In today’s internet world is full of data steals and hackers. So, there is a essential to design a system that
assists the internet users to interchange their secret and private data safely across the web. Informationhiding
process in a Steganography system starts by identifying medium’s redundant bits. The encryption
process creates a stego medium by replacing these redundant bits with data from the hidden message.
So, we propose a method for encrypting the image, which has two phases. In the first phase, Perform
Circular Shift Operations on the image pixels and the number of rotations have been calculated based on
the length of the password. In the second phase, the first phase has undergone some bitwise operations
with a carriage image, by doing this; breaking of the cipher text is difficult.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparison of Secret Splitting, Secret Sharing and Recursive Threshold Visual...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The secret sharing is a method to protect confidentiality and integrity of the secret messages by distributing the message shares into several recipients. The secret message could not be revealed unless the recipients exchange and collect shares to reconstruct the actual message. Even though the attacker obtain shares shadow during the share exchange, it would be impossible for the attacker to understand the correct share. There are few algorithms have been developed for secret sharing, e.g. secret splitting, Asmuth-Bloom secret sharing protocol, visual cryptography, etc. There is an unanswered question in this research about which method provides best level of security and efficiency in securing message. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three methods, i.e. secret splitting, secret sharing, and recursive threshold visual cryptography for handwritten image security in terms of execution time and mean squared error (MSE) simulation. Simulation results show the secret splitting algorithm produces the shortest time of execution. On the other hand, the MSE simulation result that the three methods can reconstruct the original image very well.
A Robust Technique to Encrypt and Decrypt Confidential Data within Imageinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Adaptive Steganography Based Enhanced Cipher Hiding Technique for Secure Data...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IMAGE ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES USING FRACTAL FUNCTION: A REVIEWijcsit
An increasing demand of secure data transmission over internet leads to the challenge of implementing a consistent cryptosystem. In 2004, USA navy published the patent which highlights the importance of fractal
as an encryption/decryption key in a cryptosystem [1]. Fractal possess butterfly effect i.e. sensitivity to initial condition, due to which small change in input produces a major change in output. This paper summarizes the various recent image encryption techniques in which fractal key is used to encrypt/decrypt
followed by substitution, scrambling and diffusion techniques to provide strong cryptosystem. The algorithms covered both private key encryption as well as public key encryption technique in the paper. The analysed algorithms include a set of fractal function such as Mandelbrot set, Julia set, Hilbert curve, 3D fractal, multi-fractal, IFS and chaotic function to generate a complex key used in the encryption process.
Corresponding performance of each algorithm is analysed by PSNR test, key space, sensitivity analysis and correlation coefficient value between the adjacent pixels of both images (Original image and encrypted image) which shows significant improvement in performance over the traditional encryption methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparison of Secret Splitting, Secret Sharing and Recursive Threshold Visual...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The secret sharing is a method to protect confidentiality and integrity of the secret messages by distributing the message shares into several recipients. The secret message could not be revealed unless the recipients exchange and collect shares to reconstruct the actual message. Even though the attacker obtain shares shadow during the share exchange, it would be impossible for the attacker to understand the correct share. There are few algorithms have been developed for secret sharing, e.g. secret splitting, Asmuth-Bloom secret sharing protocol, visual cryptography, etc. There is an unanswered question in this research about which method provides best level of security and efficiency in securing message. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three methods, i.e. secret splitting, secret sharing, and recursive threshold visual cryptography for handwritten image security in terms of execution time and mean squared error (MSE) simulation. Simulation results show the secret splitting algorithm produces the shortest time of execution. On the other hand, the MSE simulation result that the three methods can reconstruct the original image very well.
A Robust Technique to Encrypt and Decrypt Confidential Data within Imageinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Adaptive Steganography Based Enhanced Cipher Hiding Technique for Secure Data...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IMAGE ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES USING FRACTAL FUNCTION: A REVIEWijcsit
An increasing demand of secure data transmission over internet leads to the challenge of implementing a consistent cryptosystem. In 2004, USA navy published the patent which highlights the importance of fractal
as an encryption/decryption key in a cryptosystem [1]. Fractal possess butterfly effect i.e. sensitivity to initial condition, due to which small change in input produces a major change in output. This paper summarizes the various recent image encryption techniques in which fractal key is used to encrypt/decrypt
followed by substitution, scrambling and diffusion techniques to provide strong cryptosystem. The algorithms covered both private key encryption as well as public key encryption technique in the paper. The analysed algorithms include a set of fractal function such as Mandelbrot set, Julia set, Hilbert curve, 3D fractal, multi-fractal, IFS and chaotic function to generate a complex key used in the encryption process.
Corresponding performance of each algorithm is analysed by PSNR test, key space, sensitivity analysis and correlation coefficient value between the adjacent pixels of both images (Original image and encrypted image) which shows significant improvement in performance over the traditional encryption methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Review on Encrypted Image with Hidden Data Using AES AlgorithmEECJOURNAL
Steganography is the art of hiding the fact where communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Steganography becomes more important as more people join the cyberspace revolution. . In contrast to cryptography, it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. Steganography include an array of secret communication methods that hide the message from being seen or discovered. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the internet. For hiding secret information in images, there exists a large variety of steganography techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points. Different applications may require absolute invisibility of the secret information, while others require a large secret message to be hidden. This project report intends to give an overview of image steganography, its uses and techniques. In addition to this our project also adds security to both the data hidden and the image that carries the information. Security is provided by Encrypting the data that is sent in the image and again encrypting the image that carries the information using AES algorithm. This encryption of the data and image thus provides double security layer.
Two New Approaches for Secured Image Steganography Using Cryptographic Techni...sipij
The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other messages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. This paper introduces two new methods wherein cryptography and steganography are combined to encrypt the data as well as to hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact that a message being sent is concealed. One of the methods shows how to secure the image by converting it into cipher text by S-DES algorithm using a secret key and conceal this text in another image by steganographic method. Another method shows a new way of hiding an image in another image by encrypting the image directly by S-DES algorithm using a key image and the data obtained is concealed in another image. The proposed method prevents the possibilities of steganalysis also.
