The document discusses user-centered design (UCD) and related topics. It defines UCD as a design philosophy that puts real users and their goals at the center of developing products and services, not just technology. The key principles of UCD are early focus on users and tasks, empirical measurement, and iterative design. The document also discusses accessibility, usability, interaction design lifecycles, methods for UCD like card sorting and prototyping, and provides additional readings on these topics.

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2. Contents Initial concepts Accessibility, usability and UCD David Lamas, TLU, 2010 2

3. Initial concepts David Lamas, TLU, 2010

4. User centred design So… what is user centred design? It’s a design philosophy that believes that real users and their goals, not just technology, should be the driving force behind the development of a service or product Its three main principles are: (stated as early as 1985 by Gould and Lewis) Early focus on users and tasks Empirical measurement Iterative design David Lamas, TLU, 2010

5. User centred design Early focus on users and tasks This means understanding who the users will be by directly studying their cognitive, behavioural, anthropomorphic and attitudinal characteristics This requires Observing users doing their normal task Studying the nature of those tasks Involving users in the design process David Lamas, TLU, 2010 5

6. User centred design Early focus on users and tasks further means… Asking “what technologies are available to provide better support to users’ goals” rather than asking “where can we deploy this new technology” Understanding behaviour highlighting priorities, preferences and implicit intensions One argument against studying current behaviour is that we are looking to improve how things work, not to capture bad habits Supporting human cognitive and physical characteristics Cognitive aspects include attention, memory and perception Physical aspects include height, mobility and strength Consulting users throughout the design and development iterations And taking their input seriously into account Taking all design decisions within the context of the users, their work and their environment This does not mean that users are actively involved in design decisions but rather that designers remain aware of the users while making their decisions David Lamas, TLU, 2010 6

7. User centred design Empirical measurement This means that the reactions and performance of intended users to… printed scenarios manuals and help systems simulations prototypes …should be observed, measured and analysed as early in the design and development process as possible David Lamas, TLU, 2010 7

8. User centred design Iterative design This means that design and development should be iterative with cycles of design, test, measure, redesign being repeated as often as necessary This way, when problems are found in user testing, they are fixed and then more tests and observations are carried out to see the effects of the fixes David Lamas, TLU, 2010 8

9. Interaction design User centred interaction design is based on four basic activities: Identifying needs and establishing requirements for the user experience In order to design something to support people, we must know who our target users are and what kind of support an interactive product could usefully provide Developing alternative designs that meet those requirements Actually supplying ideas for meeting the requirements is the core activity of designing Building interactive versions of the designs Evaluating what is being built throughout the process and the user experience it offers Evaluation is the process of determining the usability and acceptability of a service or product David Lamas, TLU, 2010 9

10. Interaction design But… how do we go about these four basic activities? Understanding what activities are involved in user centred interaction design is important but so it is to understand how the activities are related to one another so that the full development process can be perceived There are a number of lifecycle models that capture a set of activities and hoe the are related Waterfall lifecycle model Spiral lifecycle model Dynamic systems development lifecycle model Agile development lifecycle model Star lifecycle model Usability engineering lifecycle model Human-centred design lifecycle model ISO 13407 David Lamas, TLU, 2010 10

11. Interaction design And lifecycle models are important… They allow designers, developers and particularly managers to get an overall view of the foreseen or ongoing effort So that progress can be tracked, deliverables specified, resources allocated, targets set, etc. Existing models have varying levels of sophistication and complexity But using them does not mean that innovation is lost or that creativity is compromised They are just a simplified version of reality And as with any good abstraction, only the amount of detail required for the task at hand should be included David Lamas, TLU, 2010 11

12. Interaction design And lifecycle models are important… Just as we can assert that no product has ever been created in a single moment of inspiration… …especially when the product is entirely new, the development of a set of requirements may well depend upon testing initial ideas in some depth. W. H. Mayall, Principles of Design, 1979 The plan is the generator. Without a plan, you have lack of order and wilfulness. The plan holds in itself the essence of sensation Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 1931 David Lamas, TLU, 2010 12

