AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS OF NERVOUS SYSTEMANILKUMAR BR
Autoimmune disorders of the nervous system can attack the central nervous system (CNS), Autoimmune disorders affecting both the central and peripheral nervous system.) which includes the brain and spinal cord, or the peripheral nervous system, consisting of nerves that connect the CNS with the limbs and organs.
The most common disorders are multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.
Autoimmune nervous system disorders include:
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Guillain-Barré syndrome. (GB Syndrome)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS OF NERVOUS SYSTEMANILKUMAR BR
Autoimmune disorders of the nervous system can attack the central nervous system (CNS), Autoimmune disorders affecting both the central and peripheral nervous system.) which includes the brain and spinal cord, or the peripheral nervous system, consisting of nerves that connect the CNS with the limbs and organs.
The most common disorders are multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.
Autoimmune nervous system disorders include:
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Guillain-Barré syndrome. (GB Syndrome)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment FatenAlsadek
simple presentation about multiple sclerosis disease and its pathophysiology, diagnosis, causes, symptoms and treatment
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
Myelitis is a spinal disorder. Myelitis is the infection of the white matter of spinal cord. White matter of spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system that functions as a bridge between the brain and the rest of the body.
Myelitis can result in muscle weakness or paralyzing legs and then arms.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord.
it affect the myelin and by damaging the the myelin producing cell -Oligodendrocytes, which leads to sensory, motor and cognitive problems.
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment FatenAlsadek
simple presentation about multiple sclerosis disease and its pathophysiology, diagnosis, causes, symptoms and treatment
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
Myelitis is a spinal disorder. Myelitis is the infection of the white matter of spinal cord. White matter of spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system that functions as a bridge between the brain and the rest of the body.
Myelitis can result in muscle weakness or paralyzing legs and then arms.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord.
it affect the myelin and by damaging the the myelin producing cell -Oligodendrocytes, which leads to sensory, motor and cognitive problems.
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
A brief description about Demyelination topics by Dr Sabu Augustine for MBBS Students in Medical school.
References from textbooks and other presentations.
Myasthenia gravis - medical informationmartinshaji
It is an autoimmune disorder affecting the myoneural junction, is characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the voluntary muscles.
A disorder of neuromuscular function thought to be due to the presence of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).
this study comprises all basic facts about myasthenia gravis .
please comment
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Health Assessment / Physical assessment.pptxsodha ranbir
It is useful for GNM-I year, B.Sc.N. Sem.-I,II students. This PPT contains Physical Assessment / Head To Toe Assessment topic of Fundamentals of Nursing subject.
This content is useful for paramedical students of GNM, & B.Sc. (N). This PPT Contain topic of Congenital Heart Disease. If you like this content kindly share this PPT to other students also.
GNC FIRST YEAR GNM OLD EXAMINATION PAPER.pdfsodha ranbir
This pdf contents some old GNC question papers of GNM-1 year.
This will helpful for only GNM-1 year students. Share this maximum to GNM-1 year students studying in Gujarat.
This content is useful for only GNM-1 year students.
This content is prepared as per INC syllabus of GNM course for first year GNM. This content cover all points of Unit-2 in microbiology syllabus well & easy to understand for first year students. This is so well-researched and thorough content. This ppt make your study of microbiology effortless. Kindly share this content more to first year GNM students.
This content is useful for only GNM-1 year students.
This content is prepared as per INC syllabus of GNM course for first year GNM. This content cover all introductory points well & easy to understand for first year students. Kindly share this content more to first year GNM students.
This content will be useful for the students of B.Sc.(N). Semester-III.
As per new revised syllabus of INC this ppt cover up Unit-I of hospital acquired infection.
Anatomy & Physiology of Renal System.pptxsodha ranbir
This content is helpful for first year students of GNM & B.Sc.(N).
This content provides you easy learning of anatomy & physiology of renal system / excretory system.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
5. DEFINITION:- “MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS AN
IMMUNE-MEDIATED PROGRESSIVE DEMYELINATING
DISEASE OF THE CNS. IT RESULTS IN IMPAIRED
TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES”.