Steganography using Interpolation and LSB with Cryptography on Video Images -...Editor IJCATR
Steg
nography is the most common term used in
the IT industry, which specifically means, "covered writing" and is derive
d
from the Greek language. Steg
nography is defined as the art and science of invisible communication i.e. it hides the existence of the
communication between the sender and the rece
iver. In distinction to Cryptography, where the opponent is permitted to detect,
interrupt and alter messages without being able to breach definite security grounds guaranteed by the cryptosyst
em, the prime
objective of Steg
nography is to conceal messages
inside other risk
-
free messages in a manner that does not agree to any enemy to even
sense that there is any second message present. Nowadays,
it is an emerging area which is used for secured data transmission over any
public medium such as internet. In th
is research a novel approach of image
steg
nography
based on LSB (Least Significant Bit)
insertion and cryptography method for the lossless jpeg images has been projected. This paper is comprising an application wh
ich
ranks images in a users library on the
basis of their appropriateness as cover objects for some facts. Here, the data is matched to an
image, so there is a less possibility of an invader being able to employ steganalysis to recuperate the data. Furthermore, th
e application
first encrypts the da
ta by means of cryptography and message bits that are to be hidden are embedded into the image using Least
Significant Bits insertion technique. Moreover, interpolation is used to increase the density
High Capacity and Security Steganography Using Discrete Wavelet TransformCSCJournals
The secure data transmission over internet is achieved using Steganography. In this paper High Capacity and Security Steganography using Discrete wavelet transform (HCSSD) is proposed. The wavelet coefficients of both the cover and payload are fused into single image using embedding strength parameters alpha and beta. The cover and payload are preprocessed to reduce the pixel range to ensure the payload is recovered accurately at the destination. It is observed that the capacity and security is increased with acceptable PSNR in the proposed algorithm compared to the existing algorithms
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR CONCEALED DATA SHARING AND DATA EMBEDDING FOR SECURED CO...IJCSEA Journal
This paper introduces a new method of securing image using cryptographic and steganographic techniques. The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other essages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. The proposed method uses cryptographic and steganographic techniques to encrypt the data as well as hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact, that a message being sent is concealed. The image is concealed by converting it into a iphertext using SDES algorithm with a secret key,which is also an image, and sent to the receiving end securely.
COMBINING JPEG STEGANOGRAPHY AND SUBSTITUTION ENCRYPTION FOR SECURE DATA COMM...cscpconf
The Internet is a method of communication to distribute information to the masses. Digital
image are excellent carriers for hidden information. Steganography and cryptography are
technologies that are used for secret and secured communications. In both the methods, secret
message is exchanged between two groups, sender and receiver. The main purpose in
cryptography is to make massage concept unintelligible, while steganography aims to hide
secret message. We propose a method of combining steganography, cryptography for secret
data communication. In this paper, we propose a high-performance JPEG steganography along
with a substitution encryption methodology. This approach uses the discrete cosine transform
(DCT) technique which used in the frequency domain for hiding data within image. It is very
difficult to detect hidden message in frequency domain and for this reason we use
steganography based on DCT. From the experimental results, we obtain that the proposed
method has a larger message capacity. Experimental results show that the correlation and
entropy values of the image with encrypted data before the insertion are similar to the values of
correlation and entropy after the insertion thus reduces the chance of the confidential message
being detected and enables secret communication. The image that contains the hidden data will
be used by the receiver to reconstruct the same secret message after extracting it. The
effectiveness of the proposed method has been estimated by computing Mean square error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). Experimental results show the method provides high security and the information is safe from various attacks.
STEGANALYSIS ALGORITHM FOR PNG IMAGES BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUEIJNSA Journal
Embedding a message in media files, also known as steganography, is a common approach to hide secret
information. It has been exploited by some criminals to confidentially exchange messages. As a countermeasure, tools have been developed in order to detect hidden information form digital media such as text, image, audio or video files. However the efficiency and performance of previous approaches still have room for improvement. In this research, we focus on algorithm design for better efficiency of hidden message detection from PNG files. We employ three classic AI approaches including neural network, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithm and evaluate their efficiency and performance in controlled experiments. Finally we introduce our message detection system for PNG files based on LSB approach and present its usability in different case scenarios.
STEGANALYSIS ALGORITHM FOR PNG IMAGES BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUEIJNSA Journal
Embedding a message in media files, also known as steganography, is a common approach to hide secret
information. It has been exploited by some criminals to confidentially exchange messages. As a countermeasure,
tools have been developed in order to detect hidden information form digital media such as text,
image, audio or video files. However the efficiency and performance of previous approaches still have
room for improvement. In this research, we focus on algorithm design for better efficiency of hidden message detection from PNG files. We employ three classic AI approaches including neural network, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithm and evaluate their efficiency and performance in controlled experiments. Finally we introduce our message detection system for PNG files based on LSB approach and present its
usability in different case scenarios
Implementation of Steganographic Model using Inverted LSB InsertionDr. Amarjeet Singh
The most important thing in this insecure world is
the secrecy of everything. In today’s world, any important
data costs more than money. Steganography is the technique
in which one can hide data as a secrete in selected image. In
case of spatial domain, LSB approach is most popular in
steganography, where all the LSBs of pixels of image are
replaced by the bits of secret data. But the problem is that
the secrete can be easily guessed by the hacker and the data is
obtained by extracting it from direct LSBs. To make the
system more robust and to improve the signal to noise ratio,
the conventional LSB insertion method is replaced by
inverted LSB technic. The decision to invert or not the LSB
depends on combination of the 2nd and 3rd LSB. As not each
and every LSB is inverted, it makes the steganalysis very
difficult.
