This document summarizes a study on the bogie and suspension system of the Indian Railways' WAP-4 electric locomotive. Key points:
- The WAP-4 locomotive was introduced in 1994 to haul heavier passenger trains at higher speeds of up to 140 km/h.
- It has a Co-Co wheel arrangement with 6 traction motors powered by a transformer and silicon rectifiers. The bogies use Flexicoil design with primary and secondary springs suspending the axle boxes and bogie frame.
- Over 800 WAP-4 locomotives are in service. Newer versions have improved diagnostics, static converters, and roof-mounted dynamic brakes. The locomotive can haul
Levitating Rails - A modern day transportationSanjana Vakkund
The trains that are ridden above highly engineered rails and carefully embedded with magnets, strong enough to hold the train and the passengers. In view of growing transportation, its energy requirements and its impacts on the global environment, maglev technology has emerged as a sustainable, faster and clean and alternative amongst the various levitation, guidance and propulsion technologies. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. The common point in all applications is the lack of contact and thus no wear and friction.
PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics RecyclingIJMER
The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society. Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller
(NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process.
Effect of Chemical Reaction and Radiation Absorption on Unsteady Convective H...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Levitating Rails - A modern day transportationSanjana Vakkund
The trains that are ridden above highly engineered rails and carefully embedded with magnets, strong enough to hold the train and the passengers. In view of growing transportation, its energy requirements and its impacts on the global environment, maglev technology has emerged as a sustainable, faster and clean and alternative amongst the various levitation, guidance and propulsion technologies. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. The common point in all applications is the lack of contact and thus no wear and friction.
PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics RecyclingIJMER
The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society. Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller
(NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process.
Effect of Chemical Reaction and Radiation Absorption on Unsteady Convective H...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Prospective Evaluation of Intra operative Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A survey on Inverse ECG (electrocardiogram) based approachesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Numerical Modelling of Wind Patterns around a Solar Parabolic Trough CollectorIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
High Performance Germanium Double Gate N-MOSFETIJMER
The current MOSFET technology supports scaling down to nanometer. To achieve
enhanced transistor switching, it is difficult to keep the equivalent driver current at the same level
since it changes by the certain restrictions like effective masses, density of states, uniaxial- and
biaxial- strain; band structure, channel orientation, channel mobility, off-state leakage, switching
delay in nano-scale and parasitic latch up. Current strained-Si is the ruling technology for
intensifying the performance of MOSFET and development of strain can provide a better solution to
the scaling. The future of nano-scale MOSFETs relies on exploration of novel higher mobility channel
materials such as stained-Ge and strained III-V groups that might perform even better than very
highly strained-Si. In addition, parameters such as injection velocity, short channel length effect and
Band-to-Band Tunneling (BTBT) result in reduction of inversion charge, increase in leakage current,
resulting in decrease in the drive current. While developing accurate model of MOSFETs all these
complex effects should be captured. It is proposed to
1. Design high performance double gate n-MOSFET with channel material Ge.
2. Benchmarked & stimulate high performance double gate n-MOSFET by using the simulation
techniques.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Rural Household Welfare in Rukungiri District-UgandaIJMER
Many able bodied household members in Rukungiri district have died of
HIV/AIDS. Consequently there are many house heads (often young and married) whose partners
died. This study investigated the impact of HIV/AIDS on rural household welfare in Rukungiri
district. A control group approach was used. Data was collected by the use of questionnaires and
empirical observation from both the affected households and unaffected households. The study
aimed at finding out how HIV/AIDS has led to depletion of households’ productive assets. A
binary logistic regression analysis was used to establish whether there is a significant difference
in the sources of income for medical expenses between the affected households and unaffected
households with the aim of finding out the extent to which HIV/AIDS has led to depletion of
households’ productive assets and consequent deterioration in households’ welfare. The study has
established that HIV/AIDS has led to deterioration in the welfare of the affected households
through exhaustion of savings and increased borrowing, with the end result of depletion of
productive assets leaving the survivors with minimal means of survival. Productive assets
commonly depleted include; land, cattle, goats, chicken, sewing machines, wheelbarrows and
bicycles. However, affected households have adopted many coping strategies including those that
aim at improving food security, raising and supplementing their incomes so as to maintain their
expenditure patterns, and coping with loss of labour. Since emergency traditional indigenous
groups are already operating in all the communities in the district acting as a source of
psychosocial support to individuals and communities affected by HIV/AIDS with their activities
such as assisting with burial ceremonies, communal farming, supporting sick patients, rebuilding
dwellings and rehabilitating farms, supporting survivors and creating income generating activities
and providing material support, the study recommends government support in collaboration with
donor agencies to provide them with training in HIV/AIDS home care support and enough funds to
enable them meet their requirements. Government in collaboration with NGOs operating in the
area should introduce short-term training courses in the affected areas to empower the survivors
with practical skills and equip them with capital that can enable them create jobs for themselves.
