The document discusses the history and types of electric and autonomous vehicles. It describes Thomas Edison's early electric car and the benefits of electric vehicles over gas-powered vehicles. The types of electric vehicles discussed are plug-in electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Google's self-driving car program and the development of autonomous vehicle technology over time is also summarized.

1. AUTONOMOUS
AND
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
MADE BY:-
SUSHOVAN BEJ

2. EARLY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
THOMAS EDISON ELECTRIC CAR

3. THE IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
 Gas is a scarce, natural resource.
 Electricity is cheaper than gas. Electricity can come from renewable
resources such as solar and wind power.
 Electric cars pollute less than gas-powered cars.
 Electric cars are much more reliable and require less maintenance than
gas-powered cars. You don't even need to get your oil changed every
3,000 miles!
 By using domestically-generated electricity rather than relying on
foreign oil, the USA can become more independent.
 Cheapness in amount of fuel consumed.
 produce 27 per cent less CO2 than petrol cars
 help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

4. TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
• PLUG-IN-ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PEV)
A PEV is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external
source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in
the rechargeable battery packs drives.
•HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (HEV)
A hybrid EV combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) power
train with some form of electric propulsion. Common examples include
hybrid electric cars such as the Toyota Prius. The Chevrolet Volt is an
example of a production Extended Range Plug-In Electric Vehicle.
• PLUG-IN-HYBRID VEHICLE (PHEV)
A PHEV is a kind of vehicle in which the charge to the batteries is
provided through both A Plug In Source and Electric Propulsion.

5. GOOGLE’S SELF DRIVING CAR

6. History
 The first actual
representation was in
1977 at the Tsukuba
Mechanical
Engineering Lab in
Japan
- Got up to 30 km/h
by tracking white
street markers

7.  1980s DARPA-funded
Autonomous Land
Vehicle in U.S.
achieved first road
following
demonstration that
used:
- laser (Environmental
Research Institute of
Michigan)
- computing vision
(Carnegie Mellon
University and SRI)
- autonomous robotic
control (Carnegie
Mellon and Martin
Marietta)
- Goes up to 30km/h

8.  In 2000 three U.S. Government funded military
efforts known as Demo I (Army), Demo II (DARPA),
and Demo III (Army) are underway.
 Demo III demonstrated the ability to drive on off-
road terrain and avoid obstacles.

9.  In 2010, VisLab ran VIAC ( VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous
Challenge )
- 13,000 km test run
- 4 driverless vans ended the drive from Italy to China by
arriving at Shanghai Expo on October 28
 In 2008, General Motors said they would begin testing
driverless cars by 2015 and could be on the road by 2018.
The U.S. state of Nevada
passed a law on June 29, 2011
permitting the operation of
autonomous cars in Nevada.
The Nevada law for
autonomous vehicles went
into effect on March 1, 2012.
The license was issued to a
Toyota Prius modified with
Google's experimental
driverless technology.

10.  Driver error is the most common cause of traffic accidents
 India contributes 6 % of the world's road accident deaths
 The use of cell phones, in-car entertainment systems, more
traffic and more complicated road systems making it more
frequent
Hence by using AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES and
improving this technology our car will do the concentrating
for us…

11. CISCO AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES SURVEY

12. What is an autonomous vehicle ?
Types of driverless vehicles based
on different-2- technologies
*drones(signal controlled)
*automated highway system
*driverless cars based on
automatic control system

13. AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE ..?
An autonomous car, also known as
a robotic car, or informally
as driverless or self-driving, is a
vehicle capable of fulfilling the
human transportation capabilities of
a traditional car. As an autonomous
vehicle, it is capable of sensing its
environment and navigating without
human input.
Robotic cars exist mainly as
prototypes and demonstration
systems, but are likely to become
more widespread in the near future.

