, Nonunion Or Delayed Union Fractures, Arthroplasty, Fragment Gap Defects During Corrective Osteotomy, Reduced Healing Potential From Local Or Systemic Disease (E.G., Hyperadrenocorticism, Hypothyroidism, Neoplasia), And Patients With A Poor Osteogenic Potential (Older, Debilitated, Or Small-breed/Toy-breed Dogs).
By DR.Kambiz Yousefi
Kambiz.u3fi@me.com
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone structure and function. It begins with introductions to bone composition, development, and cell types. Key bone cells include osteoblasts, which form bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. The document then discusses alveolar bone morphology, blood supply, and functions. Importantly, alveolar bone is in a constant state of flux, undergoing remodeling as bone is broken down and rebuilt through the coupled actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Healing of alveolar bone after tooth extraction and age-related changes are also covered.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are three main cell types in bone: osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Osteocytes are found embedded in the bone matrix, osteoblasts synthesize the bone matrix, and osteoclasts break down and resorb bone. The document describes the structure, composition and functions of bone as well as the roles of the different bone cells. It also discusses bone remodeling which involves continuous resorption and formation to replace old bone.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. It has several functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Bone develops through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can be classified based on its development, macroscopic structure, microscopic structure, or shape. Chemically, bone is made up of inorganic hydroxyapatite and organic collagen fibers. Its cells include osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb bone, allowing for remodeling. Compact bone forms the dense outer shell and contains concentric lamell
Alveolar bone and its relavance in prosthodontics / dental coursesIndian dental academy
This document discusses alveolar bone, its relevance in prosthodontics, and its development, composition, structure, and role in supporting teeth. Alveolar bone forms the sockets in the jawbones that hold the roots of teeth in place. It is composed of cortical plates, cribriform plates surrounding each tooth socket, and sometimes intervening spongy bone. The bone undergoes remodeling throughout life in response to tooth movement and forces from occlusion. Loss of teeth leads to residual ridge resorption that reduces the available bone for dental implants or dentures.
Stem cells have potential for regeneration in dentistry. Dental stem cells can be isolated from tissues like pulp, periodontal ligament, and follicle. These stem cells demonstrate self-renewal and differentiation abilities. Studies show dental stem cells can generate dentin, bone, and whole tooth crowns. Periodontal regeneration utilizes stem cells which differentiate into fibroblasts, cementoblasts, and osteoblasts to form periodontal tissues. Specifically, periodontal ligament stem cells implanted into defects have generated cementum, bone, and ligament regeneration.
Tissue reaction to dentofacial orthopedic appliances /certified fixed orthodo...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The alveolar bone is composed of the ridges of the jaw that support the teeth. The roots of the teeth are contained in deep depressions, the alveolar sockets in the bone. The alveolar bone develops around each tooth follicle during odontogenesis. It is composed primarily of hydroxyapatite and collagen. It contains an outer cortical plate, inner socket wall, cancellous trabeculae, interdental septum and alveolar crest. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the main cells involved in bone formation and resorption.
This document discusses stem cells, providing a historical background of stem cell discoveries from 1908 to present. It defines stem cells and categorizes them into embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Various sources of adult stem cells are described, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and different dental tissue-derived stem cells like dental pulp stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, and dental follicle stem cells. Studies on the potential of these stem cells for periodontal regeneration are summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the cementum covering the tooth root to the alveolar bone. It is composed of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and a ground substance. The principal fibers of the periodontal ligament are bundles of collagen fibers that follow a wavy course between the cementum and bone. The periodontal ligament develops as the root forms and continues to remodel throughout life.
The alveolar process is the portion of the maxilla or mandible that supports and protects the tooth sockets (alveoli). It is formed during tooth eruption to provide bony attachment for the periodontal ligament. The alveolar process has two parts - the alveolar bone proper surrounding each tooth root, and the supporting alveolar bone of the rest of the process. The structure and remodelling of the alveolar bone is dependent on the presence of teeth. Bone is continually broken down by osteoclasts and rebuilt by osteoblasts to maintain levels. Loss of alveolar bone from periodontal disease is difficult to regenerate fully.