Further, improving agricultural yields through teaching them modern farming practices, provision
of free anti-retroviral therapies by the government to all the affected households, accompanied by
provision of food rations for boosting nutritional requirements would reduce the depletion of
productive assets of these households.
Analysis of Cluster Based Anycast Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMER
A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network.
Each node consists of processing capability, may contain multiple types of memory, have a RF
transceiver, have a power source, and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes
communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion.
Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the
network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication .The performance of the network is
greatly influenced by the routing techniques. Routing is to find out the path to route the sensed data to
the base station. In this paper the features of WSNs are introduced and routing protocols are reviewed
for Wireless Sensor Network.
A Review on Brain Disorder Segmentation in MR ImagesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Comparing Various SDLC Models On The Basis Of Available MethodologyIJMER
There are various SDLC models widely accepted and employed for developing software.
SDLC models give a theoretical guide line regarding development of the software. Employing proper
SDLC allows the managers to regulate whole development strategy of the software. Each SDLC has its
advantages and disadvantages making it suitable for use under specific condition and constraints for
specified type of software only. We need to understand which SDLC would generate most successful
result when employed for software development. For this we need some method to compare SDLC
models. Various methods have been suggested which allows comparing SDLC models. Comparing SLDC
models is a complex task as there is no mathematical theorem or physical device available. The essence
of this paper is to analyse some methodologies that could result in successful comparison of the SDLC
models. For this we have studied various available tools, techniques and methodologies and have tried
to extract most simple, easy and highly understandable method for comparing SDLC models.
RDSO (Indian Railways) Industrial Training ReportNeha Arya
Introduction to RDSO
Supply System for Electric Locomotive
Power Supply for Electric Traction
Conductor & Tower Wagon
OHE Equipment
Pantograph
Conclusion
Reference
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This is training report of chittaranjan locomotives works. This is useful for those student who want to give presentation in collage which is held in 7th semester. In this report , you will find brief introduction of clw, locomotives parts , about electric engines and manufacturing shops in clw.
This is the presentation I gave during my 8th sem of Electrical Engineering course at NIT Durgapur. It is here for you guys. Make life easier. Cheers! For more information mail me: sdey.enteract@gmail.com
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
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A044010114
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 1 |
Study on Bogie and Suspension System of an Electric Locomotive
(Wap-4)
S. Naveen1
, C. P. Kiran2
, M. Prabhu Das3
, P. Naga Dilip4
,
V. V. Prathibha Bharathi5
1,2,3,4
Students of Mechanical Engg, MRCE, Hyderabad
5
Associate Prof. of Mechanical Engg, MRCE, Hyderabad
I. Introduction
Indian Railways has a total state monopoly on India‘s rail transport. It is one of the largest and busiest
rail network in the world, transporting 16 million passengers and more than 1 million tones of freight daily. IR is
the world‘s largest commercial or utility employer, with more than 95 lakh employees. The Railways traverse
the length and breadth of the country; the routes cover a total length of 63,140 KM (39,233 miles). As of 2002,
IR owned a total of 216,717 wagons, 39, 263 coaches and 7,739 locomotives and ran total of 14,444 trains daily,
including about 8,702 passenger trains.