DATA SECURITY USING PRIVATE KEY ENCRYPTION SYSTEM BASED ON ARITHMETIC CODINGIJNSA Journal
Problem faced by today’s communicators is not only security but also the speed of communication and size of content.In the present paper, a scheme has been proposed which uses the concept of compression and data encryption. In first phase the focus has been made on data compression and cryptography. In the next phase we have emphasized on compression cryptosystem. Finally, proposed technique has been discussed which used the concept of data compression and encryption. In this first data is compressed to reduce the size of the data and increase the data transfer rate. Thereafter compress data is encrypted to provide security. Hence our proposed technique is effective that can reduce data size, increase data transfer rate and provide the security during communication.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TEXT AND IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY WITH RSA ALGORITHM IN CL...ijseajournal
Cloud computing provides a lot of shareable resources payable on demand to the users. The drawback with
cloud computing is the security challenges since the data in the cloud are managed by third party. Steganography and cryptography are some of the security measures applied in the cloud to secure user data. The objective of steganography is to hide the existence of communication from the unintended users whereas cryptography does provide security to user data to be transferred in the cloud. Since users pay for
the services utilize in the cloud, the need to evaluate the performance of the algorithms used in the cloud to
secure user data in order to know the resource consumed by such algorithms such as storage memory, network bandwidth, computing power, encryption and decryption time becomes imperative. In this work, we implemented and evaluated the performance of Text steganography and RSA algorithm and Image steganography and RSA as Digital signature considering four test cases. The simulation results show that, image steganography with RSA as digital signature performs better than text steganography and RSA algorithm. The performance differences between the two algorithms are 10.76, 9.93, 10.53 and 10.53 seconds for encryption time, 60.68, 40.94, 40.9, and 41.85 seconds for decryption time, 8.1, 10.92, 15.2 and 5.17 mb for memory used when hiding data, 5.3, 1.95 and 17.18 mb for memory used when extracting data, 0.93, 1.04, 1.36 and 3.76 mb for bandwidth used, 75.75, 36.2, 36.9 and 37.45 kwh for processing power used when hiding and extracting data respectively. Except in test case2 where Text steganography and RSA algorithm perform better than Image Steganography and RSA as Digital Signature in terms of memory used when extracting data with performance difference of -5.09 mb because of the bit size of the image data when extracted. This research work recommend the use of image steganography and RSA as digital signature to cloud service providers and users since it can secure major data types such as text, image, audio and video used in the cloud and consume less system resources.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Steganography using Interpolation and LSB with Cryptography on Video Images-A...Editor IJCATR
Stegnography is the most common term used in the IT industry, which specifically means, "covered writing" and is derived
from the Greek language. Stegnography is defined as the art and science of invisible communication i.e. it hides the existence of the
communication between the sender and the receiver. In distinction to Cryptography, where the opponent is permitted to detect,
interrupt and alter messages without being able to breach definite security grounds guaranteed by the cryptosystem, the prime
objective of Stegnography is to conceal messages inside other risk-free messages in a manner that does not agree to any enemy to even
sense that there is any second message present. Nowadays, it is an emerging area which is used for secured data transmission over any
public medium such as internet. In this research a novel approach of image stegnography based on LSB (Least Significant Bit)
insertion and cryptography method for the lossless jpeg images has been projected. This paper is comprising an application which
ranks images in a users library on the basis of their appropriateness as cover objects for some facts. Here, the data is matched to an
image, so there is a less possibility of an invader being able to employ steganalysis to recuperate the data. Furthermore, the application
first encrypts the data by means of cryptography and message bits that are to be hidden are embedded into the image using Least
Significant Bits insertion technique. Moreover, interpolation is used to increase the density
Review on Encrypted Image with Hidden Data Using AES AlgorithmEECJOURNAL
Steganography is the art of hiding the fact where communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Steganography becomes more important as more people join the cyberspace revolution. . In contrast to cryptography, it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. Steganography include an array of secret communication methods that hide the message from being seen or discovered. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the internet. For hiding secret information in images, there exists a large variety of steganography techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points. Different applications may require absolute invisibility of the secret information, while others require a large secret message to be hidden. This project report intends to give an overview of image steganography, its uses and techniques. In addition to this our project also adds security to both the data hidden and the image that carries the information. Security is provided by Encrypting the data that is sent in the image and again encrypting the image that carries the information using AES algorithm. This encryption of the data and image thus provides double security layer.
Two New Approaches for Secured Image Steganography Using Cryptographic Techni...sipij
The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other messages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. This paper introduces two new methods wherein cryptography and steganography are combined to encrypt the data as well as to hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact that a message being sent is concealed. One of the methods shows how to secure the image by converting it into cipher text by S-DES algorithm using a secret key and conceal this text in another image by steganographic method. Another method shows a new way of hiding an image in another image by encrypting the image directly by S-DES algorithm using a key image and the data obtained is concealed in another image. The proposed method prevents the possibilities of steganalysis also.
Steganography using Interpolation and LSB with Cryptography on Video Images -...Editor IJCATR
Steg
nography is the most common term used in
the IT industry, which specifically means, "covered writing" and is derive
d
from the Greek language. Steg
nography is defined as the art and science of invisible communication i.e. it hides the existence of the
communication between the sender and the rece
iver. In distinction to Cryptography, where the opponent is permitted to detect,
interrupt and alter messages without being able to breach definite security grounds guaranteed by the cryptosyst
em, the prime
objective of Steg
nography is to conceal messages
inside other risk
-
free messages in a manner that does not agree to any enemy to even
sense that there is any second message present. Nowadays,
it is an emerging area which is used for secured data transmission over any
public medium such as internet. In th
is research a novel approach of image
steg
nography
based on LSB (Least Significant Bit)
insertion and cryptography method for the lossless jpeg images has been projected. This paper is comprising an application wh
ich
ranks images in a users library on the
basis of their appropriateness as cover objects for some facts. Here, the data is matched to an
image, so there is a less possibility of an invader being able to employ steganalysis to recuperate the data. Furthermore, th
e application
first encrypts the da
ta by means of cryptography and message bits that are to be hidden are embedded into the image using Least
Significant Bits insertion technique. Moreover, interpolation is used to increase the density
High Capacity and Security Steganography Using Discrete Wavelet TransformCSCJournals
The secure data transmission over internet is achieved using Steganography. In this paper High Capacity and Security Steganography using Discrete wavelet transform (HCSSD) is proposed. The wavelet coefficients of both the cover and payload are fused into single image using embedding strength parameters alpha and beta. The cover and payload are preprocessed to reduce the pixel range to ensure the payload is recovered accurately at the destination. It is observed that the capacity and security is increased with acceptable PSNR in the proposed algorithm compared to the existing algorithms
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR CONCEALED DATA SHARING AND DATA EMBEDDING FOR SECURED CO...IJCSEA Journal
This paper introduces a new method of securing image using cryptographic and steganographic techniques. The science of securing a data by encryption is Cryptography whereas the method of hiding secret messages in other essages is Steganography, so that the secret’s very existence is concealed. The term ‘Steganography’ describes the method of hiding cognitive content in another medium to avoid detection by the intruders. The proposed method uses cryptographic and steganographic techniques to encrypt the data as well as hide the encrypted data in another medium so the fact, that a message being sent is concealed. The image is concealed by converting it into a iphertext using SDES algorithm with a secret key,which is also an image, and sent to the receiving end securely.
