Secured Room Access System in 40 Characters

A PROJECT SYNOPSIS
ON
“SECURED ROOM ACCESS SYSTEM"
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHLOR IN ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
Under
Community Development Activity
Of
Directorate of Career Research and Relations
JAYOTI VIDYAPEETH WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR
Submitted to:- Submitted by:-
Mr. Dinesh Mahala Shreya Sankrityayan
Asst. Professor (ECE) jv-b/10/1687
B.Tech(ECE)+MBA
(FM)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
scholarly and quality work like designing of any project can be accomplished be
motivation , guidance and inspiration of certain quarters besides the individual efforts . Let
me in this page express my heartiest gratitude to all those to who helped me in various stages
of this study.
We are very much thankful to Mr. Suddhendu Das Mahapatra
,HOD of ECE, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur for giving us permission to
undergo this project and providing all other necessary facility.
During our project period all the staff members of Deptt. Have helped us with there skills.
Here by we express sincere thanks to project coordinator Mr. Navratan Prajapat . Also we
are thankful to other technical staff of the Deptt., Who have helped us to complete our
project, successfully.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to for valuable guidance and kind
cooperation without which this project would have not been possible.
We would like to thanks our respected project guides Mr. Navratan Prajapat for spending
there valuable time for our project.

PREFACE
Engineering is not only a theoretical study but it is a implementation of all we study for
creating something new and making things more easy and useful through practical study. It
is an art which can be gained with systematic study, observation and practice. In the college
curriculum we usually get the theoretical knowledge of industries, and a little bit of
implementation knowledge that how it works? But how can we prove our practical
knowledge to increase the productivity or efficiently of the industry?
To overcome such problem we the students of Jayoti Vidyapeeth
Women’s University, Jaipur are supposed to make a project on “Secured Room Access
System”.
.

INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO.
1) INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………
2) COMPONENT LIST……………………………………………………
3) INTRODUCTION OF BASIC COMPONENTS……………………....
4) POWER SUPPLY………………………………………………………
a) Transformer
b) Transformer details
c) Rectifier
d) Smoothing
e) Regulator
f) Zener diode regulator
5) SECURED ROOM ACCESS SYSTEM………………………………..
a) Circuit Description
b) Compnonet Description
c) Software Programming
6) BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….

INTRODUCTION
Security is a prime concern in our day-to-day life. And access control system forms a vital
link in a security chain.
The microcontroller-based digital lock presented here is an access control system that allows
only authorised persons to access a restricted area. When someone tries to enter the restricted
area by entering invalid passwords continuously, the system locks itself and can be unlocked
only by the master user.
The system comprises a small electronic unit with a numeric keypad, which is fixed outside
the entry door to control a solenoid-operated lock. When an authorised person enters a
predetermined number (password) via the keypad, the relay energises for a limited time to
unlock the solenoid-operated lock, so door can be pushed/pulled open. At the end of the
preset delay, the relay de-energises and the door gets locked again. A prompt message is
displayed on the LCD module.

COMPONENT LIST
Wires and connections
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Wire
To pass current very easily from one part of a
circuit to another.
Wires joined
A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are
connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted.
Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be
staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as
shown on the right.
Wires not joined
In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw
wires crossing even though they are not
connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on
the right because the simple crossing on the left
may be misread as a join where you have
forgotten to add a 'blob'!
Power Supplies
Cell
Supplies electrical energy.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a
battery is two or more cells joined together.
Battery
Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than
one cell.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
DC supply Supplies electrical energy.
DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one

direction.
AC supply
Supplies electrical energy.
AC = Alternating Current, continually changing
direction.
Fuse
A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the
current flowing through it exceeds a specified
value.
Transformer
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core.
Transformers are used to step up (increase) and
step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is
transferred between the coils by the magnetic field
in the core. There is no electrical connection
between the coils.
Earth
(Ground)
A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits
this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but
for mains electricity and some radio circuits it
really means the earth. It is also known as ground.
Resistors
Resistor
A resistor restricts the flow of
current, for example to limit
the current passing through an
LED. A resistor is used with a
capacitor in a timing circuit.
Some publications still use the old
resistor symbol:
Variable Resistor
(Rheostat)
This type of variable resistor
with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is
usually used to control
current. Examples include:
adjusting lamp brightness,
adjusting motor speed, and
adjusting the rate of flow of
charge into a capacitor in a
timing circuit.
Variable Resistor
(Potentiometer)
with 3 contacts (a
potentiometer) is usually used
to control voltage. It can be
used like this as a transducer
converting position (angle of
the control spindle) to an