1.1 Overview of Electric Locomotive
Due to scarcity of energies like coal, diesel and petrol and also due to increasing environmental
pollution, electrification in the railways became a necessity. By electrification the following benefits can be
obtained:
1. A pollution free environment
2. Easy and cheap maintenance
3. Saving of essential fuels like coal, diesel etc.
4. Faster, quicker and comfortable transports
5. Smooth starting and stopping
1.2 Trend
The first locomotive was invented by Cornish inventor Richard Trevithick in 1804 & the trend of
locomotives started with steam engines, and then developed to diesel engines, which ruled the era for quite a lot
of time. The diesel engines were very much flexible and would have a considerable hauling power compared to
Abstract: This project involves a detailed study on the “BOGIE AND SUSPENSION SYSTEM OF
AN ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE (WAP-4)” in Indian Railways. It involves a list of information on
the various parts of a conventional type bogie and also the various advantages of different types of
suspension and damping systems installed. Detailed explanation of various electrical and controls of
the locomotive were described in the report. Various physical testing methods of springs were
focused under suspension chapter. This report isn’t just focused on the conventional type loco, but
also gives detailed differences observed between the 3-phase bogies from the conventional type loco.
In electrified railways, the traction power systems carry power to trains and their reliability is vital to
the quality of train services. There are many components in the traction power system, from interface
with utility distribution network to contacts with trains, and they are physically located along the rail
line. Subject to usage, environment, and ageing conditions of components deteriorate with time.
Regular maintenance has to be carried out to restore their conditions and prevent them from failure.
However, the decisions on the suitable length of maintenance intervals often lead railway operators
to the dilemma of minimizing both risk of failure and operation cost. In the last 20 years, there has
been a gigantic acceleration in railway traction development. This has run in parallel with the
development of power electronics and microprocessors. What have been the accepted norms for the
industry for, sometimes, 80 years, have suddenly been thrown out and replaced by fundamental
changes in design, manufacture and operation. Many of these developments are technical and
complex. Through this report, we bring to you all the salient features and all important aspects of
bogies and suspension system of conventional type Electric Locomotive (WAP-4).
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the steam ones. But a drastic change influenced the railways with the invention of electrically operated
locomotives. These locomotives at the beginning required constraint to be fulfilled, which was to provide
electric power always available for the locomotive. This took time and even a huge investment to install electric
supply lines all over the areas and also provide adequate and correct amount of power for the loco anywhere it
goes. The railway also had to install the sub-stations to boost up the power. Railways signed the contract with
state electricity boards, with consent of NTPC which would provide railways a reliable and continual power.
After the constraints were fulfilled, the emerging electric locomotives came into applications.
The new invention improved the efficiency of the railway system and moreover reduces the effort of
the personal driving the locomotive. Slight modification made the system more and more efficient and flexible,
which earned huge profits in the railway sectors. Now, the railways have to surpass the hardship of totally
electrifying the network so that the locomotive can run all over.
1.3 Importance of Locomotives
The Locomotive is practically the sole responsible for the smooth running of the whole rail vehicle. It‘s
because of the reason every locomotive is being checked by loco shed department for every 45 days and the
maintenance is scheduled for some periods. The initially developed locomotives used power converters, which
would convert the received AC power to DC power and feed to DC motors. The new microprocessor controlled
locomotives take the AC power and feed the rugged AC induction motors by power conversions criteria these
locomotives have surpassed all hardships and also running smoothly as of now. It has been proposed that the
new locomotives would replace the old ones with its advantage and comfort for the driver. Making a thorough
study of the convention type bogie and suspension of WAP-4 makes the report. The rest of the report portrays
the locomotive parts, its working and technical data.