COMBINING JPEG STEGANOGRAPHY AND SUBSTITUTION ENCRYPTION FOR SECURE DATA COMM...cscpconf
The Internet is a method of communication to distribute information to the masses. Digital
image are excellent carriers for hidden information. Steganography and cryptography are
technologies that are used for secret and secured communications. In both the methods, secret
message is exchanged between two groups, sender and receiver. The main purpose in
cryptography is to make massage concept unintelligible, while steganography aims to hide
secret message. We propose a method of combining steganography, cryptography for secret
data communication. In this paper, we propose a high-performance JPEG steganography along
with a substitution encryption methodology. This approach uses the discrete cosine transform
(DCT) technique which used in the frequency domain for hiding data within image. It is very
difficult to detect hidden message in frequency domain and for this reason we use
steganography based on DCT. From the experimental results, we obtain that the proposed
method has a larger message capacity. Experimental results show that the correlation and
entropy values of the image with encrypted data before the insertion are similar to the values of
correlation and entropy after the insertion thus reduces the chance of the confidential message
being detected and enables secret communication. The image that contains the hidden data will
be used by the receiver to reconstruct the same secret message after extracting it. The
effectiveness of the proposed method has been estimated by computing Mean square error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). Experimental results show the method provides high security and the information is safe from various attacks.
STEGANALYSIS ALGORITHM FOR PNG IMAGES BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUEIJNSA Journal
Embedding a message in media files, also known as steganography, is a common approach to hide secret
information. It has been exploited by some criminals to confidentially exchange messages. As a countermeasure, tools have been developed in order to detect hidden information form digital media such as text, image, audio or video files. However the efficiency and performance of previous approaches still have room for improvement. In this research, we focus on algorithm design for better efficiency of hidden message detection from PNG files. We employ three classic AI approaches including neural network, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithm and evaluate their efficiency and performance in controlled experiments. Finally we introduce our message detection system for PNG files based on LSB approach and present its usability in different case scenarios.
STEGANALYSIS ALGORITHM FOR PNG IMAGES BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUEIJNSA Journal
Embedding a message in media files, also known as steganography, is a common approach to hide secret
information. It has been exploited by some criminals to confidentially exchange messages. As a countermeasure,
tools have been developed in order to detect hidden information form digital media such as text,
image, audio or video files. However the efficiency and performance of previous approaches still have
room for improvement. In this research, we focus on algorithm design for better efficiency of hidden message detection from PNG files. We employ three classic AI approaches including neural network, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithm and evaluate their efficiency and performance in controlled experiments. Finally we introduce our message detection system for PNG files based on LSB approach and present its
usability in different case scenarios
Implementation of Steganographic Model using Inverted LSB InsertionDr. Amarjeet Singh
The most important thing in this insecure world is
the secrecy of everything. In today’s world, any important
data costs more than money. Steganography is the technique
in which one can hide data as a secrete in selected image. In
case of spatial domain, LSB approach is most popular in
steganography, where all the LSBs of pixels of image are
replaced by the bits of secret data. But the problem is that
the secrete can be easily guessed by the hacker and the data is
obtained by extracting it from direct LSBs. To make the
system more robust and to improve the signal to noise ratio,
the conventional LSB insertion method is replaced by
inverted LSB technic. The decision to invert or not the LSB
depends on combination of the 2nd and 3rd LSB. As not each
and every LSB is inverted, it makes the steganalysis very
difficult.
DATA SECURITY USING PRIVATE KEY ENCRYPTION SYSTEM BASED ON ARITHMETIC CODINGIJNSA Journal
Problem faced by today’s communicators is not only security but also the speed of communication and size of content.In the present paper, a scheme has been proposed which uses the concept of compression and data encryption. In first phase the focus has been made on data compression and cryptography. In the next phase we have emphasized on compression cryptosystem. Finally, proposed technique has been discussed which used the concept of data compression and encryption. In this first data is compressed to reduce the size of the data and increase the data transfer rate. Thereafter compress data is encrypted to provide security. Hence our proposed technique is effective that can reduce data size, increase data transfer rate and provide the security during communication.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TEXT AND IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY WITH RSA ALGORITHM IN CL...ijseajournal
Cloud computing provides a lot of shareable resources payable on demand to the users. The drawback with
cloud computing is the security challenges since the data in the cloud are managed by third party. Steganography and cryptography are some of the security measures applied in the cloud to secure user data. The objective of steganography is to hide the existence of communication from the unintended users whereas cryptography does provide security to user data to be transferred in the cloud. Since users pay for
the services utilize in the cloud, the need to evaluate the performance of the algorithms used in the cloud to
secure user data in order to know the resource consumed by such algorithms such as storage memory, network bandwidth, computing power, encryption and decryption time becomes imperative. In this work, we implemented and evaluated the performance of Text steganography and RSA algorithm and Image steganography and RSA as Digital signature considering four test cases. The simulation results show that, image steganography with RSA as digital signature performs better than text steganography and RSA algorithm. The performance differences between the two algorithms are 10.76, 9.93, 10.53 and 10.53 seconds for encryption time, 60.68, 40.94, 40.9, and 41.85 seconds for decryption time, 8.1, 10.92, 15.2 and 5.17 mb for memory used when hiding data, 5.3, 1.95 and 17.18 mb for memory used when extracting data, 0.93, 1.04, 1.36 and 3.76 mb for bandwidth used, 75.75, 36.2, 36.9 and 37.45 kwh for processing power used when hiding and extracting data respectively. Except in test case2 where Text steganography and RSA algorithm perform better than Image Steganography and RSA as Digital Signature in terms of memory used when extracting data with performance difference of -5.09 mb because of the bit size of the image data when extracted. This research work recommend the use of image steganography and RSA as digital signature to cloud service providers and users since it can secure major data types such as text, image, audio and video used in the cloud and consume less system resources.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Steganography using Interpolation and LSB with Cryptography on Video Images-A...Editor IJCATR
Stegnography is the most common term used in the IT industry, which specifically means, "covered writing" and is derived
from the Greek language. Stegnography is defined as the art and science of invisible communication i.e. it hides the existence of the
communication between the sender and the receiver. In distinction to Cryptography, where the opponent is permitted to detect,
interrupt and alter messages without being able to breach definite security grounds guaranteed by the cryptosystem, the prime
objective of Stegnography is to conceal messages inside other risk-free messages in a manner that does not agree to any enemy to even
sense that there is any second message present. Nowadays, it is an emerging area which is used for secured data transmission over any
public medium such as internet. In this research a novel approach of image stegnography based on LSB (Least Significant Bit)
insertion and cryptography method for the lossless jpeg images has been projected. This paper is comprising an application which
ranks images in a users library on the basis of their appropriateness as cover objects for some facts. Here, the data is matched to an
image, so there is a less possibility of an invader being able to employ steganalysis to recuperate the data. Furthermore, the application
first encrypts the data by means of cryptography and message bits that are to be hidden are embedded into the image using Least
Significant Bits insertion technique. Moreover, interpolation is used to increase the density
For increase network security of messages sent on
internet the steganography is mostly preferred. To transmit data
secretly steganography is used in open system environment. In
this paper discussed the reviews of image steganography and the
general framework of image steganography using different
method. Steganography is nothing but art of hide information
behind the other information without leaving remarkable track
on original message.
IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY USING BLOCK LEVEL ENTROPY THRESHOLDING TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
Our modern civilization is based on Internet and sometimes it is required to keep the communication secret. It becomes possible by using two techniques: Cryptography and Steganography. The key concept behind both of two approaches is to hide information in anyway. There is little difference of these two approaches. Cryptography conceals the content of the secret message whereas Steganography is more advanced concept of the former. It embeds the secret message within a cover medium. Steganography is art and science in which the secret message is embedded into a cover medium so that no one else than the sender and the recipient can suspect it. So the third parties except the sender and receiver are imperceptible and unaware of the existence of the secret message. There are so many efficient Steganographic techniques like that text, image, audio, video and so on. This paper proposes only Image Steganographic method using Block Level Entropy Thresholding Technique.
In the present scenario the use of images increased extremely in the cyber world so that we can
easily transfer data with the help of these images in a secured way. Image steganography becomes
important in this manner. Steganography and cryptography are the two techniques that are often confused
with each other. The input and output of steganography looks alike, but for cryptography the output will be
in an encrypted form which always draws attraction to the attacker. This paper combines both
steganography and cryptography so that attacker doesn’t know about the existence of message and the
message itself is encrypted to ensure more security. The textual data entered by the user is encrypted using
AES algorithm. After encryption, the encrypted data is stored in the colour image by using a hash based
algorithm. Most of the steganographic algorithms available today is suitable for a specific image format
and these algorithms suffers from poor quality of the embedded image. The proposed work does not corrupt
the images quality in any form. The striking feature is that this algorithm is suitable for almost all image
formats e.g.: jpeg/jpg, Bitmap, TIFF and GIFF.
Images Steganography using Pixel Value Difference and Histogram AnalysisNortheastern University
A new data hiding method is proposed in this project , which can increase the steganographic security of a data hiding scheme .In this method a cover image is first mapped into a 1D pixels sequence by Hilbert filling curve and then it has been divided into non-overlapping embedding units .The division is made such that it gives two consecutive pixel values .As human eye has limited tolerance when it comes to texture and edge areas than in smooth areas , and as the difference between the pixel pairs in those areas are larger , therefore the method exploites pixel value difference (PVD) to solve out overflow underflow problem .
A Review on - Data Hiding using Cryptography and SteganographyMangaiK4
Abstract - Security and privacy for a data transmission become a major concern due to rise of internet usage. Many developers are working continuously to make an internet safe environment, but the intruders are very smart to hack the information. For that, two entities communicating need to communicate in a way which is not susceptible to listen in or interception. So every organization uses many data encryption techniques to secure their communication. There are two security mechanisms called, Cryptography and Steganography are being applied. By merging these techniques, two level of information security is achieved. This paper discuss about the way of working Cryptography and Steganography and their different approaches.
Steganography Technique of Sending Random Passwords on Receiver’s Mobile (A N...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information
in other information. There are many application of Steganography with different carrier file format. Here we
perform Steganography Technique with sending OTP on receiver mobile, which is one of the best secured
technique in current scenario. This technique is hiding file information into image with OTP password that is
only known by receiver. And can decrypt using that OTP only this is pure Steganography. Pure Steganography
means that there is none prior information shared by two communication parties. We are not sharing OTP
information by two communication parties. So this is more secure than other technique.
Key Words : Steganography, OTP, ICT, Password, IP, UDP, SIHS, LSB.
A Secure Data Communication System Using Cryptography and SteganographyIJCNCJournal
The information security has become one of the most significant problems in data communication. So it
becomes an inseparable part of data communication. In order to address this problem, cryptography and
steganography can be combined. This paper proposes a secure communication system. It employs
cryptographic algorithm together with steganography. The jointing of these techniques provides a robust
and strong communication system that able to withstand against attackers. In this paper, the filter bank
cipher is used to encrypt the secret text message, it provide high level of security, scalability and speed.
After that, a discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) based steganography is employed to hide the encrypted
message in the cover image by modifying the wavelet coefficients. The performance of the proposed system
is evaluated using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and histogram analysis. The simulation results show
that, the proposed system provides high level of security.
A SECURE DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING CRYPTOGRAPHY AND STEGANOGRAPHY IJCNCJournal
The information security has become one of the most significant problems in data communication. So it
becomes an inseparable part of data communication. In order to address this problem, cryptography and
steganography can be combined. This paper proposes a secure communication system. It employs
cryptographic algorithm together with steganography. The jointing of these techniques provides a robust
and strong communication system that able to withstand against attackers. In this paper, the filter bank
cipher is used to encrypt the secret text message, it provide high level of security, scalability and speed.