electrical signal.
Variable Resistor
(Preset)
(a preset) is operated with a
small screwdriver or similar
tool. It is designed to be set
when the circuit is made and
then left without further
adjustment. Presets are
cheaper than normal variable
resistors so they are often
used in projects to reduce the
cost.
Capacitors
Capacitor
A capacitor stores electric charge. A capacitor
is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can
also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but
pass AC signals.
Capacitor,
polarised
A capacitor stores electric charge. This type
must be connected the correct way round. A
capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing
circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block
DC signals but pass AC signals.
Variable Capacitor A variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.
Trimmer Capacitor
This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is
operated with a small screwdriver or similar
tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is
made and then left without further adjustment.
Diodes
Diode
A device which only allows current to flow in
one direction.
LED
Light Emitting Diode
A transducer which converts electrical energy
to light.
Zener Diode
A special diode which is used to maintain a
fixed voltage across its terminals.

Photodiode A light-sensitive diode.
Transistors
Transistor NPN
A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other
components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.
Transistor PNP
A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other
components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.
Phototransistor A light-sensitive transistor.
Meters and Oscilloscope
Voltmeter
A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
The proper name for voltage is 'potential
difference', but most people prefer to say
voltage!
Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure current.
Galvanometer
A galvanometer is a very sensitive
meter which is used to measure tiny
currents, usually 1mA or less.
Ohmmeter
An ohmmeter is used to measure
resistance. Most multimeters have an
ohmmeter setting.
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is used to display the
shape of electrical signals and it can be
used to measure their voltage and time
period.
Sensors (input devices)

LDR
A transducer which converts brightness (light) to
resistance (an electrical property).
LDR = Light Dependent Resistor
Thermistor
A transducer which converts temperature (heat) to
resistance (an electrical property).

POWER SUPPLY
Fig. power supply
The concept behind to design this power supply circuit is that we need only 12v & 5v input
for the PCB circuit. It divides into 5 parts . Transformer power supply , Rectifier , π filter ,
Regulator and Output. Transformer voltage from 230v to 12v, 500 mA AC supply to
rectifier circuit . In rectifier , it consists of bridge network having four diodes. Rectifier
converts ac into dc power. π filter removes all the spikes that comes during rectification . In
π filter there is a choke , capacitors (1000µF & 25v) its output goes to the regulator circuit
which gives the output of 12v & 5v by using the regulators of 7805 respectively. The pin no.
3 of 7805 is connected to the positive terminal of PCB (output pin) , pin no. 1 is connected to
12v dc supply from bridge rectifier (input pin) and pin no. 2 is com. Pin. This gives the
output for the PCB circuit.
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert
high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits
and other devices. A power supply can be broken down into a series of blocks, each of which
performs a particular function.

TRANSFORMER
Transformer + Rectifier
Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator
TRANSFORMER DETAILS
Transformer: –
A transformer is a passive electronics component and consists of a pair of wire coils coupled
together with an iron core. The input coil is called the primary coil and the output coil is
called the secondary coil.
There are types of transformer –
• Step - up transformer
• Step - down transformer
STEP – UP TRANSFORMER:-
A Step Up Transformer is one whose secondary voltage is greater than its primary voltage.
This kind of transformer "steps up" the voltage applied to it.
STEP- DOWN TRANSFORMER:-

A Step Down Transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage.
The step down transformer is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the
secondary winding. This kind transformer "steps down" the voltage applied to it.
RECTIFIER
A component of an electric circuit used to change alternating current to direct current.
Rectifiers are made in various forms, all operating on the principle that current passes
through them freely in one direction but only slightly or not at all in the opposite direction.
Single diode rectifier:-
A single diode can be used as a rectifier but this produces half-wave varying DC which has
gaps when the AC is negative. It is hard to smooth this sufficiently well to supply electronic
circuits unless they require a very small current so the smoothing capacitor does not
significantly discharge during the gaps..

