The document discusses autonomous cars, including their history from early experiments in the 1920s to working prototypes in the 1980s. It describes the key components of autonomous cars like LIDAR, radar, cameras and GPS that work together to navigate and drive the vehicle without human assistance. The document also outlines some advantages like increased safety and productivity, as well as challenges to widespread adoption like sensor limitations in heavy weather and high manufacturing costs.

1. AUTONOMOUS CAR
PREPARED BY: NILAY PATEL

2. Contents
 Introduction
 What do you mean by Autonomous Car?
 What is the need of this type of car?
 History
 Working
 Components
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
Present Scenario
Challenges

3. Introduction
 What do you mean by Autonomous Car?
 A word autonomous is derived from a Greek roots.
 Autonomous = autos + nomos
(SELF) (GOVERN)
 So, Autonomous car is a vehicle that can drive itself from
one point to another without assistance from a driver; in
other words, with an autopilot system.

4. Introduction
 What is the need of this type of car?
 Driver error is the most common cause of traffic
accidents.
 India contributes 6 % of the world's road accident deaths.
 Cell phones in-car ,entertainment systems, more traffic
and more complicated road systems making it more
frequent.
 By this improving technology our car will do the
concentrating for us.

5. History
 Experiments have been conducted on automating
cars since the 1920s.
 The first self-sufficient and truly autonomous cars
appeared in the 1980s,
 with Carnegie Mellon University’s project in 1984
and
 Mercedes-Benz & Bundeswehr University Project in 1987.
 Since then numerous major companies have
developed working prototype of autonomous car.

6. Working
 Driver sets a destination and car’s software
calculates a route and starts the car on its way.
 A rotating, roof-mounted LIDAR (Light Detection
and Ranging) sensor monitors a 60-meter range
around the car and creates a dynamic 3-D map of
the car’s current environment.
 A sensor on the left rear wheel monitors sideways
movement to detect the car’s position relative to
the 3-D map.

7. Working
 Radar systems in the front and rear bumpers
calculate distances to obstacles.
 Artificial intelligence software in the car is
connected to all the sensors and has input from
Google Street View and video cameras.
 The AI simulates human perceptual and decision-
making processes and controls driving systems
such as steering and brakes.

8. Working
 The car’s software consults Google Maps for
advance notice of things like landmarks and traffic
signs and lights.
 An override function is available to allow a human
to take control of the vehicle.

9. Working

10. Components
 The systems used in the car are:
 LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)
 Radar System
 Ultrasonic Sensors
 Video Cameras
 GPS (Global Positioning System)
 Inertial Measurement Unit
 CPU or computer

11. Components

12. Components
 LIDAR:
 It is a remote sensing technology which measures
distance by illuminating a target with a light beam and
analyze the reflected light.
 It uses laser, ultra violet, visible light or infrared light to
image objects.
 RADAR:
 The radar system are used for detecting oncoming
vehicles , their speed , other obstacles , for self parking ,
blind spot detection etc.
 The Radar systems are installed on the front and rear
bumper of the vehicle.

13. Components
 Radar detects the surrounding environment and the
central computer combines this result with that of the
LIDAR system.
 ULTRASONIC SENSORS:
 These are used for Blind Spot detection as well as to
detect nearby objects or measure the position of other
vehicles during parking.
 These sensors are mounted on the left rear wheel of a
vehicle.
 VIDEO CAMERAS:
 Video cameras are installed at the top of the front glass,
near the rear view mirror.

14. Components
 These are used to detect the traffic lights, traffic signs,
pedestrians etc. They also detect different road signs like
“ STOP” signs, zebra crossings, sign Boards etc.
 GPS:
 GPS uses satellites to gather information about the
current position of the vehicle. By using the GPS a map of
the area is loaded into the central computer.
 INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT:
 Data from GPS alone is less accurate . So , this data is
combined with outputs from the IMU.
 IMU uses a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes
and magnetometers.

15. Components
 IMU is an electronic device which measures and gives
information about the vehicle’s velocity, orientation,
gravitational forces etc.
 IMU helps GPS system to work when signals are
unavailable such as in tunnels, bad weather conditions
and when electromagnetic interference is present.
 CPU:
 All the data obtained from each and every sensor systems
is fed to the central computer.
 The central computer is a very powerful processing unit
mounted on the inside of the vehicle.

16. Advantages
 Reduction in car accidents
 Optimal speed
 Increase in productivity
 Efficient use of highways
 Fuel Economy
 Maximum utilization of parking space
Reduction in the need for traffic police and vehicle
insurance
 Reduction in car theft, due to the vehicle's self-
awareness

17. Disadvantages
 Chances of hacking
 Failure of sensor leads to accident
 Loss of privacy
 Fewer job
 Can be used for terrorism
 Competition for radio spectrum

18. Present Scenario
 In June 2011, the Nevada Legislature passed a law
to authorize the use of autonomous cars.
 In 2013, the government of the United
Kingdom permitted the testing of autonomous
cars on public roads.
 In 2014 the Government of France announced
that testing of autonomous cars on public roads
would be allowed in 2015. 2000 km of road would
be opened through the national territory for
testing.

19. Present Scenario
 Mercedes-Benz
 General Motors
 Continental
Automotive Systems
 Autoliv Inc.
 Bosch
 Nissan
 BMW
 Volkswagen
Toyota
 Audi
 Volvo
 Vislab from University
of Parma
 Oxford University
 Google
 Companies below have developed working
prototype:

20. Challenges
 Heavy rains affect the functionality of roof
mounted sensors(LIDAR)
 Snowy conditions
 Traffic signal detection
 Legal issues
 High cost of manufacturing