14. Autonomous vehicles sense their surroundings with such techniques
as radar, lidar , GPS and computer vision . Advanced control systems
interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as
well as obstacles and relevant signage.
Some autonomous vehicles update their maps based on sensory input,
allowing the vehicles to keep track of their position even when conditions
change or when they enter uncharted environments.
( Laser Interferometry Detection and
Ranging )

15. Paved Road Autonomous Vehicles
 Google Driverless Car
 Euro EUREKA
Prometheus Project
 VIAC Challenge
 DARPA Grand
Challenge
 Argo Vehicle
 Stanford’s Racing
Team’s car
 Volkswagen Golf GTI
53+1

16. Free Ranging Autonomous
Vehicles
 DARPA ( Defence
Advanced Projects
Research Agency)
Grand Challenge
 European Robot
Trial
 Israeli Military-
Industrial Complex

17. Automated Highway System
Efforts to construct special lanes with
magnets to allow vehicles to stay in the
center of the lane while communicating
with other vehicles

18. Free Ranging Grid
Combination of
autonomous vehicles and
supervisory central system
- The vehicle locates itself
using odometer readings,
recalibrating themselves
occasionally using a
“maze” of magnets
embedding in the
environment, and GPS
-They avoid wrecks using
lasers and ultra sonic
sensors
-Only for commercial use.

19. Sensorial-Informative
Warn or inform drivers about
events that have passed
unnoticed such as
- Lane Warning system
- Rear-view alarm- detect
obstacles behind
- Visibility aid for the driver to
cover blind spots and
enhanced vision system
such as radar, wireless
vehicle safety
communication, and night
vision
- Infrastructure-based, driver
warning/ information-giving
systems such as those
developed by Japanese
government

20. Actuation- Corrective
Modify driver’s instruction
to execute them in a
more effective way
- anti lock brakes
- traction control
system
- four wheel drive
- electronic stability
control
- dynamic steering
response

21. Systemic
 Automatic parking
 Following another car
 Distance control assistance
 Dead man’s switch

22.  Sensors
 Navigation
 Motion planning(traffic)
 Actuation(operates the
mechanics of vehicle)

23.  Sensors employed in
driverless cars are called
mobileye sensors.
 Mobileye offers a wide
range of driver safety
solutions combining
artificial vision image
processing, multiple
technological applications
and information technology
 Wheel speed sensors
 Steering-angle sensors
 Rotational-speed sensor

24.  A sensor “actinometer “ is used to detect the intensity of
radiation
 Light of different colors will radiate different intensity of
radiation which will be detected by the sensor
 If the detected intensity is of red color or yellow color
The controller will send a command to stop the vehicle
The command will be followed by robot(to convert the
computer command into mechanical input)

25.  Anti-lock brakes(ABS)
 Electronic stability control (ESC)
 Cruise control
 Self Parking
Automated Guided Vehicle Systems

26.  While braking hard without anti-lock brakes, the wheels
can lock up, sending the car into an out-of-control skid
and the driver has to pump the brake pedal to keep the
wheels from locking up
 With anti-lock brakes, the system does the pumping for
the driver - and does it better than the driver. The system
can read the wheels and knows when they are about to
lock and react faster

28. Autonomous cruise control is an optional cruise
control system appearing on some more upscale
vehicles. These systems use either a radar or laser setup
allowing the vehicle to slow when approaching
another vehicle and accelerate again to the preset
speed when traffic allows -
 It also maintain a set distance between it and the car in front
 Cruise control keeps the car at a constant speed

29. PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF
CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM

30. AutomatedGuidedVehicle Systems
An automated guided vehicle or automatic guided
vehicle (AGV) is a mobile robot that follows markers
or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. They are
most often used in industrial applications to move
materials around a manufacturing facility or a
warehouse. Application of the automatic guided
vehicle has broadened during the late 20th
century.
Uses FROG (Free Ranging On Grid) technology
 FROG vehicles are equipped with a computer that contains
a map of the area

31. GUIDED
BY LINE
GUIDED
BY LASER

32. An automotive navigation system is a satellite navigation
system designed for use in automobiles. It typically uses
a GPS navigation device to acquire position data to locate
the user on a road in the unit's map database. Using the
road database, the unit can give directions to other
locations along roads also in its database.
Also using distance data from sensors attached to
the drivetrain , a gyroscope and an accelerometer can be
used for greater reliability
The ability to plot the rout from where the vehicle is to where
the user wants to be has been available for several years
 the more sophisticated system also receives radio
updates on road blockages, and adapt accordingly

34.  Motion planning (a.k.a., the "navigation
problem") is a term used in robotics for the
process of detailing a task into discrete
motions.
For example:
consider navigating a mobile robot inside a
building to a distant waypoint. It should execute
this task while avoiding walls and not falling
down stairs. A motion planning algorithm would
take a description of these tasks as input, and
produce the speed and turning commands sent
to the robot's wheels. Motion planning algorithms
might address robots with a larger number of
joints (e.g., industrial manipulators), more
complex tasks (e.g. manipulation of objects),
different constraints (e.g., a car that can only
drive forward), and uncertainty (e.g. imperfect
models of the environment or robot).
 It should execute this task while avoiding
objects like other cars.