1. The document summarizes the seminar on anatomy of fracture healing presented by Dr. Rohit Kumar. It discusses the history, types, mechanisms and process of fracture healing.
2. Fracture healing is the process of bone regeneration at the fracture site, involving inflammatory response, formation of callus, remodeling into lamellar bone. It can occur through direct bone formation or indirect bone formation through soft and hard callus.
3. The key cellular and molecular mechanisms include osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osteointegration to facilitate new bone deposition and structural continuity.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
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Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
2. References
₪Tencate,
s - Oral Histology
₪Development structure and Function
₪Orbans Oral Histology – 13th edition
₪Osteoclast Differentiation
₪ G. David Roodman
₪ Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Texas
Health Science Center and the Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans
Hospital, Research Service, San Antonio, Texas
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. References
₪Identification and characterization of osteoclast-like
cells and their progenitors in cultures of feline marrow
mononuclear cells
₪ KENNETH. IBBOTSON, G. DAVID ROODMAN, LINDA M . McMANUS, and
GREGORY R. MUNDY
₪ The Medical Service of the Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans
Administration Hospital and Departments of Medicine and Pathology of the
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78284
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. References
₪OSTEOCLAST FUNCTION AND ITS CONTROL
₪ MONE ZAIDI, MICHAEL PAZIANAS, VIJAI S. SHANKAR,BRIDGET E. BAX,
CHRISTOPHER M. R. BAX, PETER J. R. BEVIS, CLIFFORD STEVENS*,
CHRISTOPHER L.-H. HUANGt, DAVID R. BLAKE*, BALJIT S. MOONGA
AND A. S. M. TOWHIDUL ALAM
₪ Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Bone Research Unit, St
George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 ORE,
₪ Bone and Joint Research Unit, the London Hospital Medical School, London
EC,
₪ Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG
₪ (MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED 14 SEPTEMBER 1992, ACCEPTED 2 MARCH 1993)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Learning Objectives
• At the end of the seminar the learner should be able
to know about
₪ Osteoclast cells and its features
₪ Origin of Osteoclast cell
₪ Differentiating markers of osteoclast
₪ Mechanism of action of Osteoclast cell.www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Bone is a dynamic tissue that under goes
constant remodelling through balancing bone
formation and resorption.
₪Formation Osteoblast cells
₪ Resorption Osteoclast cells
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ The osteoclast (OCL) is the primary bone
resorbing cell.
₪ The osteoclast were first recognised in 1873 by
Albert Kolliker as a multinuclear cell that digest
bone.
₪ It is a highly specialized multinucleated cell
whose primary function is to help in the control
of calcium homeostasis.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Increase in the degree of multinucleation enhance
the capacity of OCL to resorb bone.
₪ More no. of nuclei more bone resorption
₪ Less no. of nuclei less bone resorption
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Compare to other bone cells and their respective
precursors, osteoclast are much larger cells.
₪ And thus because of their size they can be easily
identified under light microscope and often are seen
in clusters.
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ The osteoclast is an extremely large cell, ranging in
size from 50 -100 µm in diameter.
₪ It is multinucleated and may contain 2-100 nuclei per
cell, but usually contains between 10 and 20.
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Typically osteoclast are found against the surface of
bone, occupying the hollow out depression known as
HOWSHIP
,
s LACUNAE.
₪ These are the shallow trough which shows the
activity and mobility of osteoclast cell during active
resorption.
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪The osteoclast is located at
₪ Endosteal bone surfaces,
₪ Within the haversian system,
₪ And on periosteal surfaces beneath the
periosteum.
₪Osteoclasts are most abundant at sites of active
bone cell activity, such as metaphyses of growing
bone.
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ In electron microscopy osteoclasts have several
unique ultrastructural features.