After that, a discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) based steganography is employed to hide the encrypted
message in the cover image by modifying the wavelet coefficients. The performance of the proposed system
is evaluated using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and histogram analysis. The simulation results show
that, the proposed system provides high level of security.
Similar to TWO PHASE CLANDESTAIN IMAGE ENCRYPTION (20)
Advanced Computing: An International Journal (ACIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the advanced computing. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of high performance computing, green computing, pervasive computing, cloud computing etc. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and a practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding advances in computing and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of computing.
Call for Papers - Advanced Computing An International Journal (ACIJ) (2).pdfacijjournal
Submit your Research Papers!!!
Advanced Computing: An International Journal ( ACIJ )
ISSN: 2229 -6727 [Online] ; 2229 - 726X [Print]
Webpage URL: http://airccse.org/journal/acij/acij.html
Submission URL: http://coneco2009.com/submissions/imagination/home.html
Submission Deadline : April 08, 2023
Here's where you can reach us : acijjournal@yahoo.com or acij@aircconline
Advanced Computing: An International Journal (ACIJ
)
is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the advancedcomputing. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of high performancecomputing, green computing, pervasive computing, cloud computing etc. The goal of this journalis to bring together researchers anda practitioners from academia and industry to focus onunderstanding advances in computing and establishing new collaborations in these areas
Submit your Research Papers!!!
Advanced Computing: An International Journal ( ACIJ )
ISSN: 2229 -6727 [Online] ; 2229 - 726X [Print]
Webpage URL: http://airccse.org/journal/acij/acij.html
Submission URL: http://coneco2009.com/submissions/imagination/home.html
Here's where you can reach us : acijjournal@yahoo.com or acij@aircconline.com
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7thInternational Conference on Data Mining & Knowledge Management (DaKM 2022)acijjournal
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Graduate School Cyber Portfolio: The Innovative Menu For Sustainable Developmentacijjournal
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Data Transformation Technique for Protecting Private Information in Privacy P...acijjournal
Data mining is the process of extracting patterns from data. Data mining is seen as an increasingly important tool by modern business to transform data into an informational advantage. Data
Mining can be utilized in any organization that needs to find patterns or relationships in their data. A group of techniques that find relationships that have not previously been discovered. In many situations, the extracted patterns are highly private and it should not be disclosed. In order to maintain the secrecy of data,
there is in need of several techniques and algorithms for modifying the original data in order to limit the extraction of confidential patterns. There have been two types of privacy in data mining. The first type of privacy is that the data is altered so that the mining result will preserve certain privacy. The second type of privacy is that the data is manipulated so that the mining result is not affected or minimally affected. The aim of privacy preserving data mining researchers is to develop data mining techniques that could be
applied on data bases without violating the privacy of individuals. Many techniques for privacy preserving data mining have come up over the last decade. Some of them are statistical, cryptographic, randomization methods, k-anonymity model, l-diversity and etc. In this work, we propose a new perturbative masking technique known as data transformation technique can be used for protecting the sensitive information. An
experimental result shows that the proposed technique gives the better result compared with the existing technique.
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Advanced Computing: An International Journal (ACIJ) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the advanced computing. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of high performance computing, green computing, pervasive computing, cloud computing etc. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding advances in computing and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
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During the course of the industrial 4.0 era, companies have been exponentially developed and have
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indicators such as: cost, reliability, availability, safety and productivity. E-maintenance emerged in early
2000 and now is a common term in maintenance literature representing the digitalized side of maintenance
whereby assets are monitored and controlled over the internet. According to literature, e-maintenance has
a remarkable impact on maintenance KPIs and aims at ambitious objectives like zero-downtime.
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cryptographic key pair and publish their public key on their website. Further they are required to encrypt
the passport or visa information with their private key, encode the ciphertext in a QR code and print it on
the passport or visa they issue to the applicant.
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for download on their website or Google Play Store and iPhone App Store. Any individual or immigration
authority that needs to check the passport or visa for forgery and fabrication can scan its QR code, which
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The issuing authorities are also required to create a mobile or desktop QR code scanning app and place it for download on their website or Google Play Store and iPhone App Store. Any individual or immigration authority that needs to check the passport or visa for forgery and fabrication can scan its QR code, which will decrypt the ciphertext encoded in the QR code using the public key stored in the app memory and displays the passport or visa information on the app screen. The details on the app screen can be compared with the actual details printed on the passport or visa. Any mismatch between the two is a clear indication of forgery or fabrication.
Discussed the need for a universal desktop and mobile app that can be used by immigration authorities and consulates all over the world to enable fast checking of passports and visas at ports of entry for forgery and fabrication.
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TWO PHASE CLANDESTAIN IMAGE ENCRYPTION
1. Advanced Computing: An International Journal ( ACIJ ), Vol.4, No.1, January 2013
DOI : 10.5121/acij.2013.4104 35
TWO PHASE CLANDESTAIN IMAGE
ENCRYPTION
V Hemanth1,2, R Praveen Kumar2
1 Assistant Professor
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati
{vhemanth87,praveenkumar.r07}@gmail.com
Abstract
In today’s internet world is full of data steals and hackers. So, there is a essential to design a system that
assists the internet users to interchange their secret and private data safely across the web. Information-
hiding process in a Steganography system starts by identifying medium’s redundant bits. The encryption
process creates a stego medium by replacing these redundant bits with data from the hidden message.
So, we propose a method for encrypting the image, which has two phases. In the first phase, Perform
Circular Shift Operations on the image pixels and the number of rotations have been calculated based on
the length of the password. In the second phase, the first phase has undergone some bitwise operations
with a carriage image, by doing this; breaking of the cipher text is difficult.
1 Introduction
In today's information age, information sharing and transfer have increased exponentially.
The threat of an intruder accessing secret information has been an ever existing concern for the
data communication experts. Cryptography and steganography are the most widely used
techniques to overcome this threat. Cryptography involves converting a message text into an
unreadable cipher [7]. On the other hand, steganography embeds the message into a cover
media and hides its existence. Both these techniques provide some security of data neither of
them alone is secure enough for sharing information over an insecure communication channel
and are vulnerable to intruder attacks [6]. Although these techniques are often combined
together to achieve higher levels of security but still there is a need of a highly secure system to
transfer information over any communication media minimizing the threat of intrusion.
