This document describes a project report for an automatic solar night lamp created by a group of students. It includes sections on the principle, block diagram, circuit diagram, component descriptions, components used, working principle, uses, and conclusion of the project. The project aims to develop a lamp that can automatically turn on at night powered by a solar panel and turn off during the day using a light dependent resistor sensor.
Review of Microgrid Technology and its Control Strategy is explained in this slide. This Slides along with the reference mentioned will help you to understand more better on Operation of microgrid ,Difference between Ac microgrid and DC microgrid ? How Real and Reactive can be transferred to the grid? Why dq axis current are considered?.
Please feel free to contact me for the detailed report.
Design Development and Testing of an Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protection ...Kunal Maity
This voltage protection circuit is designed to develop a low-voltage and high-voltage tripping mechanism to protect a load from any damage. The electronic devices get easily damaged due to fluctuation in AC means supply take place frequently.
Review of Microgrid Technology and its Control Strategy is explained in this slide. This Slides along with the reference mentioned will help you to understand more better on Operation of microgrid ,Difference between Ac microgrid and DC microgrid ? How Real and Reactive can be transferred to the grid? Why dq axis current are considered?.
Please feel free to contact me for the detailed report.
Design Development and Testing of an Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protection ...Kunal Maity
This voltage protection circuit is designed to develop a low-voltage and high-voltage tripping mechanism to protect a load from any damage. The electronic devices get easily damaged due to fluctuation in AC means supply take place frequently.
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
The proposed block diagram of the project is shown in figure 1. The microcontroller reads the inputs form the light sensorthat is measured the direction of the light(sun) and performs the required operation that will rotate motor to track the motion of the sun . The inputs of the system is light sensor. The output is motor
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
ULN2003:is used as a stepper motor driver because we can't connect motor direct to MCU because the motor work by another power source that is between 9-15 v . As this figure this driver
Resistors.
Power supply.
10 k resistor to divide the 5v voltage between sensor and resistor .
Capacitors and crystal oscillator.
crystal oscillator: to generate pulses frequency
This ppt explained on LED based street lights with auto intensity control using solar power from photovoltaic cells and Photovoltaic panels are used for charging batteries by converting the sunlight into electricity
• The concept of prepaid energy meters has been introduced in the power sector to effectively record the units consumed for billing purposes and also monitor several other factors to reduce and minimize losses that occurs due to conventional electromechanical energy meters.
• Prepaid Energy meter is a multipurpose project which can integrate all the functions like billing and automatic message response to user and respective electricity providing company.
Intelligent Street light monitoring systemvikas mantri
INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Home/INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Every evening, an intelligent street lighting control system has to light up at the right time and function seamlessly. A city’s street lights provide safer traffic conditions, safer pedestrian environment and can represent a great improvement to the city’s architectural, touristic and commercial output. These benefits are not exactly cheap though, with an average of 40% of the public budgets’ energy bill being spent for street lighting alone. The increasing energy price, plus the significant maintenance costs and always increasing expectations manifested by the public put a continuous pressure on the lighting budgets.
inteliLIGHT® is a remote street lighting control solution that offers you detailed, lamp-level management capabilities of every street light in your city and ensures that the right amount of light is provided where and when needed. Equally important, in-depth grid management gives an accurate real-time feedback of any change occurring along the grid, reduces both energy loss and energy surges and offers advanced maintenance optimization tools. Using the existing infrastructure, you can have live detailed information over the grid and transform the existing distribution level network into an intelligent infrastructure of the future
Improvement of power quality has to be treated as a matter of at most importance in the open
market economy due to the increased use of non linear loads. Several devices have been used to mitigate
the power quality problems. Now a days researchers are concentrating on the use of FACT devices to
overcome power quality issues. Unified Power Quality Conditioner is one among such FACT devices upon
which this paper has concentrated for mitigating the Power Quality problems. Here a 3 phase 3 wire
UPQC is realised using MATLAB/SIMULINK to mitigate voltage sag and swell as well as to maintain
sinusoidal voltage and current at PCC irrespective of load dynamics.
Power factor improvement is the essence of any power sector for realible operations. This report provides literature study of a fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor type of power factor compensator by matlab simulation and implementation in programmed microcontroller. To retaining power factor closed to unity under various load condition the arduino ATmega8 microcontroller is used which is programmed by keil software. The simulation is done using proteus software which display power factor according to the variation in load whenever a capacitive load is connected to the transmission line, a shunt reactor is connected which injects lagging reactive VARs to the power system. This report also includes the matlab simulation for three phase power factor improvement by using fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor. As a
result the power factor is improved. The results given in this report provides
suitable matlab simulation and proteus simulation based reactor power compensation and power factor improvement and techniques using a FCTCR.
