Symmetric-Key Based Privacy-Preserving Scheme For Mining Support Countsacijjournal
In this paper we study the problem of mining support counts using symmetric-key crypto which is more
efficient than previous work. Consider a scenario that each user has an option (like or unlike) of the
specified product, and a third party wants to obtain the popularity of this product. We design a much more
efficient privacy-preserving scheme for users to prevent the loss of the personal interests. Unlike most
previous works, we do not use any exponential or modular algorithms, but we provide a symmetric-key
based method which can also protect the information. Specifically, our protocol uses a third party that
generates a number of matrixes as each user’s key. Then user uses these key to encrypt their data which is
more efficient to obtain the support counts of a given pattern.
DATA SECURITY USING PRIVATE KEY ENCRYPTION SYSTEM BASED ON ARITHMETIC CODINGIJNSA Journal
Problem faced by today’s communicators is not only security but also the speed of communication and size of content.In the present paper, a scheme has been proposed which uses the concept of compression and data encryption. In first phase the focus has been made on data compression and cryptography. In the next phase we have emphasized on compression cryptosystem. Finally, proposed technique has been discussed which used the concept of data compression and encryption. In this first data is compressed to reduce the size of the data and increase the data transfer rate. Thereafter compress data is encrypted to provide security. Hence our proposed technique is effective that can reduce data size, increase data transfer rate and provide the security during communication.
Comparison of Secret Splitting, Secret Sharing and Recursive Threshold Visual...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The secret sharing is a method to protect confidentiality and integrity of the secret messages by distributing the message shares into several recipients. The secret message could not be revealed unless the recipients exchange and collect shares to reconstruct the actual message. Even though the attacker obtain shares shadow during the share exchange, it would be impossible for the attacker to understand the correct share. There are few algorithms have been developed for secret sharing, e.g. secret splitting, Asmuth-Bloom secret sharing protocol, visual cryptography, etc. There is an unanswered question in this research about which method provides best level of security and efficiency in securing message. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three methods, i.e. secret splitting, secret sharing, and recursive threshold visual cryptography for handwritten image security in terms of execution time and mean squared error (MSE) simulation. Simulation results show the secret splitting algorithm produces the shortest time of execution. On the other hand, the MSE simulation result that the three methods can reconstruct the original image very well.
Encryption is a technique that transforms a code from an understandable into an incomprehensible code. Many methods can be applied to an encryption process. One such method is RSA. RSA works by appointing on byte values. The value is obtained from character conversion to ASCII code. This algorithm is based on the multiplication of two relatively large primes. Applications of the RSA algorithm can be used in data security. This research provides RSA algorithm application on data security system that can guarantee data confidentiality. RSA algorithm is known as a very secure algorithm. This algorithm works with the number of bits in the search for prime numbers. The larger the bits, the less chance of ciphertext can be solved. The weakness of this method is the amount of ciphertext capacity will be floating in line with the number of prime numbers used. Also, to perform the process of encryption and decryption, RSA requires a relatively long time than other algorithms. The advantage of RSA is that complicated ciphertext is solved into plaintext.
This document summarizes security solutions that have been proposed to counter security threats in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses approaches that use heavy encryption and digital signatures which require significant resources versus simpler trust-based and observation-based methods. It surveys common attack types and solutions for alleviating them. Several specific solutions are described in detail, including using a trusted certificate server, public/private key approaches, detecting node capture through observation of meeting times between nodes, and detecting forged routing messages. The goal is to provide researchers an overview of security issues and different approaches to consider based on their needs and constraints.
This document summarizes several proposed solutions for improving security in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses approaches that use cryptography, trust models, observation-based detection of misbehaving nodes, analyzing routing message semantics, watchdog mechanisms, controlling routing message trust levels, using redundant routing messages, reputation-based models, and firewalls. The document surveys the key techniques proposed in recent literature and discusses their advantages and limitations to provide researchers an overview of the security challenges and approaches in MANETs.
Security analysis of fbdk block cipher for digital imageseSAT Journals
Abstract Network security is one of the major concerns in the modern world. In this regard, a strong security technique is required to protect user data. Cryptography techniques plays an important role in secured transmission through encryption of data and thus ensuring integrity, authenticity, confidentiality of information. Several encryption algorithms have been proposed like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), DES (Data Encryption Standard) and RSA. These provide very good encryption for text applications. However, these encryption schemes appear not to be ideal for image applications. Some algorithms like GKSBC and RC6 provide very good encryption for digital images. New techniques are emerging that are aimed at providing secured transmission of images over networks. The FBDK (Fixed Block with Dynamic Key Size) block cipher is a new cryptography technique designed using simple operations like XOR, substitutions, circular shifting. The FBDK algorithm is applicable for blocks of any size with key size being dynamic for each block. It does not involve any complex mathematical operations like modular exponentiation. It is a hybrid cryptography technique based on symmetric key and asymmetric key cryptosystems. This paper investigates the security of FBDK block cipher for digital images against brute-force attack, statistical analysis and Differential analysis attacks. In this paper, various security analysis tests has been discussed which are helpful in finding out whether the FBDK encryption algorithm can do secure encryption or not. Experimental results proves the security and efficiency of FBDK cipher for images against all aforementioned types of attacks which justifies its consideration for real time image applications. Keywords: Cryptography, Ciphers, Encryption, Security, and cryptanalysis.
This document provides an overview of cryptography techniques. It discusses symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms such as AES, DES, RSA. It also describes classic encryption techniques like the Caesar cipher, rail fence cipher and the one-time pad (Vernam cipher). The document proposes a modified encryption technique that combines two of these methods (e.g. Caesar cipher and rail fence cipher) to encrypt a message, requiring the receiver to use the same two methods in the same order to decrypt it correctly. This is intended to increase security by confusing attackers about the exact encryption method used.
Symmetric-Key Based Privacy-Preserving Scheme For Mining Support Countsacijjournal
In this paper we study the problem of mining support counts using symmetric-key crypto which is more
efficient than previous work. Consider a scenario that each user has an option (like or unlike) of the
specified product, and a third party wants to obtain the popularity of this product. We design a much more
efficient privacy-preserving scheme for users to prevent the loss of the personal interests. Unlike most
previous works, we do not use any exponential or modular algorithms, but we provide a symmetric-key
based method which can also protect the information. Specifically, our protocol uses a third party that
generates a number of matrixes as each user’s key. Then user uses these key to encrypt their data which is
more efficient to obtain the support counts of a given pattern.
DATA SECURITY USING PRIVATE KEY ENCRYPTION SYSTEM BASED ON ARITHMETIC CODINGIJNSA Journal
Problem faced by today’s communicators is not only security but also the speed of communication and size of content.In the present paper, a scheme has been proposed which uses the concept of compression and data encryption. In first phase the focus has been made on data compression and cryptography. In the next phase we have emphasized on compression cryptosystem. Finally, proposed technique has been discussed which used the concept of data compression and encryption. In this first data is compressed to reduce the size of the data and increase the data transfer rate. Thereafter compress data is encrypted to provide security. Hence our proposed technique is effective that can reduce data size, increase data transfer rate and provide the security during communication.
Comparison of Secret Splitting, Secret Sharing and Recursive Threshold Visual...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The secret sharing is a method to protect confidentiality and integrity of the secret messages by distributing the message shares into several recipients. The secret message could not be revealed unless the recipients exchange and collect shares to reconstruct the actual message. Even though the attacker obtain shares shadow during the share exchange, it would be impossible for the attacker to understand the correct share. There are few algorithms have been developed for secret sharing, e.g. secret splitting, Asmuth-Bloom secret sharing protocol, visual cryptography, etc. There is an unanswered question in this research about which method provides best level of security and efficiency in securing message. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three methods, i.e. secret splitting, secret sharing, and recursive threshold visual cryptography for handwritten image security in terms of execution time and mean squared error (MSE) simulation. Simulation results show the secret splitting algorithm produces the shortest time of execution. On the other hand, the MSE simulation result that the three methods can reconstruct the original image very well.
Encryption is a technique that transforms a code from an understandable into an incomprehensible code. Many methods can be applied to an encryption process. One such method is RSA. RSA works by appointing on byte values. The value is obtained from character conversion to ASCII code. This algorithm is based on the multiplication of two relatively large primes. Applications of the RSA algorithm can be used in data security. This research provides RSA algorithm application on data security system that can guarantee data confidentiality. RSA algorithm is known as a very secure algorithm. This algorithm works with the number of bits in the search for prime numbers. The larger the bits, the less chance of ciphertext can be solved. The weakness of this method is the amount of ciphertext capacity will be floating in line with the number of prime numbers used. Also, to perform the process of encryption and decryption, RSA requires a relatively long time than other algorithms. The advantage of RSA is that complicated ciphertext is solved into plaintext.
