The document defines occupational health as promoting workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It discusses occupational health nursing as applying nursing principles to conserve worker health. Occupational hazards include physical (noise, radiation, etc.), chemical (solvents, metals), biological (bacteria, viruses), and psychosocial (stress, violence) factors. Diseases can result from exposure to these hazards, such as pneumoconioses from inhaling dust. Prevention methods include engineering controls, protective equipment, health monitoring, and education. The overall aim is to prevent work-related illness and injury and promote worker health.
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
The term "care transitions" refers to the movement patients make between health care practitioners and settings as their condition and care needs change during the course of a chronic or acute illness.
Nature and scope of meantal health nursing - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Ra...Haroon Rashid
Subject - Mental Health Nursing and topic is Nature and Scope of Mental health nursing , Presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College of Nursing
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
The term "care transitions" refers to the movement patients make between health care practitioners and settings as their condition and care needs change during the course of a chronic or acute illness.
Nature and scope of meantal health nursing - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Ra...Haroon Rashid
Subject - Mental Health Nursing and topic is Nature and Scope of Mental health nursing , Presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College of Nursing
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Occupational hazards, occupational health
Occupational safety and health should not be sidelined as a service delivery issue. Health worker health and well-being is an important aspect of workers’ motivation and job satisfaction, which influence productivity as well as retention. Health worker safety also affects the quality of care; caring for the caregiver should be a priority area of concern for the health system’s performance.
Occupational health is defined as the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. It is the branch of healthcare which deals with all aspects of health and safety at the workplace. It lays strong emphasis on the prevention of hazards at a primary level.
Health Assessment / Physical assessment.pptxsodha ranbir
It is useful for GNM-I year, B.Sc.N. Sem.-I,II students. This PPT contains Physical Assessment / Head To Toe Assessment topic of Fundamentals of Nursing subject.
This content is useful for paramedical students of GNM, & B.Sc. (N). This PPT Contain topic of Congenital Heart Disease. If you like this content kindly share this PPT to other students also.
GNC FIRST YEAR GNM OLD EXAMINATION PAPER.pdfsodha ranbir
This pdf contents some old GNC question papers of GNM-1 year.
This will helpful for only GNM-1 year students. Share this maximum to GNM-1 year students studying in Gujarat.
This content is useful for only GNM-1 year students.
This content is prepared as per INC syllabus of GNM course for first year GNM. This content cover all points of Unit-2 in microbiology syllabus well & easy to understand for first year students. This is so well-researched and thorough content. This ppt make your study of microbiology effortless. Kindly share this content more to first year GNM students.
This content is useful for only GNM-1 year students.
This content is prepared as per INC syllabus of GNM course for first year GNM. This content cover all introductory points well & easy to understand for first year students. Kindly share this content more to first year GNM students.
This content will be useful for the students of B.Sc.(N). Semester-III.
As per new revised syllabus of INC this ppt cover up Unit-I of hospital acquired infection.
Anatomy & Physiology of Renal System.pptxsodha ranbir
This content is helpful for first year students of GNM & B.Sc.(N).
This content provides you easy learning of anatomy & physiology of renal system / excretory system.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
WHO DEFINED OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AS;
‘THE PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE
HIGHEST DEGREE OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL
WELL-BEING OF WORKERS IN ALL OCCUPATIONS
3. WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING?
APPLICATION OF NURSING PRINCIPLES IN
CONSERVING THE HEALTH OF WORKERS AT THE
WORKPLACE.
BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF RECOGNITION,
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ILLNESS,
INJURIES.