If we consider any organization attacks can happen in two ways that is "insider attacks", and
"outsider attacks".
Insider attacks, can be initiated by authorized persons try to access other authorized person
details that is within the organization.
Outsiders Attacks, can be initiated by unauthorized persons try to access other authorized
person details that is different organizations.
Attacks are mainly classified into two types.
1. Active Attack
2. Passive Attack
2. Advanced Computing: An International Journal ( ACIJ ), Vol.4, No.1, January 2013
36
Active attacks, which the attacker changes the communication. He may create, forge, alter,
replace, block or reroute messages [2]. Passive Attack, which the attacker only eavesdrops; he
may read messages he is not supposed to see, but he does not alter messages [2].
Wire trapping, in olden days the communication media between two far users are done by
telecommunication. The wiretapping is also called as telephone trapping, used for monitoring
of telephone and Internet conversations by adversaries. Active wiretapping alters or otherwise
affects it while passive wiretapping monitors or records the traffic [4].
Masquerade, is an attack where the attacker pretends to be an authorized user of a system in
order to gain access to it or to gain privileges than they are authorized. The authentication of a
user’s identity is based on a combination of something the user knows (e.g., a secret password),
a physiological or learned characteristic of the user (e.g., a fingerprint, retinal pattern, hand
geometry, keystroke rhythm, or voice), and a token the user possesses (e.g., a magnetic-stripe
card, smart card, or metal key). Anybody with the correct combination of identification
characteristics can masquerade as another individual.
Playback is another type of masquerade, in which user or computer responses or initiations
of transactions are sneakily recorded and played back to the computer as though they came
from the user. This fraud was curtailed when banks installed controls that placed encrypted
message sequence numbers, times, and dates into each transmitted transaction and command.
Playback was suggested as a means of robbing ATMs by repeating cash dispensing
commands to the machines through a wiretap. Different methodologies have been designed to
transmit the data in secure mode. Apart from steganography and cryptography now a day’s
visual cryptography is placing a major role in transmitting the secret data [3].
In the section 2, discussed about the brief introduction about steganography, section 3, the
algorithms of the proposed technique have been discussed. In section 4 the process of the
technique has been explained and finally in section 5 and 6, results and the conclusion has been
discussed respectively.
2 Steganography
Steganography is derived from Steganos (Greek word), which mean “covered” or “secret”
and –graphy mean “writing” or “drawing”. Therefore, steganography means, embedding secret
information into the cover image. Steganography means concealing the information within the
cover image. While communication if the message which is just encrypted is sent through
covert channel, it will be easier to the intruder to decrypt the message. To avoid the intruder to
decrypt the data, the information which is encrypted will be embedded into a image [6].
The main aim of Steganography, is to interchange messages secretly the complete information
between sender and receiver without the knowledge of adversaries. Steganography method has
failed, because when the carrier medium suspected by someone.
In Steganography there are different techniques are available to hide the secret information
in an image. In the images the different representations are available. They are binary images,
RGB images, Gray scale images etc. The images can be of different formats like jpeg, jpg,
gif,bmp,tif etc. Large range of different images are available to implement Steganography. To
implement different techniques on images first the image should be converted into pixel format,
3. Advanced Computing: An International Journal ( ACIJ ), Vol.4, No.1, January 2013
37
which is arranged in the form of a matrix. Pixel values are arranged in the matrix in r × c
format. More the value of r and c clarity of the image will increase. The histogram is another
way of representing the image. After and before embedding the secret information into the
image there should be not much different in the histogram. If the variation in the histogram is
more in cover image and stego image than the techniques used for embedding is not a good
one.
The Steganography mainly concentrates on Carrier image, secret information and a
Password. When the password is embedded into the image, that image is named as carrier
image. The input image called as cover image is used for hiding the information.
The below diagram explains the basic model of the steganography, the message which has to
be communicated can be in the form of plain text or image etc. in any format. The sender who
wants to communicate will be embedding the message into an image and sends that image for
communication. To have a secret and secure communication the plain text is now converted
into a non- readable format and then communicated, this process of converting is called as
encryption. To retrieve back the original plain text, decryption method has to be applied. In this
process a key or a password places a major role in the process. In the diagram shown below a
stego key is used and it is also be called as a password. By exchanging the key (password) the
receiver can only be able to get back the original message. The secret message which is
embedded in the cover object is further converted into stego- object.
Figure 1 Basic Steganography Model
To provide secret communication between the sender and the receiver cryptography and
steganography techniques are used. The main fact is that steganography and cryptography are
not the same. Cryptography will be just converting the message into an unreadable format, and
the untrusted third party can be able to know that that some communication is happening
between the users. In steganography for an intruders will not be able to recognize that the
existence of the message. By combining both cryptography and steganography, the intruder can
be made confused. In cryptography by breaking the secret message, the original message can be
retrieved back, but in steganography first to identify the message is a major task so by
combining both the process the heights of security will be increased.
In cryptography, the plain text will be transformed into an unreadable format using a secret
key, in cryptography the secrecy lies not in the algorithm but it lies in the key, because the
algorithm is available publicly but not the key. Basically, cryptography has the ability of
communicating the information between users in such a way that it is difficult to read the
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message. Cryptography provides confirmation for verifying the uniqueness of something or
someone.
Steganography will not alter or change the secret message but it hides the secret message in a
cover- image and the image helps it from by recognizing the secret information from the
intruder. The existence of the message can be seen in cryptography but in steganography it has
difficult identified the existence of the secret message. By combining both the process it will be
difficult for an intruder to get back the original message. If the intruder is able to get the
message from the image, then he has to apply cryptography to break the message to get the
original message.
In cryptography, there are so many algorithms to encrypt the message like RSA, diffie
hellman etc. in all this process the key places a major role. Converting the plain text into
unreadable format is called as cipher text. Stream ciphers and block ciphers are available to
convert the message into cipher text. In steganography, for embedding the message into an
image there are so many techniques are available and the techniques have been explained in the
section 2.1 in detail.