This document summarizes security solutions that have been proposed to counter security threats in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses approaches that use heavy encryption and digital signatures which require significant resources versus simpler trust-based and observation-based methods. It surveys common attack types and solutions for alleviating them. Several specific solutions are described in detail, including using a trusted certificate server, public/private key approaches, detecting node capture through observation of meeting times between nodes, and detecting forged routing messages. The goal is to provide researchers an overview of security issues and different approaches to consider based on their needs and constraints.
This document summarizes several proposed solutions for improving security in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses approaches that use cryptography, trust models, observation-based detection of misbehaving nodes, analyzing routing message semantics, watchdog mechanisms, controlling routing message trust levels, using redundant routing messages, reputation-based models, and firewalls. The document surveys the key techniques proposed in recent literature and discusses their advantages and limitations to provide researchers an overview of the security challenges and approaches in MANETs.
Security analysis of fbdk block cipher for digital imageseSAT Journals
Abstract Network security is one of the major concerns in the modern world. In this regard, a strong security technique is required to protect user data. Cryptography techniques plays an important role in secured transmission through encryption of data and thus ensuring integrity, authenticity, confidentiality of information. Several encryption algorithms have been proposed like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), DES (Data Encryption Standard) and RSA. These provide very good encryption for text applications. However, these encryption schemes appear not to be ideal for image applications. Some algorithms like GKSBC and RC6 provide very good encryption for digital images. New techniques are emerging that are aimed at providing secured transmission of images over networks. The FBDK (Fixed Block with Dynamic Key Size) block cipher is a new cryptography technique designed using simple operations like XOR, substitutions, circular shifting. The FBDK algorithm is applicable for blocks of any size with key size being dynamic for each block. It does not involve any complex mathematical operations like modular exponentiation. It is a hybrid cryptography technique based on symmetric key and asymmetric key cryptosystems. This paper investigates the security of FBDK block cipher for digital images against brute-force attack, statistical analysis and Differential analysis attacks. In this paper, various security analysis tests has been discussed which are helpful in finding out whether the FBDK encryption algorithm can do secure encryption or not. Experimental results proves the security and efficiency of FBDK cipher for images against all aforementioned types of attacks which justifies its consideration for real time image applications. Keywords: Cryptography, Ciphers, Encryption, Security, and cryptanalysis.
This document provides an overview of cryptography techniques. It discusses symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms such as AES, DES, RSA. It also describes classic encryption techniques like the Caesar cipher, rail fence cipher and the one-time pad (Vernam cipher). The document proposes a modified encryption technique that combines two of these methods (e.g. Caesar cipher and rail fence cipher) to encrypt a message, requiring the receiver to use the same two methods in the same order to decrypt it correctly. This is intended to increase security by confusing attackers about the exact encryption method used.
This document presents a new mathematical model for encrypting data using fingerprint data. It works as follows:
1. A fingerprint image is used to generate an encryption key by determining the number of black pixels. This key will be unique for each user.
2. The key is used to generate a very large number to represent each letter or character. Different digits of this number represent different letters.
3. The plaintext is converted to this numerical representation to generate the ciphertext. Additional functions may be applied to further encrypt the ciphertext.
4. To decrypt, the receiver applies the inverse functions and uses the key to determine the letter associated with each number to recover the plaintext. The model is intended to provide highly
Three Party Authenticated Key Distribution using Quantum CryptographyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Mini Project on Data Encryption & Decryption in JAVAchovatiyabhautik
This document is a report on a data encryption and decryption project written by Bhautik Chovatiya for a computer networks course. The report provides an introduction to the need for data encryption, describes the project requirements and design. It also includes screenshots and code snippets demonstrating how the project allows users to encrypt and decrypt data either directly or from files using Caesar cipher encryption. The project aims to provide secure encryption in a simple and user-friendly way.
Comprehensive Study of Counter-acting Security Threats in Mobile Ad Hoc Networksdrsrinivasanvenkataramani
This document summarizes various approaches for providing security in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses solutions that use cryptography and public/private keys to secure routing, as well as approaches based on trust, observation, and reputation. It also reviews methods for detecting node capture attacks and forged routing messages. The document surveys the strengths and limitations of different secure methods and their tradeoffs between security and efficiency.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of various cryptography algorithms. It discusses symmetric key algorithms like DES, AES, Blowfish and IDEA as well as asymmetric algorithms like RSA and Diffie-Hellman. The performance is evaluated based on parameters like encryption/decryption time, memory usage and throughput. Experiments show that Blowfish has better performance than AES for encrypting audio files, with lower average encryption and decryption times. In conclusion, cryptography is important for network security and Blowfish performs encryption/decryption more efficiently than AES for audio files.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative study of private and public key cryptography algorithms a surveyeSAT Publishing House
The document provides a comparison of private key cryptography (such as DES) and public key cryptography (such as RSA). It discusses the basic concepts and processes of cryptography including encryption, decryption, keys, cryptanalysis etc. It then describes the DES and RSA algorithms in detail and compares them based on factors like message length, speed, security, vulnerabilities etc. The document concludes that private key algorithms are faster but public key algorithms provide higher security and additional services like non-repudiation.
This document discusses image cryptography using the RSA algorithm. It begins with an abstract that provides an overview of encrypting images through a combination of RSA encryption and a 2-bit rotation mechanism. The document then reviews literature on modifications made to the original RSA algorithm. It discusses current applications of RSA, including uses in email encryption, cloud services, and digital signatures. The design architecture and working of the RSA algorithm are explained. The document concludes that image encryption using RSA is efficient and secure, though further research is needed to develop quantum-resistant encryption systems.
A Novel Key Distribution Scheme f or a Visual Crypto SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel key distribution scheme for visual cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and visual cryptography. It then describes the existing Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm. The proposed method generates a shared secret key through a multi-step process using asymmetric key cryptography and modulus operation on private keys and a public image. Both parties are able to derive the same symmetric key for encrypting future communications without directly transmitting their private keys. The methodology and implementation details are provided, along with experimental results demonstrating the generation of matching keys within 0.11 seconds on average.
ENHANCED SECURE ALGORITHM FOR MESSAGE COMMUNICATIONIJNSA Journal
This paper puts forward a safe mechanism of data transmission to tackle the security problem of information which is transmitted in Internet. The encryption standards such as DES (Data Encryption Standard), AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and EES (Escrowed Encryption Standard) are widely used to solve the problem of communication over an insecure channel. With advanced technologies in computer hardware and software, these standards seem not to be as secure and fast as one would like. In
this paper we propose a encryption technique which provides security to both the message and the secret key achieving confidentiality and authentication. The Symmetric algorithm used has two advantages over traditional schemes. First, the encryption and decryption procedures are much simpler, and consequently, much faster. Second, the security level is higher due to the inherent poly-alphabetic nature of the substitution mapping method used here, together with the translation and transposition operations performed in the algorithm. Asymmetric algorithm RSA is worldwide known for its high security. In this paper a detailed report of the process is presented and analysis is done comparing our proposed technique with familiar techniques
Survey of Security Threats and Protection Techniques in Mobile Ad Hoc Networksdrsrinivasanvenkataramani
This document summarizes various security threats and protection techniques in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses several proposed solutions, including those based on cryptography using public/private keys, trusted certificate servers, detecting node capture and forged routing messages, watchdog mechanisms to detect misbehaving nodes, using route request packets to establish secure routes, redundant routing messages to detect attacks, reputation-based approaches, and using firewalls. The document provides an overview of the key challenges in securing MANETs and surveys different existing approaches, their advantages and limitations.
This document summarizes public key cryptography and asymmetric encryption algorithms. It discusses how public key cryptography uses two different but mathematically related keys, a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The public key can be shared openly, while the private key is kept secret by the recipient. It also describes how asymmetric algorithms are slower than symmetric algorithms but allow anyone to encrypt messages for a recipient using their public key, with only the recipient able to decrypt it with their private key. Examples of asymmetric algorithms discussed include RSA.
This document covers topics in network security including:
- It outlines the OSI security architecture and describes security services like authentication, access control, and data confidentiality.
- It discusses security mechanisms like encipherment and digital signatures. Common security attacks are also defined, including passive attacks, active attacks, masquerade, replay, and denial of service.