DEMYELINATION REFERS TO THE DESTRUCTION OF
MYELIN. (MYELIN - THE FATTY AND PROTEIN
MATERIAL THAT SURROUNDS CERTAIN NERVE FIBERS
IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD).
IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD).
INCIDENCE - MS TYPICALLY PRESENTS IN YOUNG
ADULTS AGES 20 TO 40, AND IT AFFECTS WOMEN
MORE FREQUENTLY THAN MEN.
6. IN MS, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS THE
PROTECTIVE SHEATH (MYELIN) THAT COVERS NERVE
FIBERS AND CAUSES COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
BETWEEN YOUR BRAIN AND THE REST OF YOUR
BODY.
THE DISEASE CAN CAUSE PERMANENT DAMAGE OR
DETERIORATION OF THE NERVES.
THERE'S NO CURE FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
HOWEVER, TREATMENTS CAN HELP SPEED
RECOVERY FROM ATTACKS, MODIFY THE COURSE OF
THE DISEASE AND MANAGE SYMPTOMS.
7. ETIOLOGY:-
• IDIOPATHIC
• AUTOIMMUNITY
• GENETICAL FACTOR
• AGING
NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY:
SENSITIZED ‘T-CELLS’ TYPICALLY CROSS THE
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; THEIR FUNCTION IS TO
CHECK THE CNS FOR ANTIGENS AND THEN LEAVE.
8. P.P.:- DUE TO ETIOLOGY
SENSITIZED T CELLS REMAIN IN THE CNS
THAT ATTACK MYELIN
ATTACK LEADS TO INFLAMMATION ON MYELIN &
THAT DESTROYS MYELIN
DEMYELINATED AXONS
FURTHER INTERRUPTING THE TRANSMISSION OF
IMPULSES
9. C.M.:-
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MS VARY WIDELY AND
DEPEND ON THE AMOUNT OF NERVE DAMAGE AND
WHICH NERVES ARE AFFECTED.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS MAY
DIFFER GREATLY FROM PERSON TO PERSON AND
OVER THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE DEPENDING ON
OVER THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE DEPENDING ON
THE LOCATION OF AFFECTED NERVE FIBERS.
THE AREAS MOST FREQUENTLY AFFECTED ARE THE
OPTIC NERVES, OPTIC CHIASM, THE CEREBRUM; THE
BRAIN STEM AND CEREBELLUM; AND THE SPINAL
CORD.
10. C.M.:-
•FATIGUE
• NUMBNESS OR WEAKNESS IN ONE OR MORE LIMBS
THAT TYPICALLY OCCURS ON ONE SIDE OF YOUR
BODY AT A TIME, OR THE LEGS AND TRUNK
• DIFFICULTY IN COORDINATION
• LOSS OF BALANCE
• PAIN
• PAIN
• BLURRING VISION
• DIPLOPIA (PROLONGED DOUBLE VISION)
• TINGLING IN PARTS OF BODY
• PROBLEMS WITH SEXUAL, BOWEL AND BLADDER
FUNCTION
11. D.E.:- THERE ARE NO SPECIFIC TESTS FOR MS
• H.C. & P.E.
• NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
• CT SCAN
• MRI
12. TREATMENT:- THERE IS NO CURE FOR MULTIPLE
SCLEROSIS. TREATMENT TYPICALLY FOCUSES ON
THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE AND
MANAGING MS SYMPTOMS
MEDICATION
CORTICOSTEROIDS (ORAL PREDNISONE, AND
I.V. METHYLPREDNISONE TO REDUCE NREVE
INFLAMMATION)
INTERFERONS (BETA-1A, BETA-1B)
GLATIRAMER ACETATE (IMMUNOMODULATOR
GLATIRAMER ACETATE (IMMUNOMODULATOR
AGENT ) (COPAXONE, GLATOPA)
[ THIS MEDICATION MAY HELP BLOCK YOUR IMMUNE
SYSTEM'S ATTACK ON MYELIN AND MUST BE INJECTED
BENEATH THE SKIN. SIDE EFFECTS MAY INCLUDE SKIN
IRRITATION AT THE INJECTION SITE.]
