Autonomous vehicles use sensors like radar, lidar, cameras and GPS to navigate roads without human input. They process data from these sensors using multiple onboard processors to detect surroundings. Autonomous cars are classified on a scale from level 0 (driver assistance) to level 5 (full autonomy without steering wheel). While autonomous vehicles could reduce accidents and traffic, challenges remain regarding liability, software reliability, and legal/regulatory frameworks. The future may see more vehicles with autonomous features, but full autonomy will take time to implement safely.

1. AUDI A8 prologue
Autonomous cars

2. What are autonomous cars
• Not exactly Driverless car.
• Capable of sensing its environment and
navigating without capable of sensing its
environment and navigating
without human input.

3. History
• Experiments have been conducted on
automating driving since at least the
1920s
• Benz presented its first autonomous car in
1980s
• Since then a lot of companies presented a
lot of models.

4. Autonomous vs automated
• Autonomous means self-governance.
• Automated  Many historical projects
related to vehicle autonomy have
been automated (made to be automatic)
due to a heavy reliance on artificial hints
in their environment, such as magnetic
strips.

5. Techniques of Autonomous cars
• RADAR
• Optics
• LIDAR
• GPS
• Processors
• Wheel Speed Sensors

6. RADAR
• Traditional RADAR sensors are used to detect
dangerous objects in the vehicle’s path that are
more than 100 meters away.
• Accident-Prevention systems trigger alerts when
they detect something in a blind car’s blind spot.
• The radar chirps between 10 and 11 GHz over a 5
millisecond period, transmitting the radar signal
from a centrally located antenna cone.
• Two receive cones, separated by approximately 14
inches, receive the reflected radar energy.

7. RADAR

8. OPTICS
• A camera mounted near the rear-view
mirror build a real-time 3D images of the
road ahead, spotting hazards like
pedestrians and animals.
• It is also used to identify road markings
and traffic signals.

9. OPTICS

10. LIDAR
• The Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) which is
mounted on the roof of the vehicle is the most
important device in the Autonomous vehicles.
• The LIDAR consists of an emitter, mirror and
receiver.
• After bouncing off objects, the LASER beam
returns to the mirror and is bounced back towards
the receiver, where it can be interpreted into data.
• The vehicle can then generate a map of its
surroundings and use the map to avoid objects.

11. LIDAR

12. GPS
• A Global Positioning System keeps the car on
its intended route with an accuracy of 30 centi
meters.
• With GPS covering the macro location of car,
smaller on-deck cameras can recognize
smaller details like red lights, stop signs and
construction zones.

13. GPS

14. PROCESSORS
• Some 7 dual-core 2.13 GHz processors and
2Gb of RAM are needed to make sense of
the data collected by the car’s
instruments.
• Some car run as many as 17 processors to
dispense the computing load.

15. PROCESSORS

16. WHEEL SPEED SENSORS
• Wheel Speed Sensors measure the road-
wheel speed and direction of rotation.
• These sensors provide input to a number
of different automotive systems including
the anti-lock brake system and electronic
stability control.

17. WHEEL SPEED SENSORS

18. WORKING
• The signal from the sensors are used by the
Electronic Control Unit for decision making
using a software code.
• Based on the information from the sensors,
the ECU gives signal to the actuators, which in
turn control the vehicle.

19. WORKING

20. SOFTWARE AND ALGORITHMS
• Various software and algorithms are used
in autonomous car one such technique is
SLAM which is abbreviation for
Simultaneous Localization and Map
Building.

21. Levels of driving automation
• Level 0: Automated system issues warnings
but has no vehicle control.
• Level 1 (”hands on”): Driver and automated
system shares control over the vehicle.
• Level 2 (”hands off”): The automated system
takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating,
braking, and steering. The driver must monitor
the driving and be prepared to immediately
intervene at any time.

22. Levels of driving automation
• Level 3 (”eyes off”): The driver can safely
turn their attention away from the driving
tasks, e.g. the driver can text or watch a
movie. The vehicle will handle situations
that call for an immediate response, like
emergency braking. But still driver little
presence is needed there. example is The
2018 Audi A8 .

23. Levels of driving automation
• Level 4 (”mind off”): As level 3, but no
driver attention is ever required for safety,
i.e. the driver may safely go to sleep or
leave the driver's seat. Self driving is
supported only in limited areas (geo
fenced)
.

24. Levels of driving automation
• Level 5 (”steering wheel optional”): No
human intervention is required. An
example would be a robotic taxi.

25. Advantages
• Fewer traffic collisions
• Increased roadway capacity and reduced
traffic congestion
• Relief of vehicle occupants from driving
and navigation chores.
• Higher speed limit for autonomous cars.
• Removal of constraints on occupants'
state.

26. Advantages
• Alleviation of parking scarcity.
• Elimination of redundant
• Reduction of space required for vehicle
parking.
• Reduction in the need for traffic police
and vehicle insurance.
• Reduction of physical road signage .
• Smoother ride.

27. Disadvantages
• Potential Obstacles
• Liability for damage.
• Resistance for individuals to forfeit control
of their cars.
• Software reliability.
• Implementation of legal framework and
establishment of government regulations
for self- driving cars .

28. Disadvantages
• Reliance on autonomous drive produces
less experienced drivers for when manual
drive is needed.
• Loss of driver-related jobs
• Loss of privacy.
• Autonomous cars relying on lane markings
cannot decipher faded, missing, or incorrect
lane markings

29. Disadvantages
• Temporary construction zones which are
not posted to any maps or data bases.
• Determination of the severity of traffic
lane obstacles, as in the question of safely
straddling a pothole or debris
• Cyber Security

30. Future
By 2020, it is expected that 10 million self-
driving cars will be on the road while there
will be more than 250 million smart cars—
cars connected to high-tech networks—
sharing the road with them. There are
already self-driving features on several
vehicles that are available today thanks to
Tesla , AUDI, Mercedes and BMW.

31. Conclusion.
• REGRETS
• HOPE
• LIFE SAVING
• MIND PEACE

32. • Thank you