- Symmetric encryption techniques are introduced, including the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic ciphers, Playfair cipher, and Hill cipher. Key concepts in classical cryptography are explained.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Encryption TechniquesIRJET Journal
The document compares and analyzes different encryption techniques. It summarizes the Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES (3DES), and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). DES uses a 56-bit key and 64-bit block size, while 3DES extends DES to 168 bits for improved security. AES was developed later to replace DES and uses 128, 192, or 256 bit keys and block sizes. The document concludes that AES is more secure than DES and 3DES based on its longer key lengths and that it is the symmetric encryption algorithm of choice for future applications.
This document presents a proposed algorithm for public key cryptography using matrices. The algorithm has three stages: 1) shuffling the original data using a linear congruential method and arranging it in a matrix, 2) traversing the data matrix in different patterns, and 3) generating a system of non-homogeneous linear equations from the matrix to derive private keys. The algorithm aims to provide data confidentiality, integrity and authentication for cloud computing applications using public key cryptography with matrices in a way that has constant complexity regardless of key size.
TWO PHASE CLANDESTAIN IMAGE ENCRYPTION acijjournal
In today’s internet world is full of data steals and hackers. So, there is a essential to design a system that
assists the internet users to interchange their secret and private data safely across the web. Informationhiding
process in a Steganography system starts by identifying medium’s redundant bits. The encryption
process creates a stego medium by replacing these redundant bits with data from the hidden message.
So, we propose a method for encrypting the image, which has two phases. In the first phase, Perform
Circular Shift Operations on the image pixels and the number of rotations have been calculated based on
the length of the password. In the second phase, the first phase has undergone some bitwise operations
with a carriage image, by doing this; breaking of the cipher text is difficult.
Abstract: Data Mining has wide applications in many areas such as banking, medicine, scientific research and among government agencies. Classification is one of the commonly used tasks in data mining applications. The cloud computing, users have the opportunity to outsource their data, in encrypted form, as well as the data mining tasks to the cloud. Since the data on the cloud is in encrypted form, existing privacy preserving classification techniques are not applicable. On solving the classification problem over encrypted data. A secure k-NN classifier over encrypted data in the cloud. The k-NN protocol protects the confidentiality of the data, user’s input query, and data access patterns. To develop a secure k-NN classifier over encrypted data under the standard semi-honest model. Also, we empirically analyze the efficiency of our solution through various experiments.
Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network SecurityEditor IJCATR
This document discusses and analyzes various cryptographic algorithms used for network security. It begins with definitions of key cryptographic terms like plain text, cipher text, encryption, decryption, and keys. It then describes different types of cryptographic schemes, including symmetric, asymmetric, and hash functions. Specific algorithms are analyzed like DES, AES, RSA, and Diffie-Hellman. Factors to consider when selecting a cryptographic algorithm like speed, memory requirements, security needs, and data type are also discussed. Overall the document provides a comprehensive overview and comparison of cryptographic algorithms and their applications for network security.
Design and Implementation of New Encryption algorithm to Enhance Performance...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new encryption algorithm to improve performance parameters. The algorithm is divided into two phases. Phase 1 involves reversing, swapping, circularly shifting bits of the plaintext and XORing with the key. Phase 2 divides the output into blocks, then recombines the left bits of each block. The paper analyzes avalanche effect and execution time of the proposed algorithm compared to existing algorithms to evaluate its performance. The results show better performance than existing algorithms.
Implementation of Multiple Touch Gesture Using Depth InformationIJMER
This document proposes a method for implementing multiple touch gestures using depth information obtained from a depth camera. The method determines gesture type based on the tracked touch path and depth information. This allows supporting touch gestures on large screens at low cost. As an example, the document describes implementing a shooting game where users can control in-game units through intuitive touch gestures on a large screen, such as dragging to move a unit or increase the shooting angle. The method was applied successfully to prototype the shooting game.
El documento describe el Sistema Térmico TABLAROCA® de USG, el cual proporciona aislamiento térmico para viviendas a través de la instalación de materiales como tablero de yeso y lana mineral en muros y techos. El sistema ofrece ahorros de energía de hasta 38% y mantiene las viviendas entre 4-8°C más frescas o calientes. El valor "R" mide la resistencia térmica de los materiales y cuanto mayor es este valor, mejor puede resistir la transferencia de calor.
This document presents a new mathematical model for encrypting data using fingerprint data. It works as follows:
1. A fingerprint image is used to generate an encryption key by determining the number of black pixels. This key will be unique for each user.
2. The key is used to generate a very large number to represent each letter or character. Different digits of this number represent different letters.
3. The plaintext is converted to this numerical representation to generate the ciphertext. Additional functions may be applied to further encrypt the ciphertext.
4. To decrypt, the receiver applies the inverse functions and uses the key to determine the letter associated with each number to recover the plaintext. The model is intended to provide highly
Three Party Authenticated Key Distribution using Quantum CryptographyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Mini Project on Data Encryption & Decryption in JAVAchovatiyabhautik
This document is a report on a data encryption and decryption project written by Bhautik Chovatiya for a computer networks course. The report provides an introduction to the need for data encryption, describes the project requirements and design. It also includes screenshots and code snippets demonstrating how the project allows users to encrypt and decrypt data either directly or from files using Caesar cipher encryption. The project aims to provide secure encryption in a simple and user-friendly way.
Comprehensive Study of Counter-acting Security Threats in Mobile Ad Hoc Networksdrsrinivasanvenkataramani
This document summarizes various approaches for providing security in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses solutions that use cryptography and public/private keys to secure routing, as well as approaches based on trust, observation, and reputation. It also reviews methods for detecting node capture attacks and forged routing messages. The document surveys the strengths and limitations of different secure methods and their tradeoffs between security and efficiency.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of various cryptography algorithms. It discusses symmetric key algorithms like DES, AES, Blowfish and IDEA as well as asymmetric algorithms like RSA and Diffie-Hellman. The performance is evaluated based on parameters like encryption/decryption time, memory usage and throughput. Experiments show that Blowfish has better performance than AES for encrypting audio files, with lower average encryption and decryption times. In conclusion, cryptography is important for network security and Blowfish performs encryption/decryption more efficiently than AES for audio files.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative study of private and public key cryptography algorithms a surveyeSAT Publishing House
The document provides a comparison of private key cryptography (such as DES) and public key cryptography (such as RSA). It discusses the basic concepts and processes of cryptography including encryption, decryption, keys, cryptanalysis etc. It then describes the DES and RSA algorithms in detail and compares them based on factors like message length, speed, security, vulnerabilities etc. The document concludes that private key algorithms are faster but public key algorithms provide higher security and additional services like non-repudiation.
This document discusses image cryptography using the RSA algorithm. It begins with an abstract that provides an overview of encrypting images through a combination of RSA encryption and a 2-bit rotation mechanism. The document then reviews literature on modifications made to the original RSA algorithm. It discusses current applications of RSA, including uses in email encryption, cloud services, and digital signatures. The design architecture and working of the RSA algorithm are explained. The document concludes that image encryption using RSA is efficient and secure, though further research is needed to develop quantum-resistant encryption systems.
A Novel Key Distribution Scheme f or a Visual Crypto SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel key distribution scheme for visual cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and visual cryptography. It then describes the existing Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm. The proposed method generates a shared secret key through a multi-step process using asymmetric key cryptography and modulus operation on private keys and a public image. Both parties are able to derive the same symmetric key for encrypting future communications without directly transmitting their private keys. The methodology and implementation details are provided, along with experimental results demonstrating the generation of matching keys within 0.11 seconds on average.
ENHANCED SECURE ALGORITHM FOR MESSAGE COMMUNICATIONIJNSA Journal
This paper puts forward a safe mechanism of data transmission to tackle the security problem of information which is transmitted in Internet. The encryption standards such as DES (Data Encryption Standard), AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and EES (Escrowed Encryption Standard) are widely used to solve the problem of communication over an insecure channel. With advanced technologies in computer hardware and software, these standards seem not to be as secure and fast as one would like. In
this paper we propose a encryption technique which provides security to both the message and the secret key achieving confidentiality and authentication. The Symmetric algorithm used has two advantages over traditional schemes. First, the encryption and decryption procedures are much simpler, and consequently, much faster. Second, the security level is higher due to the inherent poly-alphabetic nature of the substitution mapping method used here, together with the translation and transposition operations performed in the algorithm. Asymmetric algorithm RSA is worldwide known for its high security. In this paper a detailed report of the process is presented and analysis is done comparing our proposed technique with familiar techniques
Survey of Security Threats and Protection Techniques in Mobile Ad Hoc Networksdrsrinivasanvenkataramani
This document summarizes various security threats and protection techniques in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses several proposed solutions, including those based on cryptography using public/private keys, trusted certificate servers, detecting node capture and forged routing messages, watchdog mechanisms to detect misbehaving nodes, using route request packets to establish secure routes, redundant routing messages to detect attacks, reputation-based approaches, and using firewalls. The document provides an overview of the key challenges in securing MANETs and surveys different existing approaches, their advantages and limitations.