₪The characteristic ruffled border
₪Forms at the site where the osteoclast is attached
to bone matrix
₪Is a convolution of plasma membrane with many
long cytoplasmic processes.
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪The plasma membrane is closely apposed to the bone
surface with an adjacent organelle free area, the clear
zone, which is rich in actin like filaments
₪ Actin
₪ Vinculin
₪ Talin
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. ₪ A many of cell membrane infolding making
up the ruffled border
₪ Sealing zone of osteoclast showing striation
and granularity representing the concentration
of contractile protein in this region.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪This clear zone or sealing zone
₪Attaches the cells to the mineralized surface
₪Isolate the microenvironment between them and
bone surface.
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪Lamina Limitans (electron dense interfacial matrix
layer) often observed between the sealing zone and
calcified tissue surface.
Identification Features :
₪ Immunocytochemical preparation of
osteopontin showing black dots of
osteopontin on the bone surface at sealing
zone.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪This layer consist of RGD(arg - gly- aspartic acid ) containing
molecules
₪Bone sialoprotein
₪Osteopontin
₪ That facilitate the osteoclast adhesion and formation
of sealing zone via αvβ3 mediated mechanism.
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪Other ultrastructural characteristics of osteoclasts
include
₪Large numbers of lysosomes,
₪Numerous pleomorphic mitochondria,
₪Extensive golgi complexes located around the
nucleus
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. ₪Osteoclast possess numerous golgi complexes located near the nuclei and mitochondriawww.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ The cytoplasm is characterized by dense granules.
₪In addition have many prominent vesicles, especially
in the region of the ruffled border.
₪The multiple nuclei are centrally located, but have a
highly variable shape and contain one prominent
nucleolus per nucleus.
Identification Features :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Cytochemically they are identified by possessing
TRAP (tartrate resistantant acid phosphatase) with
in the cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles.
Identification Features :
Photomicrograph showing the red staining associated with the presence of
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in the cytoplasm of a multinucleated,
culture-generated mouse osteoclast. Bar 5 -20 mm.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ A variety of studies have clearly indicated that the
osteoclast is hematopoietic in origin and not bone
derived.
₪ But still the origin of the osteoclast is a subject of
intense investigation and controversy.
origin:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Walker et al. reported that transplantation of spleen
and marrow cells into osteotropic mice results in
removal of the excess bone present in these animals.
origin:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Marks has shown that transplantation of spleen cells
into the osteopetrotic rat can cure the disease.
₪ In contrast to untreated rats whose osteoclasts lack
ruffled borders, infusion of mononuclear spleen cells
resulted in the formation of osteoclasts with ruffled
borders.
origin:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ All these studies are conclude that the osteoclast
precursor is a mononuclear cell that is hematopoietic
in origin.
₪ The osteoclast forms by fusion of mononuclear
precursors rather than endomitosis.
origin:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Multinucleated osteoclast arise from the hematopoietic
precursors of the monocyte /macrophage lineage
₪ Stromal cells in the marrow cavity and osteoblast
modulate the differentiation of osteoclast.
origin:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Stromal cells and osteoblast modulate osteoclast
differentiation via
₪Various molecules
₪Direct Cell to cell interaction
origin:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Stromal cells and oasteoblast expresses
RANKL(receptor-activated nuclear factorκB) over their plasma
membrane.
₪ RANKL binds to the RANK presented on the
progenitors of osteoclast.
origin:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ This attachment cause induction of signalling cascade
leading to induction of
₪Osteoclast differentiation
₪Fusion of osteoclast precursors cell
₪Leading to the increased survival of activity of
osteoclast
origin:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Osteoclast (OCL)
Differentiation markers
₪ Histochemical studies have shown that osteoclasts
contain a Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)
activity that is found in
₪Lysosomes,
₪Golgi complexes,
₪Extracellular channels of the ruffled border,
₪ And the space between cells and bones.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Osteoclast (OCL)
Differentiation markers
₪ Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase appears to be a
marker for osteoclasts in bone sections.