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
The proposed block diagram of the project is shown in figure 1. The microcontroller reads the inputs form the light sensorthat is measured the direction of the light(sun) and performs the required operation that will rotate motor to track the motion of the sun . The inputs of the system is light sensor. The output is motor
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
ULN2003:is used as a stepper motor driver because we can't connect motor direct to MCU because the motor work by another power source that is between 9-15 v . As this figure this driver
Resistors.
Power supply.
10 k resistor to divide the 5v voltage between sensor and resistor .
Capacitors and crystal oscillator.
crystal oscillator: to generate pulses frequency
This ppt explained on LED based street lights with auto intensity control using solar power from photovoltaic cells and Photovoltaic panels are used for charging batteries by converting the sunlight into electricity
• The concept of prepaid energy meters has been introduced in the power sector to effectively record the units consumed for billing purposes and also monitor several other factors to reduce and minimize losses that occurs due to conventional electromechanical energy meters.
• Prepaid Energy meter is a multipurpose project which can integrate all the functions like billing and automatic message response to user and respective electricity providing company.
Intelligent Street light monitoring systemvikas mantri
INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Home/INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Every evening, an intelligent street lighting control system has to light up at the right time and function seamlessly. A city’s street lights provide safer traffic conditions, safer pedestrian environment and can represent a great improvement to the city’s architectural, touristic and commercial output. These benefits are not exactly cheap though, with an average of 40% of the public budgets’ energy bill being spent for street lighting alone. The increasing energy price, plus the significant maintenance costs and always increasing expectations manifested by the public put a continuous pressure on the lighting budgets.
inteliLIGHT® is a remote street lighting control solution that offers you detailed, lamp-level management capabilities of every street light in your city and ensures that the right amount of light is provided where and when needed. Equally important, in-depth grid management gives an accurate real-time feedback of any change occurring along the grid, reduces both energy loss and energy surges and offers advanced maintenance optimization tools. Using the existing infrastructure, you can have live detailed information over the grid and transform the existing distribution level network into an intelligent infrastructure of the future
Improvement of power quality has to be treated as a matter of at most importance in the open
market economy due to the increased use of non linear loads. Several devices have been used to mitigate
the power quality problems. Now a days researchers are concentrating on the use of FACT devices to
overcome power quality issues. Unified Power Quality Conditioner is one among such FACT devices upon
which this paper has concentrated for mitigating the Power Quality problems. Here a 3 phase 3 wire
UPQC is realised using MATLAB/SIMULINK to mitigate voltage sag and swell as well as to maintain
sinusoidal voltage and current at PCC irrespective of load dynamics.
Power factor improvement is the essence of any power sector for realible operations. This report provides literature study of a fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor type of power factor compensator by matlab simulation and implementation in programmed microcontroller. To retaining power factor closed to unity under various load condition the arduino ATmega8 microcontroller is used which is programmed by keil software. The simulation is done using proteus software which display power factor according to the variation in load whenever a capacitive load is connected to the transmission line, a shunt reactor is connected which injects lagging reactive VARs to the power system. This report also includes the matlab simulation for three phase power factor improvement by using fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor. As a
result the power factor is improved. The results given in this report provides
suitable matlab simulation and proteus simulation based reactor power compensation and power factor improvement and techniques using a FCTCR.
This is simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch.
By using this system manual work could be reduced.
Energy consumption is reduced.
Automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes.
Automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes and activates the morning alarmIn this busy world, minimizing the effort and time is the ultimate aim of technology.
Now-a-days manually operated street lights are not switched OFF even when the sunlight comes and also switched ON earlier before sunset.
No need to set the time.
AUTOMATIC LIGHT & DARK SENSING SYSTEM WITH MOSQUITO REPELLENT CIRCUITShahrukh Javed
DESCRIPTION
It is a simple and powerful concept, which uses transistor (BC 547) as a switch to switch ON and OFF the light automatically & a Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) which senses the light, made from a piece of exposed semiconductor material i.e cadmium sulphide, that changes its electrical resistance from several thousand Ohms in the dark to only a few hundred Ohms, when light hits the device, the photons give electrons energy by creating hole-electron pairs in the material. This makes them jump into the conductive band and thereby conduct electricity.