II. Literature Survey
The electric locomotives contain 6 traction motors each driving one shaft. Under each bogie there are
three traction motors driving each shaft contain wheels. The conventional DC locos which evolved with the
invention of the electric engines use DC series motors. The main transformer fetches AC power from the main
power supply. The secondary of the transformer having an auto transformer winding which facilitates the
variable voltage supply from the transformer. The secondary stage after the transformer is the reflector block
where the sinusoidal supply gets converted to pulsed DC from the power by the bridges from circuited power
converters. The power diodes convert the power from AC to DC. After the required Voltage is sent out from the
transformer the converter phase is supported by filter network which smoothens the ripples of the DC rectified
output. The rectified output is fed to the DC series motors. The DC motor rotates as per the given voltage.
2.1 Description of Locomotive General
1. Locomotives are designed to operate on 25KV AC. Single phase 50 Hz Over Head Lines. Locomotive is
of Co-Co type. Consists of single body on two bogies, each having three driving axles.
2. Each bogie is equipped with three axles hung noise supported traction motors to drive the axle through
pinion and gear and the body has driving caps at either ends. Inter connections between caps is provided
by two corridor on either ends.
3. Current is collected from over head line by pantograph and is fed to an auto transformer through a high
voltage circuit breaker is mounted on roof. The transformer steps down the 25KV to 1730V (2 x 865V). It
is then converted to DC through two bridged connected Silicon rectifiers and is fed to traction motors.
4. Speed regulation is obtained by varying the voltage at the motor terminals by tap changer. Traction motors
are permanently connected in parallel combination.
5. A locomotive is provided with rheostatic braking, besides vacuum and loco air brakes. Rheostatic braking
can‘t be used in case of traction motor isolation and failure of any one of the rectifier.
6. The auxiliary machines are fed from ARNO converters, which convert the incoming AC single phase
supply to three-phase at 380V. If one of the rectifier bridges becomes defective, the locomotive will work
with other rectifier unit with half power.
2.2 Designation of Locos
Earlyrudimentary attempts of locomotives were the direct steam engines, direct internal combustion
engine system, and the medieval version added to as steam electric system, internal combustion with electric
drive, battery electric drive, have all been attempts in enhancing the technology and evolved at the stage of
electrification of the track. Locomotives, except for older steam ones have classification codes that identify
them. These codes are of the form (gauge, power, load and series). Indian railways engaged only two types of
locomotives viz. WAG and WAP locomotives. Locomotives are classified as WAG and WAP depending upon
3. Study on Bogie and Suspension System Of An Electric Locomotive (Wap-4)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 3 |
gear ratios; it means more speed but low hauling capacity for passengers. Locomotives (WAP) and vice versa in
case of goods locomotive (WAG), the max.speed of WAP type is about 110 kmph.
1. WAG stands for Wide gauge AC Goods.
For example: WAG-1, WAG-2, WAG-4, WAG-5, WAG-7, WAG-9.
2. WAPstands for Wide gauge AC Passengers.
For example: WAP-4, WAP-7.
III. Indian Class Wap-4 Electric Locomotive
WAP-4
WAP-4 belonging to Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda hauling
train number 22251
Power type Electric
Gauge 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm)
Top speed Service: 140 km/h (87 mph)
Test Runs: 180 km/h (112 mph)
Power output 5,350 hp (3,989 kW)
Tractive effort 32000 kg/force
Career Indian Railways
Number Starting from 22069 to 22980+
An example of WAP-4:
WAP-4 is a common electric locomotive used in India. It is capable of hauling 26 coaches at a speed of
140 km/h.
The locomotive was developed, after a previous class WAP-1 was found inadequate to haul the longer,
heavier express trains(24-26 coaches) that were becoming the mainstay of the Indian Railways network. It was
introduced in 1994, with a similar bodyshell to the WAP-1 class, but with Hitachi traction motors developing
5000 hp (5350 hp starting). Electricals are traditional DC loco type tap changers, driving 6 traction motors
arranged in Co-Co fashion. This locomotive has proved to be highly successful, with over 800 units in service
and more being produced. Newer examples have been fitted with Microprocessor Controlled diagnostics, Static
Converter units (instead of arnos) and roof mounted Dynamic (Rheostatic) Brakes. The locomotive can be seen
in service across the electrified network of Indian Railways and are homed at 13 sheds (depots).