This document summarizes public key cryptography and asymmetric encryption algorithms. It discusses how public key cryptography uses two different but mathematically related keys, a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The public key can be shared openly, while the private key is kept secret by the recipient. It also describes how asymmetric algorithms are slower than symmetric algorithms but allow anyone to encrypt messages for a recipient using their public key, with only the recipient able to decrypt it with their private key. Examples of asymmetric algorithms discussed include RSA.
This document covers topics in network security including:
- It outlines the OSI security architecture and describes security services like authentication, access control, and data confidentiality.
- It discusses security mechanisms like encipherment and digital signatures. Common security attacks are also defined, including passive attacks, active attacks, masquerade, replay, and denial of service.
- Symmetric encryption techniques are introduced, including the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic ciphers, Playfair cipher, and Hill cipher. Key concepts in classical cryptography are explained.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Encryption TechniquesIRJET Journal
The document compares and analyzes different encryption techniques. It summarizes the Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES (3DES), and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). DES uses a 56-bit key and 64-bit block size, while 3DES extends DES to 168 bits for improved security. AES was developed later to replace DES and uses 128, 192, or 256 bit keys and block sizes. The document concludes that AES is more secure than DES and 3DES based on its longer key lengths and that it is the symmetric encryption algorithm of choice for future applications.
This document presents a proposed algorithm for public key cryptography using matrices. The algorithm has three stages: 1) shuffling the original data using a linear congruential method and arranging it in a matrix, 2) traversing the data matrix in different patterns, and 3) generating a system of non-homogeneous linear equations from the matrix to derive private keys. The algorithm aims to provide data confidentiality, integrity and authentication for cloud computing applications using public key cryptography with matrices in a way that has constant complexity regardless of key size.
TWO PHASE CLANDESTAIN IMAGE ENCRYPTION acijjournal
In today’s internet world is full of data steals and hackers. So, there is a essential to design a system that
assists the internet users to interchange their secret and private data safely across the web. Informationhiding
process in a Steganography system starts by identifying medium’s redundant bits. The encryption
process creates a stego medium by replacing these redundant bits with data from the hidden message.
So, we propose a method for encrypting the image, which has two phases. In the first phase, Perform
Circular Shift Operations on the image pixels and the number of rotations have been calculated based on
the length of the password. In the second phase, the first phase has undergone some bitwise operations
with a carriage image, by doing this; breaking of the cipher text is difficult.
Abstract: Data Mining has wide applications in many areas such as banking, medicine, scientific research and among government agencies. Classification is one of the commonly used tasks in data mining applications. The cloud computing, users have the opportunity to outsource their data, in encrypted form, as well as the data mining tasks to the cloud. Since the data on the cloud is in encrypted form, existing privacy preserving classification techniques are not applicable. On solving the classification problem over encrypted data. A secure k-NN classifier over encrypted data in the cloud. The k-NN protocol protects the confidentiality of the data, user’s input query, and data access patterns. To develop a secure k-NN classifier over encrypted data under the standard semi-honest model. Also, we empirically analyze the efficiency of our solution through various experiments.
Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network SecurityEditor IJCATR
This document discusses and analyzes various cryptographic algorithms used for network security. It begins with definitions of key cryptographic terms like plain text, cipher text, encryption, decryption, and keys. It then describes different types of cryptographic schemes, including symmetric, asymmetric, and hash functions. Specific algorithms are analyzed like DES, AES, RSA, and Diffie-Hellman. Factors to consider when selecting a cryptographic algorithm like speed, memory requirements, security needs, and data type are also discussed. Overall the document provides a comprehensive overview and comparison of cryptographic algorithms and their applications for network security.
Design and Implementation of New Encryption algorithm to Enhance Performance...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new encryption algorithm to improve performance parameters. The algorithm is divided into two phases. Phase 1 involves reversing, swapping, circularly shifting bits of the plaintext and XORing with the key. Phase 2 divides the output into blocks, then recombines the left bits of each block. The paper analyzes avalanche effect and execution time of the proposed algorithm compared to existing algorithms to evaluate its performance. The results show better performance than existing algorithms.
Implementation of Multiple Touch Gesture Using Depth InformationIJMER
This document proposes a method for implementing multiple touch gestures using depth information obtained from a depth camera. The method determines gesture type based on the tracked touch path and depth information. This allows supporting touch gestures on large screens at low cost. As an example, the document describes implementing a shooting game where users can control in-game units through intuitive touch gestures on a large screen, such as dragging to move a unit or increase the shooting angle. The method was applied successfully to prototype the shooting game.
El documento describe el Sistema Térmico TABLAROCA® de USG, el cual proporciona aislamiento térmico para viviendas a través de la instalación de materiales como tablero de yeso y lana mineral en muros y techos. El sistema ofrece ahorros de energía de hasta 38% y mantiene las viviendas entre 4-8°C más frescas o calientes. El valor "R" mide la resistencia térmica de los materiales y cuanto mayor es este valor, mejor puede resistir la transferencia de calor.
Social networking has grown significantly globally. A single tweet can now reach more people than major newspapers combined. Facebook has the largest share of time spent on social networks at 69%, followed by Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn and others. Social networking allows people to connect, share information and collaborate online. It has evolved from early platforms like email and bulletin boards to today's major social networks like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and others. Both opportunities and risks exist regarding privacy, data use, addiction and other issues with social networking.
The document discusses the key elements of the everlasting gospel and the three phases of the first angel's message from Revelation 14:6-7. It explains that the everlasting gospel highlights salvation through Jesus alone, and must be brought back to its pure form. It also summarizes that the first angel's message includes: 1) a worldwide proclamation of the pure gospel, 2) a warning that the judgment hour has begun, and 3) a call to worship the Creator of the heavens, earth, and sea - pointing to the seventh-day Sabbath. The pure gospel and this three-phase message are described as restoring true Christianity and preparing people for Christ's return.
The document investigates the tribological properties of Ni-Cr and Al2O3 13TiO2 coatings deposited via detonation spraying on two types of grey cast iron (GI250 and GIHC). Pin-on-disc wear tests were performed on coated and uncoated samples under different loads. Results show coated samples experienced significantly lower weight loss than uncoated samples. Specifically, the Al2O3 13TiO2 coating on GI250 substrate showed the lowest cumulative weight loss. SEM analysis indicated the coatings were uniform and dense. In conclusion, detonation spraying was effective in depositing wear-resistant coatings on grey iron to reduce wear loss.
The document summarizes the European Women Interactive Learning (EWIL) project. The EWIL project aims to stimulate women's motivation to learn and raise the quality of education opportunities for women in non-formal contexts. Specifically, the project aims to allow women to acquire ICT knowledge, promote women's participation in adult learning using culturally relevant content, and help women maximize their ICT skills for personal and professional use. The project receives funding from the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Union.
A digital footprint is a record of everything posted online about an individual, including what they post themselves, photos others post of them, and information posted by friends and family. This footprint can impact things like job applications, school admission, and what people think of an individual, both positively and negatively. To manage their footprint, people should be careful about what they post online, the websites they join, forms they fill out, who they give information to, and photos they post.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pane...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino microcontroller
with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
A Survey of User Authentication Schemes for Mobile DeviceIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
High Speed Fault Injection Tool (FITO) Implemented With VHDL on FPGA For Test...IJMER
This document describes a high speed fault injection tool (FITO) implemented on an FPGA for testing fault tolerant designs. FITO supports injecting different fault models like permanent faults, transient faults, and bit flips. It modifies VHDL design descriptions to insert extra logic for fault injection controlled by a fault injection signal (FIS). The fault injection manager schedules faults and asserts FIS. It was implemented using VHDL and tested on a Spartan-3E FPGA board using a redundant ALU processor design. FITO aims to provide high speed fault injection with good controllability and observability for evaluating fault tolerance of FPGA-based systems.
The document discusses two quick and easy steps to improve website rankings. The first step is to use a blog, as blogs are indexed faster by Google and allow for frequent updates of relevant content. The second step is to research keywords related to your business and target market and include those keywords in blog posts. This will help potential customers easily find your business when searching online.