MITOXANTRONE (ANTI-NEOPLASTIC AGENT)
PHYSICAL THERAPY
PLASMAPHERESIS
13. INTERFERONS:- ARE A FAMILY OF NATURALLY-
OCCURRING PROTEINS THAT ARE MADE AND
SECRETED BY CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (FOR
EXAMPLE, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, NATURAL KILLER
CELLS, FIBROBLASTS, AND EPITHELIAL CELLS).
THREE CLASSES OF INTERFERONS HAVE BEEN
IDENTIFIED:
• ALPHA,
• BETA, AND
BETA, AND
• GAMMA.
PLASMAPHERESIS THE LIQUID PORTION OF PART
OF YOUR BLOOD (PLASMA) IS REMOVED AND
SEPARATED FROM YOUR BLOOD CELLS. THE BLOOD
CELLS ARE THEN MIXED WITH A PROTEIN SOLUTION
(ALBUMIN) AND PUT BACK INTO YOUR BODY. PLASMA
EXCHANGE MAY BE USED IF YOUR SYMPTOMS ARE
NEW, SEVERE AND HAVEN'T RESPONDED TO
STEROIDS
14.
15. DEFINITION:-
“MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, AN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER
AFFECTING THE MYONEURAL JUNCTION, IS
CHARACTERIZED BY VARYING DEGREES OF
WEAKNESS OF THE VOLUNTARY MUSCLES”.
IT'S CAUSED BY A BREAKDOWN IN THE NORMAL
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NERVES AND MUSCLES.
THOUGH THIS DISEASE CAN AFFECT PEOPLE OF
ANY AGE, IT'S MORE COMMON IN WOMEN YOUNGER
THAN 40 AND IN MEN OLDER THAN 60.
16. NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY:
YOUR NERVES COMMUNICATE WITH YOUR MUSCLES
BY RELEASING CHEMICALS (NEUROTRANSMITTERS)
THAT FIT PRECISELY INTO RECEPTOR SITES ON THE
MUSCLE CELLS AT THE NERVE-MUSCULAR JUNCTION
PATHOLOGY:
IN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM
PRODUCES ANTIBODIES THAT BLOCK OR DESTROY
MANY OF YOUR MUSCLES' RECEPTOR SITES FOR A
MANY OF YOUR MUSCLES' RECEPTOR SITES FOR A
NEUROTRANSMITTER CALLED ACETYLCHOLINE.
ONLY FEWER RECEPTOR SITES AVAILABLE, YOUR
MUSCLES RECEIVE FEWER NERVE SIGNALS,
RESULTING IN WEAKNESS.
THYMUS GLAND TRIGGERS OR MAINTAINS THE
PRODUCTION OF THE ANTIBODIES THAT BLOCK
ACETYLCHOLINE.
17.
18. P.P.:- DUE TO ETIOLOGY
AUTO ANTIBODIES DIRECTED TO MYONEURAL
JUNCTION
DESTROY MUSCLES' RECEPTOR SITES
MUSCLES RECEIVE FEWER NERVE SIGNALS
WEAKNESS OF MUSCLES
19. ETIOLOGY:-
• IDIOPATHIC
• AUTOIMMUNITY
• TUMOR OF THYMUS GLAND
• GENETICAL FACTOR
• AGING
C.M.:-
• PTOSIS (DROOPING OF THE EYE LIDS)
• PTOSIS (DROOPING OF THE EYE LIDS)
• DIPLOPIA
• WEAKNESS OF FACE & THROAT MUSCLES SO,
IMPAIR SPEAKING, DYSPHAGIA, CHEWING DIFFICULTY,
• WEAKNESS IN NECK, ARMS & LEGS
• DIFFICULTY IN WALKING, CATCHING THE OBJECTS
20. D.E.:-
• H.C. & P.E. , BLOOD TEST, CT-SCAN & MRI
• EDROPHONIUM TEST
(EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE (TENSILON) IS INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY,
2-10mg. THIRTY SECONDS AFTER INJECTION, FACIAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS
AND PTOSIS SHOULD RESOLVE FOR ABOUT 5 MINUTES. THIS IMMEDIATE
IMPROVEMENT IN MUSCLE STRENGTH AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF THIS
AGENT REPRESENTS A ‘POSITIVE TEST’ AND USUALLY CONFIRMS THE
AGENT REPRESENTS A ‘POSITIVE TEST’ AND USUALLY CONFIRMS THE
DIAGNOSIS.)