The circuit automatically switches ON lights when the light goes below the visible region & automatically switches OFF lights when light fall on it, by using a sensor which senses the light just like our eyes.
Also, the circuit has a long response time requiring many seconds to respond to a change in the light intensity.
TEAM MEMBER
SHAHRUKH JAVED
MOHAMMED HASSAN M
For more log on to: http://shahrukhjaved.webs.com/apps/blog/
E-mial: shahrukh.tjit14@gmail.com
Rhone Resch, President & CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
-introduction:
Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a simple circuit. It will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay.
Automatic street light system is very common nowadays as it provides intelligent street lighting mechanism. It provides light automatically during night without any human interference. These energy saving street lights make use of incandescent lamps instead of LEDs .So here I will study with you how to make an electronic circuit for street light automation using simple electronics component .
- Objectives of the Project
Reducing the wastage of power
Reducing physical efforts
Improve the system in our daily life
-CIRCUIT WORK PRINCIPLE:
The lamp(street bulb) should remain OFF during daytime and turn ON automatically during night. The unique property of light depended resistor is utilized here. LDR is a variable resistor which has very low resistance in the presence of light and very high resistance in the absence of light.In this circuit, we create a potential divider network with an ordinary resistor in one arm and a LDR on the other arm. According to Ohm’s law (V=IR), voltage drop across the resistor increases when its resistance increases. Here the drop across LDR varies with changes in light intensity. That is voltage drop across the LDR is minimum in the presence of light and maximum in the absence of light
Design & Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic SystemSulaman Muhammad
Aim of this project was to boost the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system to the required DC value through DC-DC boost converter and then to invert that DC voltage to AC voltage through H-bridge inverter. The output of the inverter is then filtered through a low pass filter to get a pure sinusoidal wave form. This output is then synchronized with the grid by converting the sine wave of grid into square wave and then compare that square wave with the PWM and then give that output wave of comparator to H-bridge, so if there is any change in the grid as a result the output of inverter will also have same change.
Major Project report "MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY" (or) so...ViJay ChouDhary
A Major Project Report on
MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR
ENERGY
” in fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal
Solar Photovoltaic Module Industry, Solar PV Module Manufacturing Plant, Deta...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Solar Photovoltaic Module Industry, Solar PV Module Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, Working Capital Requirement, Plant Layout, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis
Solar PV module panels comprise the solar list of a PV system which generates as well as supplies solar energy in residential and commercial applications. Modules are rated by DC output energy under standard examine conditions as well as usually ranges from 110 - 365 watts.
India’s sustained growth has placed enormous demand on the country’s natural resources. Today, India imports substantial quantities of gas, oil and coal in order to meet its growing energy demand. The increasing dependence on imported fuels creates a serious threat to the energy security of the country. In addition, the country’s 254 GW of power generation capacity based on conventional sources has further strained the natural resources and degrading the environment. India solar capacity forecast for 2020 raised by 240%.
Tags
Solar PV Module Manufacturing Plant, Solar Photovoltaic module Industry, Business consultancy, Detailed Project Report on solar pv module, Download Detailed Project Report on Solar PV Module, Download free project profiles on solar pv module, dpr for solar pv power plant, Feasibility report on solar pv module, Free Project Profiles on solar pv module, how do solar panels work, How to manufacture a photovoltaic module, How to Set Up a Small Solar (Photovoltaic) Power Generator, How to setup Solar PV Module Manufacturing Unit, How to Start a solar pv module Production Business, How to Start solar pv module Manufacturing Industry in India, India Solar PV Module Manufacturing Report, Industrial Project Report on solar pv module, Most Profitable solar pv module Manufacturing Business Ideas, NPCS, Photovoltaic solar module manufacturing, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on solar pv module, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Project consultancy, Project identification and selection, Project on Solar Energy, project profile on solar items, project profile on solar pv module, project report on solar energy system, Project Report on solar pv module, project report on solar pv module assembling industries, Project Report on solar pv module manufacturing unit, pv module manufacturing process pdf, pv module types, PV module, solar panel production & manufacturing line equipment, Small Scale solar pv module Manufacturing Projects, Solar (PV) Cell Module, Solar Based Profitable Projects, solar module manufacturing process pdf, Solar Module/Cell Manufacturing Process,
Tender Document for Procurement of 150MW of Solar Power from Grid Connected S...Headway Solar
Notice dated 26.05.2015 inviting tender for Procurement of 150MW of Solar Power for long term from Grid Connected Solar PV Power Project through tariff based competitive bidding process in Haryana.