Trough External Service Management Improve Quality & ProductivityIJMER
Abstract: The challenges in Small car project, necessitated improvements in quality and productivity,
right from day one of implementation of project. Detailed studies on external management services,
manufacturing process, various departments involved, and procedures followed were done, and
problems in the existing system were identified and solutions were provided. The object of this paper is to
investigate methods of measuring performance. The subject of this paper is the process of implementing
methods to increase productivity. Methods (procedures) of the study. Pattern during the writing of this
work was used by scientist’s articles information about the measurement and implementation of systems
productivity. Since this work was written with the use of different methods and examples, not all of them
before writing the work were known to me, I want to present a certain part to improve the productivity of
some companies in my country.
This document summarizes a study on the bogie and suspension system of the Indian Railways' WAP-4 electric locomotive. Key points:
- The WAP-4 locomotive was introduced in 1994 to haul heavier passenger trains at higher speeds of up to 140 km/h.
- It has a Co-Co wheel arrangement with 6 traction motors powered by a transformer and silicon rectifiers. The bogies use Flexicoil design with primary and secondary springs suspending the axle boxes and bogie frame.
- Over 800 WAP-4 locomotives are in service. Newer versions have improved diagnostics, static converters, and roof-mounted dynamic brakes. The locomotive can haul
This document discusses a proposed system for allowing IT professionals to remotely access their office computers from mobile phones using cellular technology. It describes how the system would work, including using SHA-1 encryption to securely transmit data between the mobile device and PC. The system is intended to make remote desktop sharing more convenient and accessible for traveling IT professionals.
The document discusses how running a small PPC campaign can help improve SEO by providing accurate data on keyword search volumes and conversions. It notes that PPC can reveal which keyword phrases generate the highest returns and can be used for SEO. Additionally, PPC allows businesses to get quick exposure for competitive keywords instead of waiting months for SEO.
Effect of Co doping on the structural and physical properties of SrC4H4O6.3H2...IJMER
Single crystals of strontium tartrate and cobalt doped strontium tartrate crystals were
grown by the single diffusion gel growth technique. The growth conditions were optimized by varying
the parameters such as pH, concentration of the gel, gel setting time and concentration of the reactants.
Silica gel was used as the growth medium with test tubes as crystallization vessels. Crystals having
different morphologies were obtained (transparent and few opaque). The grown crystals were
characterized by carrying out PXRD, SXRD, FTIR spectral, UV-Vis-NIR spectral, SHG, PL spectral,
AAS, microhardness and TG/DTA measurements. The tri hydrate crystals belong to the monoclinic
crystal system and the tetra hydrate crystals belong to orthorhombic crystal system and are optically
transparent, NLO active, mechanically soft and thermally stable up to 100 °C. AAS measurement
revealed the presence of Co atoms in the doped crystals. Results indicate that Co-doping significantly
increases SHG efficiency. Details are presented
The document summarizes why Israel went into captivity based on passages from Ezekiel and Daniel. It describes how Israel was repeatedly called rebellious for defiling God's sanctuary and engaging in idolatrous worship. It then discusses Nebuchadnezzar's strategy of exiling the ruling class and intellectuals to leave only poor people in Israel. Cyrus later allowed the exiles to return and helped them rebuild, as Daniel had foretold over 150 years prior based on Isaiah's prophecy.
Modified Procedure for Construction and Selection of Sampling Plans for Vari...IJMER
Linear Trend is Technique to generate the values for observerd frequency distribution and it
will give the accuracy of the smoothing obtained depends on the number of available data sets. In this
article ,an attempt was made to estimate the modified liner trend value generator for construction and
selection of sampling plans for variable inspection scheme indexed through the MAAOQ over the Liner
Trend .We compare the constructed sampling plans indexed through MAAOQ over Linear Trend with
the basic sampling plans indexed with AOQL. And also obtain the performance of the operating
characteristic curves.
This document discusses stiffness analysis of flexible parallel manipulators. It presents the forward kinematics analysis of a 3-RRR planar parallel manipulator using genetic algorithms and neural networks to minimize positional errors. The Jacobian and platform stiffness matrices are evaluated within the defined workspace. A pseudo-rigid body model with frame and plate elements is used to analyze the flexible link configuration and compliant joints. Stiffness indices are obtained and validated using commercial finite element software. The methodology is illustrated for a 3-RRR flexible parallel manipulator to study the effects of link flexibility and joint compliance on stiffness.
SYMMETRIC-KEY BASED PRIVACYPRESERVING SCHEME FOR MINING SUPPORT COUNTSacijjournal
In this paper we study the problem of mining support counts using symmetric-key crypto which is more
efficient than previous work. Consider a scenario that each user has an option (like or unlike) of the
specified product, and a third party wants to obtain the popularity of this product. We design a much more
efficient privacy-preserving scheme for users to prevent the loss of the personal interests. Unlike most
previous works, we do not use any exponential or modular algorithms, but we provide a symmetric-key
based method which can also protect the information. Specifically, our protocol uses a third party that
generates a number of matrixes as each user’s key. Then user uses these key to encrypt their data which is
more efficient to obtain the support counts of a given pattern.
The document contains a series of questions and answers related to the topics of cryptography and network security. It is divided into 5 units, with questions ranging from defining basic terms to explaining concepts in more depth. Some of the questions ask for examples or demonstrations of algorithms and techniques. The document serves as a study guide or practice test for a course on cryptography and security.
The document contains a series of questions and answers related to the topics of cryptography and network security. It is divided into 5 units, with questions ranging from basic concepts and definitions to practical applications and algorithms. Some of the key topics covered include symmetric and asymmetric encryption, cryptanalysis techniques like brute force attacks, cryptographic hash functions, digital signatures, authentication protocols, and network security mechanisms like IPsec.
This document contains questions and answers related to the topics of cryptography and network security. It covers topics such as information security, data integrity, cryptanalysis, cryptographic algorithms, symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography, hashing, digital signatures, network attacks, and security protocols. The questions range from definitions of technical terms to short explanations of cryptographic concepts and mechanisms.
A New Method for Encrypting Digital Data Using Symmetric Key in Information E...Editor IJCATR
with the arrival of the information age and much more important information systems and communication in human
everyday life, necessity immunization information and communication strategy were also raised. The easiest way to meet this
necessity is conventional encryption algorithms. Encryption is a right tool for data protection in an unsecure channel. To this end, from
two-method symmetric key encryption and public-key cryptography are used. In this paper we examine text cryptography, one of the
most important topics in cryptography. A unique attribute of this kind of encryption has been of interest to many researchers in this
field. This paper, considering the symmetric encryption algorithm, provides a text encryption algorithm using a 128-bit key. The
proposed algorithm uses a 128-bit key, the text data using the XOR operator to convert the encrypted information. Therefore, the aim
of this method is to provide a convenient method for symmetrically encrypting data not to be easily decoded, and finally, the results of
the tests show that the proposed method is better in terms of security and speed of execution
This document proposes a new technique to solve the key exchange problem in cryptography. It discusses existing key exchange methods that rely on additional encryption processes or pre-shared secrets. The proposed method mixes the cipher key with the encrypted data block such that only the intended receiver can extract both the key and data. This allows key exchange without pre-sharing secrets or additional encryption steps. It aims to provide a more efficient and secure key exchange technique compared to traditional methods.
Cloud computing and a new approach in data encryption techniqueMahmuda Rahman
Cloud computing is a very growing field in this passing year. We can discuss about how to secure the data. We can discuss about the algorithm and how the algorithm is working. Then we propose some new technique to secure the data in cloud. There is no 100 percent secure system. So we want to discuss in this paper how to make the system much better and more essential. The goal of this paper is to secure the data system in cloud computing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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COLLOBORATIVE APPROACH for SECURING DATA RETRIEVAL SCHEME BASED On TRIPPLE DE...AM Publications
Disruption tolerant network technologies are becoming successful solutions that allow wireless devices carried by soldiers to communicate with each other and access the confidential information or command reliably by exploiting external storage nodes. Some of the most challenging issues in this scenario are the enforcement of authorization policies and the policies update for secure data retrieval. Ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption is a promising cryptographic solution to the access control issues. However, the problem of applying CP-ABE in decentralized DTNs introduces several security and privacy challenges with regard to the attribute revocation, key escrow, and coordination of attributes issued from different authorities. We propose a secure data retrieval scheme using 3DES with MD5 for decentralized DTNs where multiple key authorities manage their attributes independently. We demonstrate how to apply the proposed mechanism to securely and efficiently manage the confidential data distributed in the Disruption-tolerant military network.
