This document discusses autonomous vehicles and the companies working on them. It defines autonomous vehicles as vehicles that can travel from one point to another without human interaction. The top companies working on autonomous vehicles are Google, Intel, General Motors, Mercedes Benz, and Audi. Autonomous vehicles use technologies like lidar, radar, cameras and sensors to navigate and detect obstacles without human assistance. They have potential to reduce accidents by eliminating human error.

1. Autonomous Vehicles
Computer Architecture
Presented to: Dr. Assad Ali Safi Presented By: Rabiya Khalid

2. Autonomous vehicles
Definition
 Vehicle that get from one point to another
point without human interaction.
 Autonomous vehicles are also called
driverless cars, robotic cars or self-driving
cars.[1]
 Autonomous Vehicles are capable of
fulfilling main transportation capabilities of a
traditional car.
 Driverless cars move from one place to
another place without drivers.
 These cars plays an important role in
reduction of car accidents[2].
 These cars eliminate the human errors[2].

3. Companies Working on Autonomous Vehicles:
 Top 5 Companies working on autonomous cars are [3]
 Google
 Intel
 General Motors
 Mercedes Benz
 Audi
 Toyota, Nissan and Honda (big three of Japan) will join together to work on autonomous vehicles[4]

4. Companies Working on Autonomous Vehicles:
 Top 5 Companies working on autonomous cars are [3]
 Google
 Intel
 General Motors
 Mercedes Benz
 Audi
 Toyota, Nissan and Honda (big three of Japan) will join together to work on autonomous vehicles[4]

5. Companies Working on Autonomous Vehicles:
 Top 5 Companies working on autonomous cars are [3]
 Google
 Intel
 General Motors
 Mercedes Benz
 Audi
 Toyota, Nissan and Honda (big three of Japan) will join together to work on autonomous vehicles[4]

6. Companies Working on Autonomous Vehicles:
 Top 5 Companies working on autonomous cars are [3]
 Google
 Intel
 General Motors
 Mercedes Benz
 Audi
 Toyota, Nissan and Honda (big three of Japan) will join together to work on autonomous vehicles[4]

7. The Technology of the Car
• Anti-Lock Brakes(ABS)
• Electronic Stability control
• Adaptive cruise control
• Lane-departure warning system
• Self parking
• Automated guided vehicle systems
• Lidar-Systems(with google cars) or
Cruise Automated Systems(Audi)
• Infrared cameras.

8. The Lidar System
 Lidar is used to detect obstacles
 Detects obstacles through light and determines
where the vehicle is in relation to those obstacles
 Singapore's Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research
and Technology (SMART) is actively developing
technologies for autonomous Lidar vehicles[5].
 companies that produce lidar sensors commonly
used in robotics or vehicle automation are
Sick[5]and Hokuyo[7].

9. Example of Lidar in vehicles

10. Adoptive Cruise
Control Systems
 It is optional for road vehicles that automatically
adjusts the vehicle speed.
 It makes no use of satellite or
roadside infrastructure nor of
any cooperative support from other vehicles
 control is imposed based on
sensor information from on-board sensors only
 Cooperative Cruise Control (CACC) further
extends the automation by gathering information
from fixed infrastructure such satellites and
roadside beacons, or mobile infrastructure.
 It can be LASER based or RADAR based

11. Types of Algorithms
The combination of:
 3-D imaging with multiple 1064 nm
lasers.
 Edge-Detection Algorithm
 Motion-Detection algorithm
 Tracking algorithm

12. Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication
 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communications for Safety is the wireless exchange of critical safety
and operational data between vehicles and roadway infrastructure.
 The vision for V2I research is to enable safety applications designed to avoid or mitigate vehicle
crashes, particularly for crash scenarios not addressed by V2V communications alone
 It is based on widespread deployment of a dedicated short-range communications link,
incorporating IEEE 802.11

13. Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication

14. Vehicle to vehicle Communication
 V2V is an automobile technology designed to allow automobiles to "talk" to each other.
 V2V is also known as VANETs. It is a variation of MANETs .
 In V2V vehicles share information related to their speed, direction maneuvers.
 It helps to reduce the road crashes by getting the information of the surrounding.
 The information can be exchanged using DSRC and GPS.

15. Vehicle to Vehicle Communication

16. Current Adoption of the Technology
 Google, as mentioned previously
 Cruise Automation
 Tesla Model D announced in 2014
 Car will be able to autonomously pick owners up (on private property)
 Cadillac Super Cruise announced in 2014 for 2017 models
 Hands-free driving in certain conditions
 Vehicle to vehicle communication
 Ford Traffic Jam Assist announced in 2012 gives similar features

17. Components
 Lane departure warning
 Lazy or inattentive drivers can automatically be moved
 Blind spot monitoring
 Warn if cars are in blind spots
 Sonic blind support assisting system(SONAR)
 Pedestrian detection
 Automatic brake or warning
 Adaptive cruise control + forward collision warning
 Car stays a safe distance behind cars ahead of it
 Warns or takes action in case of danger

18. Companies working on Autonomous cars

19. Statistical and Professional Support
 32,719 people were killed in car accidents in the US alone in 2013
 The Institute for Highway Safety reported the following in 2014
 7% reduction in crashes for vehicles with forward collision warning systems.
 14-15% reduction for vehicles with automatic braking.
 In 2012 pedestrian deaths were 14% of all crash fatalities
 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found 72% of people who try the technology
want them in their own vehicle.
 Automatic braking lowers severity of unavoidable crashes according to an IIHS
official.

20. Drawbacks
 Although there are people who want the technology in their cars, it can cost:
 $2,000 on average for safety-related tech (not automation)
 $10,000 for Cruise in Audi S4s, as mentioned.
 Poor performance in adverse weather conditions
 Who is to blame?
 The car manufacturer? The programmer?
 The driver?

21. Reference
1. https://www.google.com.pk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-
8#q=what%20is%20autonomous%20cars
2. Vehicle Crashes and Pre-Crash Scenarios Based on the 2000 General Estimates System. (Report No.
DOT HS 809 573). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
3. Najm, W. G., Smith, J. D., & Yanagisawa, M. (2007, April). Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash
Avoidance Research. (Report No. DOT HS 810 767). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration.
4. DaSilva, M. P., Smith, J. D., & Najm, W. G. (2009, February). Heavy Vehicle Pre-Crash Scenario
Typology For Crash Avoidance Research. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration.
5. http://motioncars.inquirer.net/36858/filipino-turns-ordinary-car-into-autonomous-vehicle
6. "Sick Senor Intelligence product portfolio". 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2014-11-12
7. "Hokuyo scanning range finder". 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2014-11-12.