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
This project aims at designing and executing the advanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of street lights with light depending resistor. Nowadays, human has become too busy and he is unable to find time even to switch the lights wherever not necessary. This can be seen more effectively in the case of street lights. The present system is like, the street lights will be switched on in the evening before the sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light on the roads. But the actual timings for these street lights to be switched on are when there is absolute darkness. With this, the power will be wasted up to some extent. This project gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also the manual operation of the lighting system is completely eliminated.
In our project we are using LDR, which varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface, this give an indication for us whether it is a day/night time. In the present project street lights are taken into consideration where the above discussed factors are rectified in them. This is achieved with the help of an embedded system. By using this as the basic principle we can design centralized intelligent system for the perfect usage of streetlights in any place (Village, Town) can be developed.
Automatic Power Factor Detection And Correction using ArduinoSouvik Dutta
Automatic Power Factor Detection And Correction using Arduino as pername sujjest makes a Arduino based project detecting power factor of running loads in a system and correcting them .It can display running power factor on its lcd screen and compensated value of power factor .capacitors bank used to minimize power factor deflection from unity s most of the loads are inductive.
Solar Power Energy is a necessity for current time. We need to be aware with technology at all level. There is always a need to go for a substitute of electricity. Developing countries have to facilitate solar lights on road and provide a proper Research and Development sector for progress.
AUTOMATED LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR OFFICESDrm Kapoor
Electricity is one of the most important resources in this century that should be conserved. On several occasions, we get out of rooms, offices, hall and forget to turn off the lights/fan, thus the electricity is wasted and billing is also increased. Manual operation of light in offices is one of the challenges being faced by members of staff in any organization. This research work is focused on design and implementation of an automatic light controller used in offices in order conserve electricity as well as reducing electricity bill.. The major component used for the implementation of this research was Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which works on the principle of changes in resistance of LDR according to light falling on it. This will ensure proper conservation of energy which reduces the cost of bill paying to IBDEC (Ibadan District Electricity Company). Manual application of controlling bulbs is eliminated by using this system. This automated system is not only applicable to offices but also applicable in, rooms, Hostels, Street lights, Garden lights, Hotels etc. Automatic light control requires less labor to operate since it works automatically therefore the running and opportunity cost is encouraging.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Automatic solar night lamp report
1. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 1
AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
A Mini Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
By
ROHINI S
(APAMEEE016)
SANJUSH S
(APAMEEE017)
SUJINI M
(APAMEEE019)
VISHNU M
(APAMEEE021)
Pursued in
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ARYANET INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PALAKKAD
ARYANET INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PALAKKAD
(Affiliated to Calicut University)
MAY 2015
2. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 2
ARYANET INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PALAKKAD-678592, KERALA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of the Mini-Project entitled
AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP submitted by Sanjush.S and his crew to
Aryanet Institute of Technology Palakkad, in partial fulfillment for the award of
the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING under University of Calicut.
Guided by Staff in Charge Head of Department
Anju M Kavitha B Chand Dr. Sitalekshmi Amma
Asst Prof Asst Prof Head of Dept
Dept of Dept of Dept of
Electrical & Electronics Electrical & Electronics Electrical & Electronic
Engineering Engineering Engineering
3. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 3
DECLARATION
We declare that this project report titled Automatic Solar Night Lamp submitted in
partial fulfillment of the degree of B-Tech in Electrical & Electronics Engineering is a
record of original work carried out by me under the supervision of Asst Prof Anju M , Dept
of EEE ,and has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma in this or
any other Institution or University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting scientific
information, due acknowledgements have been made wherever the findings of others have
been cited.
Palakad-678592 ROHINI S
(APAMEEE016)
SANJUSH S
(APAMEEE017)
SUJINI M
(APAMEEE019)
VISHNU M
(APAMEEE021)
4. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We take this opportunity to thank our project guide, Anju M ,Asst Prof EEE
for her valuable guidance and encouragement which has been absolutely helpful in the
successful completion of this project.
We would also like to thank our Staff-in-charge, Kavitha B Chand, Asst Prof EEE
for her valuable suggestions and support throughout.
We wish to extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. Sitalekshmi Amma, HOD EEE for her
patience and encouragement.
We are indebted to Dr. M.R. Vikraman, Principal, AIT Palakkad for his wholehearted
support for the completion of this project.
We are also grateful to our Parents, Faculty members, Friends and all our well-
wishers for their timely aid without which we wouldn’t be able to finish our project
successfully.
Last but not least; we would like to thank God Almighty for his blessings which made
us confident throughout the project.