• REPETITIVE NERVE STIMULATION TEST
(IN THIS NERVE CONDUCTION STUDY, DOCTORS ATTACH ELECTRODES TO
YOUR SKIN OVER THE MUSCLES TO BE TESTED. DOCTORS SEND SMALL
PULSES OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH THE ELECTRODES TO MEASURE THE
NERVE'S ABILITY TO SEND A SIGNAL TO YOUR MUSCLE.)
21. TREATMENT:-
• CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
(PYRIDOSTIGMINE AND NEOSTIGMINE)
(IT ENHANCE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NERVES AND MUSCLES. THESE
MEDICATIONS AREN'T A CURE, BUT THEY CAN IMPROVE MUSCLE
CONTRACTION AND MUSCLE STRENGTH)
• CORTICOSTEROIDS (PREDNISONE)
• IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
(AZATHIOPRINE, CYCLOSPORINE)
• PLASMAPHERESIS
SURGERY:-
• THYMECTOMY
24. DEFINITION:-
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME IS AN AUTOIMMUNE
ATTACK OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVE MYELIN THAT
RESULT IN DEMYELINATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES
AND CHARACTERIZED BY WEAKNESS, HYPOREFLEXIA,
AND NUMBNESS.
ETIOLOGY:-
ETIOLOGY:-
• IDIOPATHIC
• AUTOIMMUNITY
• SECONDARY TO RESPIRATORY & G.I. INFECTION
• GENETICAL FACTOR
• AGING
25. P.P.:- DUE TO ETIOLOGY
ANTIBODIES REACT TOWARDS MYELIN OF
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANTIBODIES DESTRUCT MYELIN PROTEIN
RESULTS IN DYSKINESIA, HYPOREFLEXIA, AND
PARESTHESIA
RESULTS IN DYSKINESIA, HYPOREFLEXIA, AND
PARESTHESIA
• DYSKINESIA (INABILITY TO EXECUTE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS)
• PARESTHESIA (NUMBNESS)
26. C.M.:-
• BEGINS WITH TINGLING AND WEAKNESS STARTING
IN YOUR FEET AND LEGS AND SPREADING TO YOUR
UPPER BODY AND ARMS “(ASCENDING FEATURE)”
• PRICKLING, PINS AND NEEDLES SENSATIONS IN
YOUR FINGERS, TOES, ANKLES OR WRISTS
• WEAKNESS IN YOUR LEGS THAT SPREADS TO YOUR
UPPER BODY
• UNSTEADY WALKING OR INABILITY TO WALK OR
CLIMB STAIRS
27. D.E.:-
• GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME CAN BE DIFFICULT TO
DIAGNOSE IN ITS EARLIEST STAGES.
• ITS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE
OF OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND MAY VARY
FROM PERSON TO PERSON
• H.C. & P.E.
• NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
• LUMBAR PUNCTURE (CSF ANALYSIS)
• LUMBAR PUNCTURE (CSF ANALYSIS)
• ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (THIN-NEEDLE ELECTRODES
ARE INSERTED INTO THE MUSCLES, & THE
ELECTRODES MEASURE NERVE ACTIVITY IN THE
MUSCLES)
• CT-SCAN & MRI
28. TREATMENT:-
• THERE'S NO CURE FOR GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME.
• BUT TWO TYPES OF TREATMENTS CAN SPEED
RECOVERY AND REDUCE THE SEVERITY OF THE
ILLNESS:
i. PLASMAPHERESIS
ii. IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY
(HEALTHY ANTIBODIES IS GIVEN INTRAVENOUSLY)
• PHYSICAL THERAPY
• ACTIVE & PASSIVE EXERCISES