Design:
The loco has a streamlined twin cab carbody design, with top-mounted headlamps. The first 150 or so
units had the headlamp mounted at waist level, with the lights being mounted in a protruding nacelle. Later on
the headlamps were placed in a recessed nacelle, and from road # 22579 onward, the headlamps were moved to
the top. Newer locos also feature larger windshields, more spacious driver cabin with bucket type seats and
ergonomic controls. The control panel also features a mix of digital and analog displays in newer units (all
analog display in older versions).
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| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 4 |
The loco features higher power rated silicon rectifiers and indigenously-designed 5400kVA transformer coupled
with Hitachi HS15250 traction motors. Starting power is 5,350 hp (3,990 kW), with 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) being
supplied continuously.
Original units were weighed 120 tonnes, which was brought down to 112 tonnes through the usage of lighter
material.
WAP-1, WAP-3 and WAP-6 units were rebuilt to WAP-4 specifications after replacing the bogies & electrical.
Performance:
It is used to haul the premier Rajdhani & Shatabdi expresses at 140 km/h. In trials, the locomotive has
achieved a top speed of 169 km/h, though Indian Railways limits its top speed to 140 km/hr.
With a 24 coach passenger train, the acceleration time / distances are:
110 km/h - 338 seconds (6.8 km)
120 km/h - 455 seconds (10.5 km)
130 km/h - 741 seconds (20.5 km)
Starting Tractive Effort (Te) - 32000 kg/force
Technical Specifications of WAP-4
Manufacturers Chittaranjan Locomotive Works
Traction Motors Hitachi HS15250
Power output 5000hp
Gear Ratio 23:58 (One loco, #22559, is said to have a 23:59 ratio.)
Transformer 5400 KVA, 32 taps
Two silicon rectifiers,
(ratings?).
Axle load 18.8 t
loco weight 113 t
Bogies
Co-Co Flexicoil Mark 1 cast bogies; primary and
secondary wheel springs with bolsters
Pantographs
Two high speed Stone India (Calcutta) AM-92 and
CCPL IR 03 H.
Current Ratings 1000 A for 10 min, 900 A continuous
VI. Conventional Bogie and Its Components
4.1Bogie:
What is a bogie?
A bogie or truck is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying
wheels, attached to a vehicle, thus serving as amodular subassembly of wheels and axles.
Conventional FLEXICOIL bogie, CO-CO Type of WAP-4 Locomotive.
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Table showing types of Locomotive bogies:
4.2 Bogie Layout:
Components of Bogie
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| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 6 |
4.3 Design Considerations and description of Bogie:
4.3.1 General Description:
Bogie Frame and Bolster:
The bogie frame and bogie bolster of ―FLEXICOIL‖ bogie Mark-I are of steel casting box type
construction manufactures as per the standard laid down by RDSO.
The Locomotive body weight is transferred to the bolster through a centre pivot. The steel – cast ―H‖ type
bolster is supported on the steel - cast bogie frame at four corners, by pair of helical springs placed in spring
pockets of main longitudinal member of the bogie frame. The bolster is located w.r.t bogie frame by upright
pedestals which are integral part of the bogie frame. This arrangement serves to transmit force from bolster to
bogie frame and vice-versa. Spring loaded sunbeam piston 2 nos. per bogie made of phenolic material to have
high friction between bolster and bogie frame for damping in both vertical and lateral modes of oscillation are
also provided in the above pedestal arrangement. Lateral stop are also provided on the bolster as well as on the
bogie frame to limit the side movement by flexible action of the spring which is of the order of 32 mm. The
bogie frame is in turn supported on the axles by another set of springs resting on the axle boxes .The load of the
locomotive superstructure rest on the centre pivot bowl of the bogies. The bowl is fitted with vertical and
horizontal liners made of fluon (Vx2) which provides rotational freedom between body and bogie in operation.