Rohini S
Sanjush S
Sujini M
Vishnu M
5. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 5
ABSTRACT
Automatic Solar Night Lamp system is simple yet powerful concept which uses
transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works can be eliminated upto 90%. The
lamp can be automatically ON or OFF which can be controlled by LDR. Like our eyes LDR
senses the intensity of light falling on it.
In this no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting. By using this
system electrical energy consuption can be reduced which is one of the main advantage also.
In the basic circuit of this system we are using an LDR, Solar Panel, Battery, Transistor,
POT, Capacitor, Resistor and an LED.
6. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
CERTIFICATE 2
DECLARATION 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4
ABSTRACT 5
LIST OF FIGURES 8
LIST OF TABLES 9
ABBEREVIATION / NOTATIONS / NOMENCLATURE 10
1) INTRODUCTION 11
2) PRINCIPLE 12
3) BLOCK DIAGRAM & CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 13
3.1. Block diagram 13
3.1.1. Block explanation 13
3.1.2. ON OFF Control 13
3.2. Circuit Diagram 14
4) COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 15
4.1. Diode 15
4.2. LED 19
4.3. LDR 21
4.4. Transistor 23
7. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 7
5) COMPONENTS USED 25
6) WORKING PRINCIPLE 26
7) USE OF THE PROJECT 27
8) CONCLUSION & SCOPES 28
9) REFRENCES 31
NON-PAPER MATERIAL
1. CD (Automatic solar night lamp) back cover of
the report
8. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 8
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO
3.1 Block diagram of ANL 13
3.2 Circuit diagram 14
4.1 p-n Junction in thermal
equilibrium with zero voltage 16
4.2 Conduction in p-n junction 16
4.3 p-n junction in thermal
equilibrium with 0 bias 17
4.4 p-n junction under forward and
reverse bias 18
4.5 Forward & Reverse bias
Characteristic 18
4.6 Different Parts of LED 20
4.7 Raditative recombination 20
4.8 Cartoon showing Radiative
Recombination 20
4.9 Schematic diagram LED 21
4.10 Circuit symbol LED 21
4.11 LDR 22
4.12 Circuit symbol LDR 22
4.13 BJT configuration 24
8.1 Harvesting solar energy through
Cells 28
8.2 Electric grid 29
8.3 Solar street light- a future
Respective 30
9. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 9
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE NO
5.1 Components and Specification 25
10. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 10
ABBREVIATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE/ NOTATIONS
The abbreviations should be listed in alphabetical order as shown below.
AC Alternating Current
ASNL Automatic Solar Night Lamp
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
CB Conduction Band
DC Direct Current
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
LED Light Emitting Diode
PCB Power Circuit Board
POT Potentiometer
VB Valence Band
The meaning of special symbols and notations used in the report are shown below.
Ω Ohm
µA Micro Ampere
µF Micro Farad
µ Micro
Chemical nomenclature used in the report are shown below.
CdS Cadnium Sulphide
CdSe Cadnium Selenide
InSb Indium Antimonide
PbS Lead Sulfide
11. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 11
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Automatic Solar night lamp Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which
uses transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this
system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight
goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under
illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
which senses the light actually like our eyes.
By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because now-a-days the
manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also
not switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and rainy days, ON time and OFF time differ
significantly which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual
operation.
This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region
to switch ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an
electromagnetically operated switch.
Automatic Streetlight needs no manual operation of switching ON and OFF. The
system itself detects whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain
value then automatically streetlight is switched ON and when there is other source of light,
the street light gets OFF. The extent of darkness at which the street light to be switched on
can also be tailored using the potentiometer provided in the circuit.
12. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 12
CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLE
The automatic solar night lamp control system operates on 6 V DC supply. The
automatic streetlight controller has a photoconductive device whose resistance changes
proportional to the extent of illumination, which switches ON or OFF the LED with the use
of transistor as a switch
.Light dependent resistor, a photoconductive device has been used as the transducer to
convert light energy into electrical energy. The central dogma of the circuit is that the change
in voltage drop across the light dependent resistor on illumination or darkness switches the
transistor between cut-off region or saturation region and switches OFF or ON the LED.
13. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 13
CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.1 Block Diagram
Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of Automatic Night Lamp
3.1.1 Block Explanation
Light dependent resistor: LDR senses the illumination level and gives the input signal as
voltage drop.