₪ Other acid hydrolases are present in osteoclasts,
including
₪Leucine aminopeptidase,
₪β-d-galactosidase,
₪β-d-glucosidase.
All are non specific for the osteoclast.www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Osteoclast (OCL)
Differentiation markers
₪ Calcitonin receptors have been suggested as a good
maker for mammalian osteoclast differentiation.
₪ This differentiate osteoclast cells from other cells of
the mononuclear phagocyte series.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Osteoclast (OCL)
Differentiation markers
₪ Gay and co-workers have examined carbonic-
anhydrase activity in chicken osteoclasts by electron
microscopy.
₪ By using histochemical technique they found positive
stains for carbonic-anhydrase in
₪Cytosol,
₪Golgi apparatus and other vesicles,
₪Plasma membrane and its Ruffled border,
₪Bone surface beneath the osteoclast.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Osteoclast (OCL)
Differentiation markers
₪ Monoclonal antibody techniques have examined the
surface phenotype of osteoclasts and identify unique
differentiation markers for osteoclasts.
₪121F
₪ 23c6 and 13c2 (directed against the vitronectin receptor
present on osteoclasts.)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. Osteoclast (OCL)
Differentiation markers
₪ Other markers for osteoclasts are
₪Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9,
₪Cathepsin K,
₪Carbonic Anhydrase II (CAII),
₪a3 Subunit Of The Vacuolar [H+]-ATPase (proton
pump),
₪Chloride Channel 7 (ClC-7),
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Osteoclast (OCL)
Factors affecting differentiation of OCL
₪ Factors affecting the differentiation of osteoclasts are
₪ 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
₪Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-
Related Peptide
₪GM-CSF
₪CSF-1
₪Interleukin-3, -1, -6.
₪Transforming Growth Factor-α and -β
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. Osteoclast (OCL)
Factors affecting differentiation of OCL
₪ Factors affecting the differentiation of osteoclasts are
₪Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and -β
₪Gamma Interferon
₪Calcitonin
₪Osteoinductive Factor
₪1,25D3 Lactone
₪Prostaglandins
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Osteoclast (OCL)
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
₪ An osteoclast resorbs bone through the formation of a
sealing zone of close adhesion between itself and the
bone.
₪The adjacent plasma membrane is thrown into complex
folds, the 'ruffled border', which consists of finger-like
membrane projections.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Osteoclast (OCL)
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
₪ The 'ruffled border' and 'clear zone' constitute a
system for bone resorption unique to the osteoclast.
₪ The expression of these structures generally depends
upon the level of cellular activity.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Osteoclast (OCL)
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
₪ Thus, regulators of osteoclast activity rapidly increase
or decrease the size of the 'ruffled border' and 'clear
zone'.
₪Parathyroid hormone,
₪ 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
₪ Prostaglandin E2
₪ Calcitonin www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. Osteoclast (OCL)
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
₪ Role of mineral
₪ Osteoclast activation requires contact with bone
mineral.
₪ Osteoclasts can resorb calcified cartilage, enamel,
dentine or cementum in addition to mineralized bone
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Osteoclast (OCL)
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
₪ Role of mineral
₪ Uncalcified cartilage is not resorbed by osteoclasts
₪The osteoid or related unmineralized collagenous
matrix could prevent effective osteoclastic activation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Osteoclast (OCL)
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
₪ Role of mineral
₪ Osteoclasts, normally resting in the periosteal and
endosteal mesenchyme,
₪ For its activation it must cross a cellular (osteoblast)
barrier and possibly a second osteoid barrier to gain
contact with mineral.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. Osteoclast (OCL)
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
₪ Role of osteoblast
₪ The osteoblast is the primary target cell in hormonal
activation of the osteoclast as it possess specific
surface receptors for
₪parathyroid hormone
₪parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP),
₪1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ It is proven that
₪cell contact
₪soluble products released by the osteoblast
is required for osteoblast-induced osteoclastic
stimulation to take place.