COLLOBORATIVE APPROACH for SECURING DATA RETRIEVAL SCHEME BASED On TRIPPLE DE...AM Publications
Disruption tolerant network technologies are becoming successful solutions that allow wireless devices carried by soldiers to communicate with each other and access the confidential information or command reliably by exploiting external storage nodes. Some of the most challenging issues in this scenario are the enforcement of authorization policies and the policies update for secure data retrieval. Ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption is a promising cryptographic solution to the access control issues. However, the problem of applying CP-ABE in decentralized DTNs introduces several security and privacy challenges with regard to the attribute revocation, key escrow, and coordination of attributes issued from different authorities. We propose a secure data retrieval scheme using 3DES with MD5 for decentralized DTNs where multiple key authorities manage their attributes independently. We demonstrate how to apply the proposed mechanism to securely and efficiently manage the confidential data distributed in the Disruption-tolerant military network.
The document compares and summarizes various encryption algorithms and techniques for improving secured data communication. It first discusses symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques. It then analyzes popular encryption algorithms like AES, DES, Triple DES, RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Blowfish. For each algorithm, it explains the methodology, provides a performance summary, and discusses key characteristics. It finds that AES and Triple DES provide better security than older standards like DES. The document also proposes a new encryption algorithm based on block cipher concepts like XOR and shifting operations.
Comparison of Various Encryption Algorithms and Techniques for improving secu...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes and compares various encryption algorithms and techniques for improving secured data communication. It first discusses symmetric and asymmetric cryptography approaches. It then evaluates the performance of common symmetric algorithms like AES, DES, Triple DES, and Blowfish based on encryption speed tests. It provides a table summarizing the key features and security status of each algorithm. The document also introduces modern cryptography that combines symmetric and asymmetric techniques, and discusses some important encryption algorithms like DES, IDEA, and RSA.
An increasing demand of secure data transmission over internet leads to the challenge of implementing a consistent cryptosystem. In 2004, USA navy published the patent which highlights the importance of fractal as an encryption/decryption key in a cryptosystem [1]. Fractal possess butterfly effect i.e. sensitivity to initial condition, due to which small change in input produces a major change in output. This paper summarizes the various recent image encryption techniques in which fractal key is used to encrypt/decrypt followed by substitution, scrambling and diffusion techniques to provide strong cryptosystem. The algorithms covered both private key encryption as well as public key encryption technique in the paper. The analysed algorithms include a set of fractal function such as Mandelbrot set, Julia set, Hilbert curve, 3D fractal, multi-fractal, IFS and chaotic function to generate a complex key used in the encryption process. Corresponding performance of each algorithm is analysed by PSNR test, key space, sensitivity analysis and correlation coefficient value between the adjacent pixels of both images (Original image and encrypted image) which shows significant improvement in performance over the traditional encryption methods.
An increasing demand of secure data transmission over internet leads to the challenge of implementing a
consistent cryptosystem. In 2004, USA navy published the patent which highlights the importance of fractal
as an encryption/decryption key in a cryptosystem [1]. Fractal possess butterfly effect i.e. sensitivity to
initial condition, due to which small change in input produces a major change in output. This paper
summarizes the various recent image encryption techniques in which fractal key is used to encrypt/decrypt
followed by substitution, scrambling and diffusion techniques to provide strong cryptosystem. The
algorithms covered both private key encryption as well as public key encryption technique in the paper.
IMAGE ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES USING FRACTAL FUNCTION: A REVIEWijcsit
An increasing demand of secure data transmission over internet leads to the challenge of implementing a consistent cryptosystem. In 2004, USA navy published the patent which highlights the importance of fractal
as an encryption/decryption key in a cryptosystem [1]. Fractal possess butterfly effect i.e. sensitivity to initial condition, due to which small change in input produces a major change in output. This paper summarizes the various recent image encryption techniques in which fractal key is used to encrypt/decrypt
followed by substitution, scrambling and diffusion techniques to provide strong cryptosystem. The algorithms covered both private key encryption as well as public key encryption technique in the paper. The analysed algorithms include a set of fractal function such as Mandelbrot set, Julia set, Hilbert curve, 3D fractal, multi-fractal, IFS and chaotic function to generate a complex key used in the encryption process.
Corresponding performance of each algorithm is analysed by PSNR test, key space, sensitivity analysis and correlation coefficient value between the adjacent pixels of both images (Original image and encrypted image) which shows significant improvement in performance over the traditional encryption methods.
This document discusses research into protocols that enable range queries over encrypted data stored in the cloud. It summarizes implementations of secure comparison (SC) and secure bit decomposition (SBD) using both secret sharing and Paillier encryption schemes. For secret sharing, SC relies on secure multiplication and prefix-OR operations. SBD decomposes values into encrypted bits. For Paillier, SC and SBD use homomorphic properties to compute comparisons and bitwise representations without revealing data. The goal is to verify accuracy of these protocols and compare efficiency of secret sharing versus Paillier encryption for supporting range queries over encrypted data.
With the growth of cloud technologies, computing
resources and cloud storage have become the most
demanding online services. There are several companies
desiring to outsource their data storage and resources as
well. While storing private and sensitive data on a third
party data center, it is necessary to consider security and
privacy which become major issues. In this paper, a novel
Double Encryption with Single Decryption (DESD) crypto
technique is proposed to secure the data in cloud storage.
The proposed technique comprises of encryption and
decryption phases where in the encryption phase the data is
randomly partitioned into multiple fragments. Double
encryption is done on each fragment by prime numbers, as
well as Invertible Non-linear Function (INF). These
multiple encrypted data are stored at the multiple cloud
storages with the help of cloud service provider (CSP).
After all verification process the data user collects the key
from the data owner and decrypts the gathered data from
the cloud with the knowledge of inverse INF. The proposed
crypto technique provides more security and privacy to
cloud data and any illegitimate users cannot retrieve the
original data. The performance of the proposed DESD
technique is compared with AES and Triple DES
techniques and the experimental results are plotted which
shows the proposed technique is efficient and faster.
The document proposes a new encryption technique called Dynamic Hill Cipher with Message Digest Concatenation to improve security of data in cloud computing. It combines the Hill Cipher encryption algorithm with MD5 hashing to provide message authentication, confidentiality and integrity. The Hill Cipher is made more secure by allowing dynamic selection of the encryption key size and concatenating the MD5 hash to ensure messages are not modified. This new approach aims to address weaknesses in the Hill Cipher and provide all necessary security services for electronic communication of sensitive data stored in the cloud.
A Survey on Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation Without Secure ChannelIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on privacy-preserving data aggregation without a secure channel. It discusses two models for aggregating private data from multiple participants: one with an external aggregator and one where participants calculate the aggregation jointly. The paper proposes protocols for the aggregator or participants to calculate the sum and product of the private data in a way that preserves the privacy of each participant's data, without requiring secure pairwise channels between participants. The protocols are based on the computational hardness of solving certain cryptographic problems like the discrete logarithm problem.
Similar to Securing Personal Information in Data Mining (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
1. International
OPEN
Journal
ACCESS
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Securing Personal Information in Data Mining
1
B. Sreenivasulu, 2A. Sarat Kumar, 3D. Srujan Chandra Reddy
1
Department of CSE, PBRVITS Kavali
Department of CSE, PBRVITS Kavali
3
Assoc. Prof Department of CSE, PBRVITS Kavali
2
This paper presents few of the frequent authentication and security mechanisms and mechanisms used in several
securing personal information in data mining techniques. The paper describes an overview of some of the well
known securing personal information (privacy preserve) in data mining , - ID3 for decision tree, association
rule mining, EM clustering, frequency mining and Naïve Bayes. Most of these algorithms are usually a
modification of a well known data mining algorithm along with some privacy preserving techniques. The paper
finally describes the problem of using a model without knowing the model rules on context of passenger
classification at the airlines security checkpoint by homeland security. This paper is intended to be a summary
and a high level overview of PPDM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Data mining refers to the techniques of extracting rules and patterns from data. It is also commonly
known as KDD (Knowledge Discovery from Data). Traditional data mining operates on the data warehouse
model of gathering all data into a central site and then running an algorithm against that warehouse. This model
works well when the entire data is owned by a single custodian who generates and uses a data mining model
without disclosing the results to any third party. However, in a lot of real life application of data mining, privacy
concerns may prevent this approach. The first problem might be the fact that certain attributes of the data (SSN
for example), or a combination of attributes might leak personal identifiable information. The second problem
might be that the data is horizontally split across multiple custodians none of which is allowed to transfer data to
the other site. The data might be vertically partitioned in which case, different custodians own different
attributes of the data and they have the same sharing restrictions. Finally, the use of the data mining model
might have restrictions, - some rules might be restricted, and some rules might lead to individual profiling in
ways which are prohibited by law.
Privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) has emerged to address this issue. Most of the techniques for
PPDM uses modified version of standard data mining algorithms, where the modifications usually using well
known cryptographic techniques ensure the required privacy for the application for which the technique was
designed. In most cases, the constraints for PPDM are preserving accuracy of the data and the generated models
and the performance of the mining process while maintaining the privacy constraints. The several approaches
used by PPDM can be summarized as below:
1. The data is altered before delivering it to the data miner.
2. The data is distributed between two or more sites, which cooperate using a semi-honest protocol to learn
global data mining results without revealing any information about the data at their individual sites.
3. While using a model to classify data, the classification results are only revealed to the designated party,
who does not learn anything else other that the classification results, but can check for presence of certain
rules without revealing the rules.
In this paper, a high level overview of some of the commonly used tools and algorithms for PPDM is presented.
II. SECURE MULTI PARTY COMMUNICATION
Almost all PPDM techniques rely on secure multi party communication protocol. Secure multi party
communication is defined as a computation protocol at the end of which no party involved knows anything else
except it’s own inputs the results, i.e. the view of each party during the execution can be effectively simulated
by the input and output of the party. In the late 1980s, work on secure multi party communication demonstrated
that a wide class of functions can be computed securely under reasonable assumptions without involving a
trusted third party. Secure multi party communication has generally concentrated on two models of security. The
semi-honest model assumes that each party follows the rule of the protocol, but is free to later use what it sees
during execution of the protocol. The malicious model assumes that parties can arbitrarily cheat and such
cheating will not compromise either security or the results, i.e. the results from the malicious party will be
correct or the malicious party will be detected. Most of the PPDM techniques assume an intermediate model, | IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 |
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2. Securing Personal Information in Data Mining
preserving privacy with non-colluding parties. A malicious party may corrupt the results, but will not be able to
learn the private data of other parties without colluding with another party. This is a reasonable assumption in
most cases.
In the next section I’ll present few efficient techniques for privacy preserving computations that can be
used to support PPDM.
2.1 Secure Sum
Distributed data mining algorithms often calculate the sum of values from individual sites. Assuming
three or more parties and no collusion, the following method securely computes such a sum.
s
Let
v vi is to be computed for s sites and v is known to lie in the range [0..N]. Site 1, designated as the
i 1
master site generates a random number R and sends
… s, the site receives:
( R v1 ) mod N to site 2. For every other site l = 2, 3, 4
l 1
V ( R v j ) mod N .
j 1
Site l computes:
l
(V vl ) mod N ( R v j ) mod N
j 1
This is passed to site (l+1). At the end, site 1 gets:
s
V ( R v j ) mod N
j 1
And knowing R, it can compute the sum v. The method faces an obvious problem if sites collude. Sites
(l-1) and (l+1) can compare their inputs and outputs to determine vl . The method can be extended to work for an
honest majority. Each site divides
vl into shares. The sum of each share is computed individually. The path used
is permuted for each share such that no site has the same neighbors twice.
2.2 Secure Set Union
Secure set union methods are useful in data mining where each party needs to give rules, frequent
itemsets, etc without revealing the owner. This can be implemented efficiently using a commutative encryption
technique. An encryption algorithm is commutative if given encryption keys K1 , K 2 ,....K n K , the final
encryption of a data M by applying all the keys is the same for any permuted order of the keys. The main idea is
that every site encrypts its set and adds it to a global set. Then every site encrypts the items it hasn’t encrypted
before. At the end of the iteration, the global set will contain items encrypted by every site. Since encryption
technique chosen is commutative, the duplicates will encrypt to the same value and can be eliminated from the
global set. Finally every site decrypts every item in the global set to get the final union of the individual sets.
One addition is to permute the order of the items in the global set to prevent sites from tracking the source of an
item. The only additional information each site learns in the case is the number of duplicates for each item, but
they cannot find out what the item is.
2.3 Secure Size of Set Intersection
In this case, every party has their own set of items from a common domain. The problem is to securely
compute the cardinality/size of the intersection of these sets. The solution to this is the same technique as the
secure union using a commutative encryption algorithm. All k parties locally generate their public key-part for a
commutative encryption scheme. The decryption key is never used in this protocol. Each party encrypts its items
with its key and passes it along to the other parties. On receiving a set of encrypted items, a party encrypts each
item and permutes the order before sending it to the next party. This is repeated until every item has been
encrypted by every party. Since encryption is commutative, the resulting values from two different sets will be
equal if and only if the original values were the same. At the end, we can count the number of values that are
present in all of the encrypted item sets. This can be done by any party. None of the parties can find out which
of the items are present in the intersection set because of the encryption.
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3. Securing Personal Information in Data Mining
2.4 Scalar Product
Scalar product is a powerful component technique and many data mining problems can be reduced to
computing the scalar product of two vectors. Assume two parties P 1 and P2 each have a vector of cardinality n,
n
X ( x1 , x2 ,....xn ) , Y ( y1 , y 2 ,.... y n ) . The problem is to securely compute xi y i . There has been a
i 1
lot of research and proposed solution to the 2 party cases, but these cannot be easily extended to the multi party
case. The key approach to a possible solution proposed in [3] is to use linear combinations of random numbers
to disguise vector elements and then do some computations to remove the effect of these random numbers from
the result. Though this method does reveal more information than just the input and the result, it is efficient and
suited for large data sizes, thus being useful for data mining.
2.5 Oblivious Transfer
The oblivious transfer protocol is a useful cryptographic tool involving two parties, - the sender and the
receiver. The sender’s input is a pair ( x0 , x1 ) and the receiver’s input is a bit (0,1) . The protocol is such
that the receiver learns
x (and nothing else) and the sender learns nothing. In the semi-honest adversaries,
there exist simple and efficient protocols for oblivious transfer.
2.6 Oblivious polynomial evaluation
This is another useful cryptographic tool involving two parties. The sender’s input is a polynomial Q of
degree k over some finite field F (k is public). The receiver’s input is an element z F . The protocol is such
that the receiver learns Q (z) without learning anything else about the polynomial and the sender learns nothing.
In the next section, some common PPDM techniques are described:
III. ANONYMIZING DATA SETS
In many data mining scenarios, access to large amounts of personal data is essential for inferences to be
drawn. One approach for preserving privacy in this case it to suppress some of the sensitive data values, as
suggested in [5]. This is known as a k-anonymity model which was proposed by Samarati and Sweeney.
Suppose we have a table with n tuples and m attributes. Let k > 1 is an integer. We wish to release a modified
version of this table, where we can suppress the values of certain cells in the table. The objective is to minimize
the number of cells suppressed while ensuring that for each tuple in the modified table there are k-1 other tuples
in the modified table identical to it.
The problem of finding optimized k-anonymized table for any given table instance can be shown to be NP-hard
even for binary attributes. There are however O(k) approximation algorithm discussed in [5] for solving this
problem. The algorithm is also proven to terminate.
IV. DECISION TREE MINING
In the paper [4], a privacy preserving version of the popular ID3 decision tree algorithm is described.
The scenario described is where two parties with database D1 and D2 wish to apply the decision tree algorithm
on the joint database D1 U D2 without revealing any unnecessary information about their database. The
technique described uses secure multi party computation under the semi honest adversary model and attempts to
reduce the number of bits communicated between the two parties.
The traditional ID3 algorithm computes a decision tree by choosing at each tree level the best attribute to split
on at that level ad thus partition the data. The tree building is complete when the data in uniquely partitioned
into a single class value or there are no attributes to split on. The selection of best attribute uses information gain
theory and selects the attribute that minimizes the entropy of the partitions and thus maximizes the information
gain.
In the PPDM scenario, the information gain for every attribute has to be computed jointly over all the
database instances without divulging individual site data. We can show that this problem reduces to privately
computing x ln x in a protocol which receives x1 and x2 as input where x1 + x2 = x. This is described in [4].