Street light: Street light is the output of the circuit. In this circuit, it has been replaced by
LED
3.1.2 ON OFF control
The circuit is switched ON or OFF by the transistor in saturation region or cut off region
respectively, which is controlled by the signal from LDR. The collector current from the
transistor toggle between ON or OFF modes.
14. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 14
3.2 Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram of automatic street light controller is given below:
Figure 3.2 Circuit Diagram
The description of all the components used in this circuit is given in chapter 4.
15. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 15
CHAPTER 4
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
4.1 Diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current
in only one direction. A semiconductor diode is a crystalline piece of semiconductor
material connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode is a vacuum tube
with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction while blocking current in the opposite direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of
as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification,
and is used to convert alternating current to direct current and to extract modulation from
radio signals in radio receivers.
When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with each other, the junction
is depleted of charge carriers and behaves very differently than either type of material. The
electrons in n-type material diffuse across the junction and combines with holes in p-type
material. The region of the p-type material near the junction takes on a net negative charge
because of the electrons attracted. Since electrons departed the N-type region, it takes on a
localized positive charge.
The thin layer of the crystal lattice between these charges has been depleted of
majority carriers, thus, is known as the depletion region.It becomes nonconductive intrinsic
semiconductor material. This separation of charges at the p-n junction constitutes a potential
barrier, which must be overcome by an external voltage source to make the junction conduct.
The electric field created by the space charge region opposes the diffusion process for
both electrons and holes. There are two concurrent phenomena: the diffusion process that
16. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 16
tends to generate more space charge and the electric field generated by the space charge that
tends to counteract the diffusion
Figure 4.1 p-n junction in thermal equilibrium with zero bias voltage applied
Figure 4.2 Equilibrium, forward and reverse biased conditions in a p-n junction
When the diode is forward biased, the positive charge applied to the P-type material
repels the holes, while the negative charge applied to the N-type material repels the electrons.
As electrons and holes are pushed towards the junction, the width of depletion zone
decreases. This lowers the barrier in potential. With increasing forward-bias voltage, the
depletion zone eventually becomes thin enough that the electric field of the zone can't
counteract charge carrier motion across the p–n junction, consequently reducing electrical
17. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 17
resistance. The electrons which cross the p–n junction into the P-type material will diffuse in
the near-neutral region. Therefore, the amount of minority diffusion in the near-neutral zones
determines the amount of current that may flow through the diode.
Figure 4.3 p-n junction in thermal equilibrium with zero bias voltage applied. Under the junction,
plots for the charge density, the electric field and the voltage
When the diode is forward biased, the positive charge applied to the P-type material
repels the holes, while the negative charge applied to the N-type material repels the electrons.
As electrons and holes are pushed towards the junction, the width of depletion zone
decreases. This lowers the barrier in potential. With increasing forward-bias voltage, the
18. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 18
depletion zone eventually becomes thin enough that the electric field of the zone can't
counteract charge carrier motion across the p–n junction, consequently reducing electrical
resistance. The electrons which cross the p–n junction into the P-type material will diffuse in
the near-neutral region. Therefore, the amount of minority diffusion in the near-neutral zones
determines the amount of current that may flow through the diode.
Figure 4.4 p-n junction under forward and reverse bias
When the diode is reverse biased, the holes in the p-type material and the
electrons in the n-type material are pulled away from the junction, causing the width of the
depletion zone to increase with increase in reverse bias voltage. This increases the voltage
barrier causing a high resistance to the flow of charge carriers thus allowing minimal electric
current to cross the p–n junction. The increase in resistance of the p-n junction results in the
junction to behave as an insulator. The strength of the depletion zone electric field increases
as the reverse-bias voltage increases. Once the electric field intensity increases beyond a
critical level, the p-n junction depletion zone breaks down and current begins to flow.
Figure 4.5 Forward and reverse bias characteristics of a diode a nd it’s circuit symbol
19. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 19
A Zener diode is a type of p-n junction diode that permits current not only in the
forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger
than the breakdown voltage known as Zener knee voltage. By contrast with the conventional
device, a reverse-biased Zener diode will exhibit a controlled breakdown and allow the
current to keep the voltage across the Zener diode close to the Zener voltage. The Zener
diode's operation depends on the heavy doping of its p-n junction allowing electrons to tunnel
from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material. In
the atomic scale, this tunneling corresponds to the transport of valence band electrons into the
empty conduction band states as a result of the reduced barrier between these bands and high
electric fields that are induced due to the relatively high levels of doping on both sides. The
breakdown voltage can be controlled quite accurately in the doping process. In this project,
diode has been as a rectifier in full-wave rectifier circuit. Moreover, it has also been used a
safety component to prevent inductive kick back in the reverse bias mode.