₪ The nature of this soluble factor is still unclear 0.5-1
kDa to over 25 kDa.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Osteoclast adhesion to bone
₪ In order to resorb bone, the osteoclast must
effectively adhere to the bone surface.
₪ It contain characterized adhesive receptor, osteoclast
functional antigen (OFA),
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Osteoclast adhesion to bone
₪ OFA comprises of
₪140 kDa δ-chain (immunologically cross-reacts with the
vitronectin δ-chain receptor)
₪85 kDa β-chain related to the platelet gp III-a
molecule (β3, integrin).
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Osteoclast adhesion to bone
₪ OFA expression on bone cells is restricted to
osteoclasts and preosteoclasts.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Osteoclast adhesion to bone
₪ Integrins, such as the vitronectin receptor, are
transmembrane proteins that act as linkers between
₪Extracellular ligands and cytoskeletal components,
such as vinculin, talin, δ-actinin and F-actin
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Osteoclast adhesion to bone
₪ The ligands in bone containing the RGD (arginine-
glycine-aspartic acid) tripeptide recognition sequence
that could potentially bind to OFA.
₪ These include
₪Osteopontin,
₪Thrombospondin
₪Bone sialoprotein.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Mineral dissolution
₪ Osteoclasts secrete acid ,lactate and citrate and thus
maintain a low pH (values of 4.5 ) in the resorptive
hemivacuole.
₪ Active H+ion secretion from the osteoclast was
demonstrated by using Acridine Orange as an indicator
of extracellular acidification.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Mineral dissolution
₪ Acridine Orange fluorescence was increased by
₪Parathyroid hormone
₪Prostaglandin E2,
₪ And decreased by calcitonin
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Mineral dissolution
₪ It has been reported that the apical membrane of the
'ruffled border' contain proton pumps that may be
involved in the acidification of the extracellular
resorptive hemivacuole.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Mineral dissolution
₪ Two types of proton pumps have been implicated in
the acidification process.
₪ V-type or Electrogenic vacuolar type proton pump
(H+-ATPase){predominantly involved}
₪P-type plasma membrane pump
(H+- K+-ATPase).
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Role of Carbonic anhydrases
₪ The proton pump in the osteoclast is supplied by
protons generated by the action of carbonic anhydrase
isoenzyme II
₪ Immunocytochemical techniques have localized the
enzyme to the 'ruffled border' of active osteoclasts.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Role of Carbonic anhydrases
₪ It catalyses the conversion of CO2 (generated from
cell respiration) to HCO3
- and H+.
CO2 HCO3
- + H+
₪ Shows that bone resorption is critically dependent
upon CO2 concentration.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Role of Carbonic anhydrases
₪ Meanwhile, basolateral exchange of HCO3-ions for Cl-
by anion exchanger provides Cl- ions required for the
intense acidification occurring in the resorption lacuna.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Matrix degradation
₪ Osteoclastic lysosomal enzymes are destined for
secretion and transported in a specific direction via
primary lysosomes and are released into the resorptive
hemivacuole at the 'ruffled border'.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Matrix degradation
₪ Lysosomal hydrolases, exhibiting optimal activity at an
acid pH, resorb the organic matrix of bone.
₪ Collagen can be digested by a number of lysosomal
cysteine-proteinases in the acid environment.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Matrix degradation
₪ The three types of collagenolytic cysteine-proteinases
found in bone
₪cathepsins L,
₪cathepsins B,
₪cathepsins N.
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
65. Osteoclast (OCL)
₪ Matrix degradation
₪ Increased levels of acid phosphatase activity in plasma
occur during physiological and pathological states of
increased bone remodelling.
₪ This isoenzyme is not inhibited by dextro-rotatory
tartaric acid, (a competitive inhibitor of prostatic and lysosomal acid
phosphatases)
Mechanism of action of bone resorption :
www.indiandentalacademy.com