V. ASSOCIATION RULE MINING
We describe the privacy preserving association rule mining technique for a horizontally partitioned
data set across multiple sites. Let I = {i1 , i2 ,....in } be a set of items and T = {T1 , T2 ,....Tn } be a set of
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4. Securing Personal Information in Data Mining
I . A transaction Ti contains an item set X I only if X Ti . An
association rule implication is of the form X Y ( X Y 0 ) with support s and confidence c if s% of the
transactions in T contains X Y and c% of transactions that contain X also contain Y. In a horizontally
transactions where each Ti
partitioned database, the transactions are distributed among n sites. The global support count of an item set is the
sum of all local support counts. The global confidence of a rule can be expressed in terms of the global support:
n
SUPg ( X ) SUPi ( X )
i 1
CONFg ( X Y )
SUPg ( X Y )
SUPg ( X )
The aim of the privacy preserving association rule mining is to find all rules with global support and
global confidence higher than the user specified minimum support and confidence. The following steps,
utilizing the secure sum and secure set union methods described earlier are used. The basis of the algorithm is
the apriori algorithm which uses the (k-1) sized frequent item sets to generate the k sized frequent item sets. The
problem of generating size 1 item sets can be easily done with secure computation on the multiple sites.
Candidate Set Generation: Intersect the globally frequent item set of size (k-1) with locally frequent
(k-1) itemset to get candidates. From these, use the Apiori algorithm to get the candidate k itemsets.
Local Pruning: For each X in the local candidate set, scan the local database to compute the support
of X. If X is locally frequent, it’s included in the locally frequent itemset.
Itemset Exchange: Compute a secure union of the large itemsets over all sites.
Support Count: Compute a secure sum of the local supports to get the global support.
VI.
EM CLUSTERING
Clustering is the technique of grouping data into groups called “clusters” based on the value of the
attributes. A well known algorithm for clustering is the EM algorithm which works well for both discrete and
continuous attributes. A privacy preserving version of the algorithm in the multi site case with horizontally
partitioned data is described below.
Let us assume that the data is one dimensional (single attribute y) and are partitioned across s sites. Each site has
s
nl data items ( n
(t
nl ). Let z ij ) denote the cluster membership for the ith cluster for the jth data point at
l 1
the (t)th EM round. In the E step, the values
i (mean
for cluster i),
i2
(variance for cluster i) and
i (Estimate of proportion of items i) are computed using the following sum:
n
s
nl
(
zij(t ) y j zijlt ) y j
j 1
n
l 1 j 1
s
nl
(
zij(t ) zijlt )
j 1
n
l 1 j 1
s
nl
(
zij(t ) ( y j i(t 1) ) 2 zijlt ) ( y j i(t 1) ) 2 The second part of the summation in all these cases is local
j 1
l 1 j 1
to every site. It’s easy to see that sharing this value does not reveal
y i to the other sites. It’s also not necessary
to share nl, and the inner summation values, but just computing n and the global summation for the values above
using the secure sum technique described earlier.
In the M step, the z values can be partitioned and computed locally given the global i ,
i2 and i . This also
does not involve any data sharing across sites.
VII.
FREQUENCY MINING
The basic frequency mining problem can be described as follows. There are n customers
U1 ,U 2 ,....U n and each customer has a Boolean value d i . The problem is to find out the total number of 1s and
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 |
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| Vol. 4 | Iss. 1 | Jan. 2014 |201|
5. Securing Personal Information in Data Mining
n
0s without knowing the customer values i.e. computing the sum
d
i 1
i
without revealing each d i . We cannot
use the secure sum protocol because of the following restrictions.
Each customer can send only one flow of communication to the miner and then there’s no further
interaction.
The customers never communicate between themselves.
The technique presented in [8] uses the additively homomorphic property of a variant of the ElGamal
encryption. This is described below:
Let G be a group in which discrete logarithm is hard and let g be a generator in G. Each customer U i has two
n
n
i 1
pairs of private/public key pair
i 1
( xi , X i g xi ) and ( yi , Yi g yi ) . The sum X X i and Y Yi ,
along with G and the generator g is known to everyone. Each customer sends to the miner the two values
n
mi g di . X yi and hi Y xi . The miner computes r
i 1
mi
d
. For the value of d for which g r , we can
hi
n
show that this represents the sum
d
i 1
i
. Since 0 < d < n, this is easy to find by encrypt and compare. We can
also that assuming all the keys are distributed properly when the protocol starts, the protocol for mining
frequency protects each honest customer’s privacy against the miner and up to (n-2) corrupted customers.
VIII.
NAÏVE BAYES CLASSIFIER
Naïve Bayes classifiers have been used in many practical applications. They greatly simplify the
learning task by assuming that the attributes the independent given the class. They have been used successfully
in text classification and medical diagnosis.
Naïve Bayes classification problem can be formulated as follows. Let A1 , A,.... Am be m attributes and V be the
class attribute. Let each attribute
domain {v
1
Ai have a domain {ai1 , ai2 ,..., aid } and class attribute V has a
, v 2 ,..., v d } . The data point for the classifier looks like (a j1 , a j 2 ,....a jm, v j ) . Given a new
instance (a j1 , a j 2 ,....a jm, ) , the most likely class can be found using the equation:
m
v arg max P(v l ) P(ai | v l )
v l V
i 1
This can be written is terms on number of occurrence # as:
m
v arg max # (v l )
v l V
i 1
# (ai , v l )
# (v l )
The goal of the Privacy Preserving Naïve Bayes learner is to learn the Naïve Bayes classifier
accurately, but the miner learns nothing about each customer’s sensitive data except the knowledge derived
from the classifier itself. To learn the classifier, all the miner needs to do is to learn
each i, each k and each l. Since the occurrence of
# (v l ) and # (ai , v l ) for
v l or the pair (ai , v l ) can be denoted by a Boolean value, we
can use the technique described in Frequency Mining to compute the Naïve Bayes model with the privacy
constraints.
IX.
USING A MODEL WITHOUT DISCLOSING THE MODEL.
Recent homeland security measures uses data mining models to classify each airline passenger with a
security tag. The problem statement comes from following requirements for the system:
No one learns of the classification result other than the designated party.
No information other than the classification result will be revealed to the designated party.
Rules used for classification can be checked for certain condition without revealing the rules.
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6. Securing Personal Information in Data Mining
The problem can be formally stated as follows. Given an instance x from site D with v attributes, we want to
v
classify x according to rule set R provided by site G. The rules
r R are of the form ( Li C ) , where
i 1
each
Li is wither a clause xi a , or don’t care (always true). Using the don’t care clause, G can create
arbitrary size rules and mask the actual number of clauses in the rule. In addition, D has a set of rules F that are
not allows to be used for classification. The protocol will satisfy the following conditions:
D will not be able to learn any rules in R
F R 0
D will be convinced that
G will only learn the class value of x
The approach suggested in [2] uses a un-trusted non colluding site, where the only trust placed on the
site is that it’ll not collude with any of the other sites to violate privacy. Both G and D send synchronized
streams of encrypted data and rule clause to site C. The orders of the attributes are scrambled in a way known to
D and G only. Each attribute is given two values, - one corresponding to don’t care and another it’s true value.
Each clause also has two values for every attribute. One is an “invalid” value to mask the real value and the
other is the actual clause value or the “don’t care” value. Site C compares both the values to see if the first or the
second match. If yes, then either the attribute is a match or it’s a “don’t care”. If there’s a match for every clause
in the rule, then the rule is true. To check for F
R 0 , commutative encryption technique is used and C
compares the double encrypted version of the sets.
X. CONCLUSION
As usage of data mining for potential intrusive purposes using personally identifiable information
increases, privately using these results will become more important. The above algorithm techniques show that
it’s possible to ensure privacy without compromising accuracy of results, and has a bound on the computation
and the communication cost.
REFERENCES
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].
Privacy-preserving Distributed Mining of Association Rules on Horizontally Partitioned Data Murat Kantarcıoglu
and Chris Clifton, Senior Member, IEEE
Assuring Privacy when Big Brother Murat Kantarcıoglu Chris Clifton
Privacy Preserving Association Rule Mining in Vertically Partitioned Data Jaideep Vaidya & Chris Clifton
Privacy Preserving Data Mining Yehuda Lindell & Benny Pinkasy
k-anonymity: Algorithm and Hardness, Gagan Aggarwal, Tomas Feder, Stanford University
Towards Standardization in Privacy Preserving Data Mining, Stanley R. M. Oliveira and Osmar R Zaiane, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Tools for Privacy Preserving Data Mining, Chris Clifton, Murat Kantarcioglu and Jaideep Vaidya, Purdue University.
Privacy Presercing Classification of Customer Data without Loss of Accuracy, Zhiqiang Yang, Sheng Zhong,
Rebecca N. Wright.
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