Output: half-wave varying DC
Fig:- Single diode rectifier
Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special
packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses
all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier
because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting,
as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can
pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three times
the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages).

Bridge rectifier Output: full-wave varying DC

Smoothing:-
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line)
and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying
DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
Smoothi
ng is a kind of low-pass filter. The type of smoothing and the amount of smoothing alters the
filter´s frequency response:.
Regulator:-
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage
regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some
automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating
('thermal protection').
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as
the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They include a hole for attaching a heatsink
if necessary.

Zener diode regulator:-
For low current power supplies a simple voltage regulator can be made with a resistor and a
zener diode connected in reverse as shown in the diagram. Zener diodes are rated by their
breakdown voltage Vz and maximum power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).
The resistor limits the current (like an LED resistor). The current through the resistor is
constant, so when there is no output current all the current flows through the zener diode and
its power rating Pz must be large enough to withstand this.

Where, A –anode k- cathode
8535 microcontroller :-
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor
core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form
of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small
amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to
the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. It is
used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control
systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power
tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design
that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices.

PIN DESCRIPTION :
VCC - Digital supply voltage.
GND - Digital ground.
Port A (PA7..PA0)-
 Port A is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port.
 Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors. The Port A output buffers can sink 20
mA and can drive LED displays directly.
 When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will
source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. Port A also serves as the
analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
 The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the
clock is not running.
Port B (PB7-PB0) –
 Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors.
 The Port B output buffers can sink 20 mA. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.
 Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90S8535 as listed
on page 78.
 The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock
is not running.
Port C (PC7..PC0)-
 Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors.
 The Port C output buffers can sink 20 mA. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.
 Two Port C pins can alternatively be used as oscillator for Timer/Counter2.

 The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the
Port D (PD7..PD0)-
 Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors.
 The Port D output buffers can sink 20 mA.
 As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated.
 Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the 8535.
 The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the
RESET –
 Reset input.
 An external reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin.
 Reset pulses longer than 50 ns will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.
 Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1-
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 –
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
AVCC-
 AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter.
 If the ADC is not used, this pin must be connected to VCC.
 If the ADC is used, this pin must be connected to VCC via a low-pass filter.
AREF-
 AREF is the analog reference input for the A/D Converter.

 For ADC operations, a voltage in the range 2V to AVCC must be applied to this pin
AGND Analog ground.
 If the board has a separate analog ground plane, this pin should be connected to this
ground plane.
MCT2E OPTOCOUPLER :
An opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a
component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light.
Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the
signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to
10 kv and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs. A common type of opto-isolator
consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same package. Opto-isolators are usually
used for transmission of digital (on/off) signals, but some techniques allow use with analog
(proportional) signals.
OPERATION:
An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infrared light-
emitting diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel
(also called dielectrical channel, and a photosensor, which detects incoming light and either
generates electric energy directly, or modulates electric current flowing from an external

power supply. The sensor can be a photoresistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a silicon-
controlled rectifier (SCR) or a triac. Because LEDs can sense light in addition to emitting it,
construction of symmetrical, bidirectional opto-isolators is possible. An optocoupled solid
state relay contains a photodiode opto-isolator which drives a power switch, usually a
complementary pair of MOSFETs.
BC548 NPN TRANSISTOR:
A BC547 transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistor that is used for many
purposes. Together with other electronic components, such as resistors, coils, and capacitors,
it can be used as the active component for switches and amplifiers. Like all other NPN
transistors, this type has an emitter terminal, a base or control terminal, and a collector
terminal. In a typical configuration, the current flowing from the base to the emitter controls
the collector current. A short vertical line, which is the base, can indicate the transistor
schematic for an NPN transistor, and the emitter, which is a diagonal line connecting to the
base, is an arrowhead pointing away from the base.