Two lifting links located diagonally opposite provides the easier accessibility as well as reduce the number of
mechanisms to engage or disengage the bogie when installing or removing.
Bogie Frame
Bolster of WAP 4 Locos
4.3.3 Suspension:
This flexicoil bogie Mark-I has two stages of vertical suspension in which helical spring have been
used at primary and secondary stages. Primary, between axle box and bogie frame and secondary, between
bogie frame and bolster. The transverse flexibility between the body and the bogie has been achieved by the
flexicoil action of the helical spring at the secondary stage. The support of the bolster springs have been placed
on the wider arm to give better stability in rolling.
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A and B are Primary and Secondary suspension systems respectively.
4.3.4 Traction Motor:
The bogies are fitted with HITACHI HS-15250A type Axle-hung, nose-suspended traction motors with
the help of suspension tubes with taper roller bearing inside. All the axles are power-driven. The traction motors
working on pulsating current are air cooled by external blowers.
4.3.5 Gear Case:
It is a housing which covers the main bull gear and pinion of the traction motorand protects them from
foreign material like dust, stones, water etc. It also holds lubricating oil for the relative motion between the bull
gear and the pinion.
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4.3.6 Nose Suspension Drive:
The nose-suspension drive is the drive mechanism for electric railcars, in which approximately half of
the weight of the traction motor is supported by the wheel axle through the suspension limit, and the rest by the
bogie frame through the "nose" on the motor frame. The suspension limit does not allow any relative
movements between the wheel axle and the motor axle (except for a very limited allowance), which makes it
possible to directly connect the two axles by a gearbox.
4.3.7 Brake Rigging:
The means of distributing the braking forces from a brake cylinder to the various wheels on the
vehicle. It consists of rods and levers suspended from the underframe and bogies and linked with pins and
bushes. Rigging requires careful setting up and regular adjustment to ensure forces are evenly distributed to all
wheels. Badly set up rigging will cause wheel flats or inadequate brake force.
4.3.8 Brake Cylinder:
Six (203 dia. x 203 stroke) brake cylinder per bogie are used to operate clasp type brake rigging. Each
cylinder piston is connected to the brake lever to actuate the brake on one
wheel only. The brake shoe adjustment in service is done by actuating adjusting rod at the bottom. Brake blocks
and shoe are of conventional type.
‗A‘ shows brake cylinder.
4.3.9 WheelSet:
A wheelset is the wheel-axle assembly along with bull gear.
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4.4 Weight transfer to wheel axle to provide axle load to improve Adhesion:
WAP-4 Loco:
Locobody rests at centre pivot of bolster; bolster is resting on secondary springs at 4 places. Secondary springs
are seated on bogie frame. Bogie frame is resting on primary suspension springs. These primary suspension
springs are seated on axle box i.e., axle to wheel weight is transferred to provide axle load to have adhesion.
4.5 Mechanical Power Transfer:
1. When traction motor is rotating with input electrical DC power, mechanical power output comes to its
pinion.
2. Pinion is engaged with bull gear of axle. When bull gear is rotating, its axle rotates.
3. When axle is rotating wheel rotates, with axle box on the axle. The rotational forces are converted to
linear forces due to friction between rail and wheel.
4. These linear forces are shifted to bogie through bogie pedestal at both sides of axle box.
5. From bogie frame to bolster through pedestal at friction damper housing.
6. Now forces are shifted to bolster and from bolster to centre pivot; then centre pivot to loco body.
7. From loco body to centre buffer coupler, haul one train/formation.
4.6 Wheel Profile:
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| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 10 |
4.6.1 Wheel Profile Table
New Condemn Wear
Root Thickness (RT) 37.5mm 31.5mm 6mm
Flange Thickness (FT) 32mm 29mm 3mm
Tread Wear (TW) - 6.5mm max. -
Wheel Dia. 1097mm 1016mm 81mm
Wheel Gauge 1676mm - -
NOTE:
1. Root thickness is measured at a height of 22mm from the tip of the flange.
2. Flange thickness is measured at a height of 13mm from the tip of the flange.
V. Suspension System
5.1Suspension:
Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkagesthat connects
a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose —
contributing to the vehicle's roadholding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and
keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and vibrations,etc.