35. MOTION PLANNING ALGORITH BASED SYSTEM

36. The earliest autonomous demonstration systems date back to the
1930s. Since the 1980s, when Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr
University, Munich built the world's first modern driverless car through
the EUREKA Prometheus Project significant advances have been
made in both technology and legislation relevant to autonomous
cars.
As of 2013, three U.S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous
cars:
Nevada
Florida
California

37. Since the advent of the AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE CONCEPT, numerous
major companies and research organizations have developed working
prototype autonomous vehicles, including Mercedes-Benz, General
Motors, Google, Continental Automotive Systems, Autoliv
Inc., Bosch, Nissan, Toyota, Audi, and Oxford University.
Many competitions are held for companies as well as engineering
institutions to showcase their knowledge and achievements in this
technology. Like-
 DARPA Grand Challenge
 European Robot Trial
 VIAC Challenge
And many companies like GOOGLE, NISSAN, GM etc..
And institute or personal teams like Stanford Racing Team, Tartan
Racing Team, Carnegie Mellon Team etc. have successfully shown
their superb technologies..
But there is only one company that has successfully implemented this
technology in this practical world.. And that is GOOGLE
With its GOOGLE’S SELF DRIVING CAR..

38. 

41. GOOGLE’S SELF DRIVING CAR

42. OVERVIEW
The system combines information gathered for Google Street
View with artificial intelligence software that combines input from
video cameras inside the car, a LIDAR sensor on top of the
vehicle, radar sensors on the front of the vehicle and a position
sensor attached to one of the rear wheels that helps locate the car's
position on the map.
As of 2010, Google has tested several vehicles equipped with the
system, driving 1,000 miles (1,600 km) without any human intervention,
in addition to 140,000 miles (230,000 km) with occasional human
intervention, the only accident occurring when one of the cars was
rear-ended while stopped at a red light.
Google anticipates that the increased accuracy of its automated
driving system could help reduce the number of traffic-related injuries
and deaths, while using energy and space on roadways more
efficiently.

43. LIDAR SYSTEM
LIDAR is an acronym for Light Detection And Ranging.
It is similar to radar, but instead of using radio or microwaves it uses
light in the form of laser pulses. It can determine distances by
measuring the time between when a pulse is sent out and when it is
reflected back.
In simple words..
It is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by
illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing the reflected
light.
One main advantage of LIDAR is the ability to discern and detect
smaller objects than radar. It can pinpoint objects that are invisible
to radar and also provides much higher resolution than radar which
enhances mapping of physical features.
LIDAR has become better known because of Google’s driverless
car.

45. SONAR IMAGING LASER IMAGING
RADAR
IMAGING

46. USING LIDAR SYSTEM

47. 3-D Road Mapping
• Object Extraction

48. 3-D Road Mapping
• True Distance and Dimension Data

49. BENEFITS OF USING LIDAR MAPPING SYSTEM
Rather than using just the conventional mapping systems.. Like –
SONAR
RADAR
LASER
 Better obstacle detection
 Safer navigation
 All weather visibility
 More reliable

50. Short Term Advantages
 Increasing roadway capacity by reducing
distance between cars
 Reduce congestion by controlling flow of
traffic
 Can do work or rest while driver
 No longer need to leave work to do
errands
 Takes itself to gas station and to get
repaired/serviced

51. Long Term Advantages
 Longer commutes will be more tolerable.
 Cut down on commuter rail ridership
 Cut down on costs of bus service
 You can just click an app on you Smartphone to get
a car to you immediately
 Become a much cheaper way to live in the city
without a car
- like owning a car without worrying about parking
 Increase safety by reducing driver error
 Fewer mechanical problems and breakdowns.
 Decrease amount of import oil
 Reduce urban greenhouse gas emissions by 80%

52. Self-driving cars will transform car sharing, significantly reducing car
usage, as well as help create the new “highway trains of tomorrow."
These highway trains should cut energy consumption while also
increasing the number of people that can be transported on our
major roads. In terms of time efficiency, the U.S. Department of
Transportation estimates that people spend on average 52 minutes
each working day commuting. Imagine being able to spend that time
more productively.
While this project is very much in the experimental stage, it
provides a glimpse of what transportation might look like in the
future thanks to advancing technologies.
And that future is very exciting..!!
CONCLUSION