FORMALLY KNOWN AS ‘INDUSTRIAL NURSING’
4. AIMS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING
PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE HIGHEST
DEGREE OF PHYSICAL,MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL-
BEING OF WORKERS IN ALL OCCUPATIONS ;
BY PREVENTING- DEPARTURES FROM HEALTH
CAUSED BY THEIR WORKING CONDITIONS,
PROTECTING THE WORKERS IN THEIR EMPLOYMENT
FROM RISKS RESULTING FROM FACTORS ADVERSE TO
HEALTH AND ADAPTATION OF WORKERS TO THEIR
JOBS
5. OBJECTIVES OF OCCPATIONAL HEALTH
NURSING
MAINTENANCE AND PROMOTION OF WORKERS’
HEALTH AND WORKING CAPACITY(HEALTH
MONITORING)
IMPROVEMENT OF WORKING ENVIRONMENT AND
WORK TO BECOME CONDUCIVE TO SAFETY AND
HEALTH (WORKSITE VISITS)
DEVELOPMENT OF WORK ORGANISATIONS AND
WORKING CULTURES IN A DIRECTION, WHICH
SUPPORTS HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK(HEALTH
EDUCATION )
6. OCCPATIONAL HAZARDS
1. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
2. CHEMICAL
3. BIOLOGICAL
4. PSYCHOSOCIAL
a.PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES.
b.PSYCHOSOMATIC ILL-HEALTH
7. 1. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
HEAT – DIRECT & INDIRECT EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE,
RADIANT HEAT, HEAT STAGNATION.
COLD – GENERAL & LOCAL COLD INJURY
LIGHT– ACUTE & CHRONIC EFFECT OF BRIGHT & DIM LIGHT &
GLARE.
RADIATION
a. IONIZING- X-RAYS,GAMMARAYS,BETA PARTICLES, ALPHA
PARTICLES
b. NON-IONIZING - MICROWAVES, INFRARED, ANDULTRA-
VIOLET LIGHT
NOISE – AUDITORY & NON AUDITORY EFFECT.
VIBRATION – HAZARDOUS IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE OF 10- 500HZ
8. DISEASES DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENTS
HEAT – HEAT STROKE, HEAT RASH.
LIGHT – OCCUPATIONAL CATARACT
COLD – HYPOTHERMIA, FROST BITE
VIBRATION – OSTEOARTHRITIS
NOISE – OCCUPATIONAL DEAFNESS
RADIATION- CANCER
9.
10. 2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS:-
• ACIDS
• BASES
• HEAVY METALS –LEAD
• SOLVENTS – PETROLEUM
• PARTICULATES – ASBESTOS, SILICA AND OTHER FINE
DUST/FIBROUS MATERIALS
• FUMES – NOXIOUS GASES/VAPORS
• HIGHLY- REACTIVE METALS
11. DISEASES DUE TO CHEMICAL AGENTS
• GASES – GASPOISONING.
• INORGANIC DUSTS:
COAL DUST - ANTHRACOSIS
SILICA - SILICOSIS
ASBESTOS - ASBESTOSIS
IRON - SIDEROSIS
• ORGANIC DUSTS :
CANE FIBER - BAGASSOSIS.
COTTON DUST - BYSSINOSIS.
HAY OR GRAIN DUST - FARMER’S LUNG.
• CHEMICALS – BURNS, DERMATITIS, CANCER,
RESPIRATORY ILLNESS
• METALS – LEAD, MERCURY, ARSENIC, CHROMIUM
CAUSE POISONING
12. PNEUMOCONIOSES:-
IT IS A OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASE CAUSED BY
INHALATION OF DUST.
TYPES:-
COAL WORKER PNEUMOCONIOSES
ASBESTOSIS
SILICOSIS
BAUXITE FIBROSIS-IT IS A FORM OF
PNEUMOCONIOSES CAUSED BY BAUXITE
BERYLLIOSIS-BERYLLIUM
SIDEROSIS-IRON
BYSSINOSIS -COTTON
13. COAL WORKERS’ PNEUMOCONIOSIS - BLACK LUNG
DISEASE - EXPOSURE TO PARTICLES OF CARBON
WHEN COAL DUST IS INHALED FOR A LONG PERIOD
OF TIME, IT BUILDS UP IN THE LUNGS, WHICH THE
BODY IS NOT ABLE TO REMOVE - INFLAMMATION OF
THE LUNGS - FIBROSIS - CAUSES LARGE SIZE
CAVITIES IN THE LUNGS.