5.2 Suspension in Conventional bogie:
The suspension used in Conventional bogie is Spring Suspension.
There are two types of suspension systems used in this conventional type bogie, they are:
1. Primary Suspension
2. Secondary Suspension
The bogie is designed for two stages of suspension to give flexicoil action. Various combinations of helical
springs are used in secondary suspension between bolster and bogie frame and primary suspension between
axle box and bogie frame.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUSPENSION LAYOUT
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5.3 Characteristics of spring suspension:
5.3.1 Principle of a spring:
In distinction to a rigid beam, a spring, regardless of its form or shape, will exert a changing force as it
deflects its hornblock. This relationship is linear, with maximum force being applied when the spring is fully
compressed (to take the example of a compression spring), and zero force being applied when the spring is in its
fully relaxed state – this principle is shown in figure 7. The actual deflection of the spring is directly
proportional to a property, the 'springrate' (or 'spring constant') of the particular spring. If a spring relaxes to
depress a wheel onto the rail, the reduction in the force applied to the hornblock will be counterbalanced by a
distributed increase in the force the loco applies to its other suspension points. Springs absorb and discharge
potential energy, and decouple the vertical forces between the wheels and the body.
Thus in a sprung loco traversing uneven track, there is a continuously changing set of forces applying
between the wheel tyre and the rail, although the sum of those forces at the railhead is constant. The action of a
spring in a prototype loco is related to the weight borne by the particular axle involved, and on the prototype
each spring is designed to bear and operate on a specific load. If the spring is too strong, the weight of the loco
will not cause it to operate properly over irregularities in the track, while if the spring is too weak the loco is
likely to show dynamic instability.
Fig 7 Force v deflection for a spring
5.3.2 Viability of springs in small-scale models:
A prototype loco is suspended, being held up by the strength of the springs. It is generally accepted as
being difficult to reproduce the characteristics of prototype springs in small-scale models because:
1. the mass to momentum relationships in the prototype do not scale linearly to models;
2. with the exception of the use of commercial music wire strings as beam springs, it can be difficult to
provide the range of model springs appropriate for all the different weights of model locomotives;
3. it can be difficult to adjust the springs so that the loco is both level and at the correct buffer height;
4. it is difficult to assess what the design value of the deflection of a spring should be;
5. Model rail does not deflect under the weight of a model loco like prototype rail does.
Fig 8 Spring-assisted hornblock (coil)
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5.3.3 Spring-assisted hornblocks:
A spring-assisted hornblock is one traditionally containing a coil spring between a hornblock and its
hornguide. Under the weight of the loco, the spring compresses either fully (to bind the coils together) or until
the hornblock is restrained from further upward movement by some limiter device fitted to the hornguide or the
frames of the loco – see figure 8. The spring in such a hornblock therefore depresses its axle into depressions of
the track, and the deflection is in proportion to the springrate of the particular spring. The downward force of the
spring will diminish the greater the depression of the track (see figure 9).
Fig 9 Coil spring deflection
Spring-assisted hornblocks do not provide the equalizing advantages of beams, nor (when in their fully
compressed state) the shock-absorbing advantage of properly suspended springs – any upward projection of the
track will transmit itself directly and abruptly to a loco chassis fitted with spring-assisted hornblocks. Moreover,
if the spring rating is not chosen to match the weight being supported, a loco fitted with spring-assisted
hornblocks may show non-optimal haulage, depending on the state of the track.
Note: The above does not imply that all coilspring hornblocks operate in a 'spring-assisted' fashion as described
above.
A cantilever leaf spring can also be used to act in a spring-assisted fashion – see fig 10.