13. Methods Now we have user centred interaction design… principles activities lifecycles What’s missing? The methods David Lamas, TLU, 2010 13

14. Methods Empirical methods Card sorting, contextual enquiry, focus groups, interview, log file analysis, paper prototype test, survey, task analysis, live prototype test Inspection methods Expert review, guided walkthrough, heuristic evaluation David Lamas, TLU, 2010 14

15. Accessibility, usability and UCD David Lamas, TLU, 2010 15

19. Accessibility Shneiderman, B., 2000. Universal Usability: pushing human-computer interaction research to empower every citizen. Communications of the ACM 43(5), pp. 85-91. JakobKangur David Lamas, TLU, 2010 19

20. Accessibilty Obrenovic, Z., Abascal, J. and Stracevic, S. Universal Accessibility as a Multimodal Design Issue. Communications of the ACM May 2007/Vol. 50, No. 5, p. 83-88. MaarjaPajusalu David Lamas, TLU, 2010 20

24. Sauro, J., Kindlund, E. A Method to Standardize Usability Metrics Into a Single Score. CHI Papers: Methods and Usability. April 2-7 2005 Portland, Oregon, Usa. MaarjaPajusalu David Lamas, TLU, 2010 24

27. Contents Initial concepts Accessibility, usability and UCD David Lamas, TLU, 2010 27

28. Suggested viewing Designing Interactionshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVkQYvN4_HA&feature=PlayList&p=32A089D3E2DFB65D&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=11 Bill Moggridge talk at Stanford University David Lamas, TLU, 2010 28

29. Elective readings Williams, A. 2009. User-centered design, activity-centered design, and goal-directed design: a review of three methods for designing web applications. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM international Conference on Design of Communication (Bloomington, Indiana, USA, October 05 - 07, 2009). SIGDOC '09. ACM, New York, NY, 1-8. Mao, J., Vredenburg, K., Smith, P. W., and Carey, T. 2001. User-centered design methods in practice: a survey of the state of the art. In Proceedings of the 2001 Conference of the Centre For Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 05 - 07, 2001). D. A. Stewart and J. H. Johnson, Eds. IBM Centre for Advanced Studies Conference. IBM Press, 12. Jokela, T., Iivari, N., Matero, J., and Karukka, M. 2003. The standard of user-centered design and the standard definition of usability: analyzing ISO 13407 against ISO 9241-11. In Proceedings of the Latin American Conference on Human-Computer interaction (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 17 - 20, 2003). CLIHC '03, vol. 46. ACM, New York, NY, 53-60. Kujala, S. and Kauppinen, M. 2004. Identifying and selecting users for user-centered design. In Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer interaction (Tampere, Finland, October 23 - 27, 2004). NordiCHI '04, vol. 82. ACM, New York, NY, 297-303. Mao, J., Vredenburg, K., Smith, P. W., and Carey, T. 2005. The state of user-centered design practice. Commun. ACM 48, 3 (Mar. 2005), 105-109. Kiris, E. 2004. User-centered eService design and redesign. In CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vienna, Austria, April 24 - 29, 2004). CHI '04. ACM, New York, NY, 990-1003. Ungar, J. and White, J. 2008. Agile user centered design: enter the design studio - a case study. In CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Florence, Italy, April 05 - 10, 2008). CHI '08. ACM, New York, NY, 2167-2178. David Lamas, TLU, 2010 29

30. Further readings Sharp et al. 2007. Interaction Design, Wiley Shneiderman and Plaisant 2010. Designing the User Interface, Addison Wesley David Lamas, TLU, 2010 30

31. Relevant links ACM’s special interest group on computer human interaction http://www.sigchi.org/ Usability Professionals Association http://www.upassoc.org/ David Lamas, TLU, 2010 31