The BC548 is a general purpose epitaxial silicon NPN bipolar junction transistor found
commonly in European electronic equipment. The part number is assigned by Pro Electron,
which allows many manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts
under one identification.
1N4007 RECTIFIER DIODE:
The 1N4001 series (or 1N4000 series) is a family of popular 1.0 A (ampere) general
purpose silicon rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common household
appliances. Blocking voltage varies from 50 to 1000 volts. This diode is made in an axial-
lead DO-41 plastic package.
The 1N5400 series is a similarly popular series for higher current applications, up to 3 A.
PUSH BOTTON:
A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for
controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard
material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the
human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased
switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require
a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the
"pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The system uses a compact circuitry built around AVR microcontroller ATmega8535. The
ATmega8535 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR-enhanced
RISC architecture. It provides the following features: 8 kB of in-system programmable Flash
memory with read-while-write capabilities, 512-byte EEPROM, 512-byte SRAM, 32 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, three flexible timer counters with
compare modes, and internal and external interrupts. The built-in power-on-reset circuitry of
the microcontroller eliminates the need for External power-on-reset circuit. Switch S3 is
used to reset the system, which is accessible only to the master user. Port D (PD0 through
PD7) is interfaced with the numeric keypad. Port C is interfaced with a 16-x2-line LCD.
Four pins (PC4 through PC7) of Port C are used as data lines for the LCD module and three
lines (PC0 through PC2) are used for controlling the LCD. Pin 40 (PAO) of port A is
connected to the relay driver circuit through opto coupler MCT2E (IC3) and transistor T1.

When port pin PA0 goes high, the internal transistor of IC3 drives transistor T1 into
saturation and relay RL1 energises. As the solenoid valve is connected through normally
closed (N/C) contact of the relay, the solenoid coil deenergises and the gate is locked. An
8MHz crystal is used with two 22pF capacitors for providing clock. Preset VR1 is used to
adjust the contrast of the LCD. The 230V, 50Hz AC mains is stepped down by transformer
X1 to deliver a secondary output of9V, 500 mA. The transformer output is rectified by a
full-wave bridge rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4, fills tered by capacitor C1 and
regulated by IC 7806 (IC1). Use adequate heat sink for 7806 as the solenoid draws a high
current. LED1 glows when power is ‘on’ and resistor R6 acts as the current limiter. A 16-
key numeric keypad for password entry is connected to the microcontroller. The keypad is
also used for password change and application of master password when required. To
economise the use of I/O pins, we have used here only eight pins for scanning and sensing
16 keys. The keypad is arranged in a 4x4 matrix. There are four scan lines/pins, which are
set in output mode, and four sense keys, which are used as input lines to the microcontroller.
At a small time interval, the microcontroller sets one of the four scan lines as low and the
other three scan lines as high. Then it checks for the status of sense lines one by one at the
intersection of a specific scan line and sense line to find out if any key has been pressed.
Similarly, after a small time interval, the next scan line is made low and remaining three

scan lines are taken high, and again all three sense lines are checked for low level. This way
the microcontroller checks which of the 16 keys is pressed.
Due to the high speed of the
microcontroller, the status of different keys is checked in less than 100 ms and a key press is
detected and identified. As the keys are pressed manually by the user, this delay of 100 ms is
not noticeable. The net result is that you save on I/O pins of the microcontroller by
sacrificing almost nothing. When a person wants to enter the room, he enters the 6-digit
password, say ‘123456.’ If the password matches successfully, the gate is unlocked for 15
seconds. If you want to change the user password (123456) and enter the master password
‘291279,’ the system will ask you to change the user password. On successfully entering the
password, pin A0 of port A becomes high for 15 seconds, because of which transistor T1
starts conducting through the emitter of the opto coupler and the relay
SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING:
The software for the AVR microcontroller is written in ‘C’ language and compiled using
Code Vi- sion AVR ‘C’ compiler. Since this compiler does not have library functions for the
keypad, place ‘kbd.h’ file in the INC folder of the installation folder and ‘kbd.lib’ in the LIB
folder of ‘cvavr’ folder. This file is included in the program and the same can be used.

a) www.google.com
b) www.wikipedia.com
c) www.encylopedia.com
d) www.what.com
e) http://kitsnspares.com

Secured Room Access System in 40 Characters

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