Fig 10 Spring-assisted hornblock (leaf)
(a) Representative suspension points
on an 0-4-0
(b) Representative suspension points of a
modern prototype bogie
Fig 11 Springing allows multiple suspension points
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5.3.4 Suspension points:
In contrast with rigid beam suspension, there is no limit to the number of primary suspension points
allowed for springs. A 0-4-0 has four suspension points (seefigure 11(a)), an 0-6-0 or Co bogie has six, an 0-6-2
has eight, and so on. This principle applies to more complicated cases where more than one 'layer' of springing
might be involved, andfigure 11(b) gives a representation of a prototype example of an EMU/DMU having two
main suspension points between each bogie and the body, and two suspension points for each wheel to the bogie
frames: in such more complicated cases, the notion of what constitutes the difference between 'primary' and
'secondary' suspension points becomes somewhat academic.
5.3.5 Spring beam configurations:
The deflection of a spring beam varies considerably depending on how it is supported. A common form
of support and one that lends itself to being able to control the datum height of the hornblock when under
deflection, is where the hornblock spring is restrained loosely against two fulcrum points – see figure 12(a). The
beam can slide along and rotate freely around these 'simple' supports, according to the force being applied to the
beam. The cantilever spring (see figure 12(b)) is one where the spring is fixed rigidly at one end only. This
spring configuration is probably the most difficult to control in terms of being able to set the datum deflection
height of the hornblock accurately, but has the virtue of being easily adjustable.
Multiple hornblocks can be supported by using multiple instances of figure12(a), or by using a
continuous single spring beam held against multiple fulcrum points – in figure 12(c) for example, depending on
the strength of the spring beam, a significant degree of equalization will be imposed between adjacent
hornblocks. Full equalization is given where a single spring beam bearing onto two hornblocks is allowed to
pivot about a point (typically the midpoint) along its length. See figure 12(d). The degree of equalization given
by the beam will depend on its strength; if it is too weak, it will not act sufficiently to rotate itself about the
pivot, and if it is too strong, it will become in effect a rigid beam.
The behavior of all of the above examples of spring configuration will be significantly different from
each other, and slight variations in the cross-sectional area of the spring material and distances between fulcrum
points will produce very different deflection values.
(a) Spring beam between two simple supports
(b) Cantilever beam
(c) Multiple span ('continuous') spring beam
(d) Equalizing spring beam
Fig 12. Spring beam configurations
VI. Conclusion
We have understood the various functions of a bogie of conventional locomotive (WAP-4) and made a
detailed study of the suspension system, which involves both primary and secondary suspension systems.
We also studied how spring testing is made and segregation of the springs based upon their load bearing capacities
(within tolerance limits). Also, we‘ve understood the failures that have been occurring under various circumstances
during operation and their solutions have been explained in a detailed manner. We have understood the operating
principle of the present day locomotive using traction motors majorly 3-phase induction motors and have drawn a
study of bogies and suspension system.
14. Study on Bogie and Suspension System Of An Electric Locomotive (Wap-4)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2014 | 14 |
Railway organization is one of the most developed means of transportation in India. It helps the national production,
social and industrial development including economics stations of the country. In view of the several advantages
over the road transport, the railways got priority of development over highways. Since the introduction of railways in
19th
century, India has made considerable progress in developing railway industry as a large scale undertaking.
Indian railways are now heading towards modernization of traction, automoval in operations and in tradition of
recently introduced technique to meet the requirements of high speed and heavy passengers and goods traffic.
Indian Railways is the best system in the world next to USSR.
VII. Bibliography
Maintenance Manual (Volume –II) of Passenger Electric Locomotive [Broad Gauge 5‘-6‘‘ (1676mm)] CO-CO type
WAP-4 Class.
REFERNCES
[1.] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_locomotive_class_WAP-4
[2.] http://www.clag.org.uk/41-0rev.html#section8
[3.] http://indiarailinfo.com/faq/post/149
[4.] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)