4.2 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Light-Emitting Diodes are elements for light signalization in electronics. The basic
principle behind the working of LED is electroluminescence. The Light emitting diode
should be forward biased to get the light. In Light emitting diodes, electrons are injected
from low work function cathode to the conduction band of the n-type semiconducting
material and holes are injected from high work function anode to the valence band ot the p-
type semiconducting material. When the electron in the conduction band combines with the
hole in the valence band, energy is released. In case of indirect band gap semicondutors,
phonon will be released to conserve of both energy and momentum. But in case of direct
band gap semiconductor, light will be emitted whose wavelength depends on the band gap of
the semiconductor.
20. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 20
Figure 4.6 Different parts of LED
Figure 4.7 Radiative recombination in direct and indirect bandgap semiconductor
Figure 4.8 Cartoon showing radiative recombination in a direct band-gap semiconductor
21. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 21
Figure 4.9 Schematic diagram of working of an LED
Figure 4.10 Light emitting Diode and its circuit symbol
The main advantage of Light emitting diode over other light sources is its increased
efficiency. LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and
white LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours. We have employed low cost
Red LED in our electronic circuit.
4.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
A LDR is a resisitor whose resistance changes with the intensity of incident light. The
working principle of light dependent resistor is photoelectric effect. A light dependent
resisitor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If the energy of the incident light is
greater than the band gap of the semiconductor, electron -hole pairs are generated. The
photogenerated electron-hole pair transits the device giving rise to photoconductivity.
The essential elements of a photoconductive cell are the ceramic substrate, a layer of
photoconductive material, metallic electrodes to connect the device into a circuit and a
moisture resistant enclosure. Light sensitive material is arranged in the form of a long strip,
22. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 22
zig-zagged across a disc shaped base with protective sides. For additional protection, a glass
or plastic cover may be included. The two ends of the strip are brought out to connecting pins
below the base as shown below.
Figure 4.11 Top view and side view of Light Dependent Resisitor
The commercial photoconductive materials include cadmium sulphide
(CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), Lead sulfide (PbS) and Indium antimonide (InSb)
etc., There is large change in the resistance of a cadmium selenide cell with changes in
ambient temperature, but the resistance of cadmium sulphide remains relatively stable.
Moreover, the spectral response of a cadmium sulphide cell closely matches to that of
a human eye. Hence, LDR is used in applications where human vision is a factor such
as street light control or automatic iris control for cameras. The above mentioned
features drive us to opt for CdS based LDR in our electronic circuit for Automatic
street light controller.
Figure 4.12 Light Dependent Resistor and its circuit symbol
Top view Side view
23. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 23
4.7 Transistors
Transistors are three terminal active devices made from different semiconductor
materials that can act as either an insulator or a conductor by the application of a small signal
voltage. The transistor's ability to change between these two states enables it to have two
basic functions: switching or amplification. Then bipolar transistors have the ability to
operate within three different regions:
Active Region - the transistor operates as an amplifier and IC = β IB
Saturation - the transistor is fully-ON operating as a switch and IC = Isaturation
Cut-off - the transistor is "fully-OFF" operating as a switch and IC = 0
The word Transistor is an acronym, and is a combination of the words Transfer
Varistor used to describe their mode of operation way back in their early days of
development. There are two basic types of bipolar transistor construction, NPN and PNP,
which basically describes the physical arrangement of the P-type and N-type semiconductor
materials from which they are made.
A transistor is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. The Bipolar Junction Transistor basic
construction consists of two PN-junctions producing three connecting terminals with each
terminal being given a name to identify it from the other two. These three terminals are
known and labeled as the Emitter (E), the Base (B) and the Collector (C) respectively.
Bipolar Transistors are current regulating devices that control the amount of current
flowing through them in proportion to the amount of biasing voltage applied to their base
terminal acting like a current-controlled switch. The principle of operation of the two
transistor types NPN and PNP, is exactly the same the only difference being in their biasing
and the polarity of the power supply for each type.
24. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 24
Figure 4.13 Bipolar Junction Transistor Configurations
Since Bipolar Junction Transistor is a three terminal device, there are basically three
possible ways to connect it within an electronic circuit with one terminal being common to
both the input and output. Each method of connection responding differently to its input
signal within a circuit as the static characteristics of the transistor varies with each circuit
arrangement.
Common Base Configuration - has Voltage Gain but no Current Gain.