2.1 Steganography Techniques
Steganography plays a major role in securing the secret message in communicating with
users. For embedding the message in a image there are so many techniques are available, some
of the techniques are given below:
(i) Least significant bit insertion (LSB)
(ii) Masking and filtering
(iii) Transform techniques
Least significant bit (LSB) insertion is to embed the bits in an image file. It embeds the
message bits directly into the LSB plane of the cover-image in a sequence. The resultant image
is equivalent to cover image, the human eye cannot able to detect.
Masking and filtering techniques, it restricted to 24 bits and grayscale images, hide
information by marking an image, it's similar to paper watermarking. It performs analysis of an
image, it embeds the secret information in significant areas so that the hidden secret
information is more important to the cover image than just hiding it in the noise level.
Transform techniques embed the message by using coefficients in a transform domain, that is
the Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, or Wavelet Transform.
Transformation technique hides the secret information in specific areas of the cover-image,
which make them robust to attack. Transformations applied over the image or to block
throughout the image, or other variants.
3 Proposed algorithm
3.1 Encryption Algorithm:
Step 1: select the secret image and password
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Step 2: perform circular shift operations on input image based on the formulae
Step 3: The resultant intermediate image goes to the next phase
Step4: Generate carrier image based on the input password
Step5: EXOR intermediate image and carrier image the resultant image is Encrypted image.
3.2 Decryption Algoritham:
Step 1: select the encrypted image and carrier image
Step 2: perform EXOR operation on encrypted image and carrier image.
Step 3: Intermediate image is generated.
Step 4: generate password using input carrier image
Step 5: perform circular shift operation on intermediate image using formulae
4 Proposed Technique
In the above technique which we have discussed is implemented for different images and
passwords. For better quality of encryption, minimum effective length of the password (Ns)
should be 4 characters.
4.1 Encryption Algorithm:
In this model, image is encrypted in two phases. In the first phase Circular shift operation [1]
is performed on the input image. In the second phase, the input image is the output of the first
phase, with the help of the carrier image and performs XOR operations on both the images, the
subsequent image is randomized comparative to the input image.
In the first phase the inputs are the input image and a password. The input image is converted
into its corresponding pixel decimal values and each pixel value is furthermore converted into 8
bit binary blocks. Now, Perform Right Circular Shift (RCS) operations on the eight bit block
and perform Left Circular Shift (LCS) on the shifted bits [1]. Consider the password of
minimum length is four characters and a maximum of fifteen characters. The number of LCS
and RCS rotations on the bits is calculated using the formulae given below:
Ns= Lp mod P (1)
Where Ns be the number of shifts, Lp be the length of the password and P is a prime.
Assume Ns=4, Consider one of the pixel values from the input image and convert the pixel
into its corresponding eight bit binary blocks. The bits are [B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8].
Pin(x,y)=[ B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 ]
Where Pin(x,y) be the input pixel value and x, y are the coordinates of the image.
On these bits perform four times LCS operation, After RCS [B5 B6 B7 B8 B1 B2 B3 B4].
When RCS operation is performed the bits are [B5 B6 B7 B8].
On the above 4 bits perform LCS operation times. Then the resultant of the LCS operation
is [B7 B8 B5 B6].
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After Performing LCS and RCS operation on the eight bit pixel value the resultant binary
block is:
Pout(x, y) = [B7 B8 B5 B6 B1 B2 B3 B4]
Where, Pout(x, y) be the first phase output pixel value.
Convert each and every pixel using above method and the new pixel values are replaced with
the old pixel values. By doing this an intermediate encrypted image has been generated.
In Second phase, a carriage image is generated from the password which has been given as
input in the first phase. The ASCII value of each character of the password is arranged in a
matrix, such a way that the matrix size and the input image size, both should be equal. Entering
the ASCII values of the password in that matrix repeats until the entire matrix is filled to
generate a carrier image which should be equal to the size of the input image. Bitwise exclusive
OR operation is applied on the intermediate encrypted image generated in the first phase with
the carrier image. By performing the XOR operation final the encrypted image has been
generated.
4.2 Flow chart for Encryption Process:
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4.3 Flow chart for Decryption Process:
5 Results and Discussions
In the above technique which we have discussed is implemented for different images and
passwords. For the good quality of encryption, minimum effective length of the password (Ns)
should be 4 characters.
5.1 Results of encryption Process:
Phase I:
Input Image Intermediate Encrypted image
Phase II:
Carrier Image Encrypted Output Image
Figure 2: Encryption Results
While choosing the password care should be taken. The password should not contain the
same characters .The password should contain minimum of four characters in which, at least
one uppercase letter, one lower case letter, one special symbol and one numeric value [5]. Here
we have taken the password as “V*r@8hP|7#K”.
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5.2 Results for decryption Process:
Phase I:
Encrypted input image Carrier image
Phase II:
Intermediate Decrypted image Decrypted image
Figure 3: Decryption Results
5.3 Image analysis by using Histograms:
Figure 4: Histogram for input image
Figure 5: Histogram for output image
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Histogram acts as a graphical representation of the tonal distribution in a digital image. It
plots the number of pixels for each tonal value. By looking at the histogram for a specific image
a viewer will be able to judge the entire tonal distribution at a glance. Comparing the input
image histogram with the output image histogram, the pixel values are more randomized tonal
distributed.
6 Conclusion
The proposed scheme, like two phase clandestine image encryption technique in stegnography
is designed for encrypting a message by using a strong short length password. By introducing
the second phase the steganalysis has become much more complex. By Introducing the carrier
image which is generated from the password made the encryption process secure. The
decryption process is quite difficult without the help of the carrier image. Without the
knowledge of the password the intruder cannot generate the carriage image, so the decryption
process is much more difficult.
References
1. Circular Shift, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_shift
2. Attack, https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Man-in-the-middle_attack
3. Robert F. Erbacher, Shashi Prakash, Chet Claar, Jason Couraud, "Intrusion Detection: Detecting
Masquerade Attacks Using UNIX Command Lines," Proceedings of the 6th Security Conference, Las
Vegas, NV, April 2007.
4. Rajaraman V. and A. Thangaraj, "Known-plaintext Attack on the Binary Symmetric Wiretap
Channel," IEEE Globecom Physical Layer Security (PLS) Workshop, Dec 9, 2011
5. StrongPasswords,http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc756109%28v=ws.10%29.aspx
6. Steganography, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
7. Cryptography, www.cryptographyworld.com/