Common Emitter Configuration - has both Current and Voltage Gain.
Common Collector Configuration - has Current Gain but no Voltage Gain.
25. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 25
CHAPTER 5
COMPONENTS USED IN THE CIRCUITS
TABLE 5.1 Components and Specification
S.No. Component Nos Used
1 IN4007 1 For rectification
2 8.2K Resistor 2 To offer resistance
3 4.7K Variable Resistor 1 Switch ON point tuning
4 LDR 10 mm 1 Photoconductor
5 470 µF,25V Capacitor 1 To store and supply Steady charge
6 5mm Red LED 1 Indicator
7 SL 100 Transistor 1 Amplifier and switch
8 6V Rechargeable Battery 1 To store Voltage
9 6V 150mA Solar panel 1
Convert light energy to electrical
energy
10 03A004 PCB 1 Circuit Board
26. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 26
CHAPTER 6
WORKING
Solar panels positive and negative terminals can be directly connected to the
battery. Current from the Solar panel passes through IN 4007 diode which acts as
polarity protector as well as rectifier. 470uF capacitor functions as a reservoir to give
steady charge to the battery in varying sunlight conditions.
Lamp circuit is an automatic switch controlled by an LDR. During day time
LDR conducts taking the base voltage of the Driver transistor SL 100 and it will be
non conducting to keep the LEDs off. At sunset, resistance of LDR increases and
transistor conducts. White LEDs get power and switches on.
Use any Medium power NPN transistor like BD139, TIP 122 etc if SL 100 (CL
100, BEL 100) is not available. Placing the LEDs in front of a reflector (or Mirror) will
increase the light, Light from the LED should not fall on the LDR. Use 6 volt
rechargeable battery. Adjust the POT to set the sensitivity of LDR so that at the
required light level, LEDs turn on. Alternately, 4.5 volt battery or mobile battery can
be used. Backup time depends on the capacity of the battery since the White LED
takes 3 volts and 100-300 mA current.
27. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 27
CHAPTER 7
USE OF THIS PROJECT
By employing this circuit, energy consumption can be reduced considerably as the
light switches ON or OFF automatically in appropriate time. Moreover, errors which occur
due to manual operation also can be eliminated completely. The Automatic street light
controller unit fabrication is cost-effective with good sensitivity and high reproducibility.
Moreover, the construction of the circuit is also simple so that it can be done easily as it
involves locally available components. The circuit is designed in such a way that the extent of
darkness at which the light has to switch ON or OFF also can be tailored whenever it is
needed. It can be used for other purposes like garden lighting, balcony lighting etc.
Advantages:-
Pollutant free
Works according to the light intensity
Low cost and reliable circuit
Complete elimination of manpower
System can be switched into manual mode whenever required
28. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 28
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION & SCOPE
Application 1:
The above circuit can be powered from a battery, which can be charged during day
time by harvesting the solar energy through a solar cell as shown below:
Figure 8.1 Harvesting the solar energy through a solar cell
Battery
Solar cell
29. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 29
Application 2:
The solar energy harvested from sunlight can be stored, inverted from DC voltage
to AC voltage using sun tie converter. The AC voltage can be stepped up and given to the
electric grid.
Photovoltaic array
Figure 8.2 Electric grid
30. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 30
The AC voltage from the electric grid can be stepped down, rectified and used for
powering the circuit. Meanwhile, the street light can also be powered by the A.C. voltage,
which is controlled by a relay switch connected to the switching part of the circuit. The above
mentioned strategy will enable us to harvest solar energy in an effective way for the operation
of the circuit and for powering the street light also.
Figure 8.3 Solar Street light system with Automatic street light controller
A Future perspective
31. Dept Of EEE AUTOMATIC SOLAR NIGHT LAMP
AIT, Palakkad 31
CHAPTER 9
REFRENCES
1. S.M. Sze, Y. Wiley, “Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology”, 2nd ed.,
ISBN 0-471-33372-7, Aug 2001.
2. S. M. Sze, New York: Wiley “Physics of Semiconductor Device”, ISBN 0-471-84290-7.
Jul 1989.
3. J.R. Hook, H. E. Hall., “Solid State Physics”, ISBN 0-471-92805-4, Jan 2001.
4. Turley, Jim, “The Essential Guide to Semiconductors”, Prentice Hall PTR ISBN 0-13-
046404-X. , Jun 2002.
5. Y.U Peter, Y. Cardona, “Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials
Properties”, Springer, ISBN 3-540-41323-5., Aug 2004.