15. BERYLLIOSIS OR CHRONIC BERYLLIUM DISEASE
(CBD):-
IT IS A CHRONIC ALLERGIC-TYPE LUNG RESPONSE
AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE CAUSED BY EXPOSURE
TO BERYLLIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS, A FORM OF
BERYLLIUM POISONING
SIDEROSIS (WELDER'S DISEASE):- IT IS THE
DEPOSITION OF EXCESS IRON IN BODY TISSUE
16. ANTHRACOSIS :- IT’S A TYPE OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS AS
CAUSED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF CARBON IN THE
LUNGS DUE TO REPEATED EXPOSURE TO AIR
POLLUTION OR INHALATION OF COAL DUST
PARTICLES”
FARMER'S LUNG IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY
AN ALLERGY TO THE CERTAIN CROPS. FARMERS ARE
MOST LIKELY TO GET IT BECAUSE IT'S USUALLY
CAUSED BY BREATHING IN DUST FROM HAY, CORN,
GRASS FOR ANIMAL FEED, GRAIN, TOBACCO, OR SOME
PESTICIDES.
17. ASBESTOSIS:-
ASBESTOSIS (AS-BES-TOE-SIS) IS A CHRONIC LUNG
DISEASE CAUSED BY INHALING ASBESTOS FIBERS.
PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO THESE FIBERS CAN CAUSE
LUNG TISSUE SCARRING AND SHORTNESS OF BREATH.
ASBESTOSIS SYMPTOMS CAN RANGE FROM MILD TO
SEVERE, AND USUALLY DON'T APPEAR UNTIL MANY
YEARS AFTER CONTINUED EXPOSURE.
ASBESTOS IS A NATURAL MINERAL PRODUCT THAT'S
RESISTANT TO HEAT AND CORROSION. IT WAS USED
IN PRODUCTS SUCH AS CEMENT AND SOME FLOOR
TILES.
REDUCING EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS IS THE BEST
PREVENTION AGAINST ASBESTOSIS
21. DISEASES DUE TO BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
HEPATITIS B VIRUS
HEPATITIS C VIRUS
TUBERCULOSIS
22. 4. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
WORK-RELATED STRESS – EXCESSIVE WORKING TIME
AND OVERWORK
VIOLENCE – FROM OUTSIDE THE ORGANIZATION
BULLYING – EMOTIONAL AND VERBAL ABUSE
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
MOBBING
BURNOUT
EXPOSURE TO UNHEALTHY ELEMENTS – TOBACCO,
UNCONTROLLED ALCOHOL
23. DISORDERS DUE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDS)
•CAN AFFECT THE BODY’S MUSCLES, JOINTS,
TENDONS, LIGAMENTS AND NERVES. AS WELL AS
THE BACK, NECK, SHOULDERS AND UPPER LIMBS;
LESS OFTEN THEY AFFECT THE LOWER LIMBS.
oDEPRESSION
oDISCOURAGEMET
oANXIETY
oMEMORY LOSS
oDISSATISFACTION
oFRUSTRATION & IRRITABILITY
24. PREVENTION METHODS
• MEDICAL METHODS SUCH AS PERIODIC
EXAMINATIONS, PREPLACEMENT, WORKING
ENVIRONMENT SUPERVISION AND HEALTH
EDUCATION. NOTIFICATION, MAINTENANCE AND
ANALYSIS OF RECORDS, AND COUNSELLING ARE
ALSO STEPS TOWARDS PREVENTION.
• ENGINEERING MEASURES SUCH AS PROPER DESIGN
OF PLANT, VENTILATION, DUST ISOLATION THROUGH
ENCLOSURE AND ISOLATION, AND PROTECTIVE
DEVICES.
• LEGISLATIVE PROTECTION LIKE THE FACTORIES ACT
OF 1948 AND THE EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE
ACT OF 1948.
25. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROTECTION OF WORKERS.
1. NUTRITION
2. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL
3. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION.
– WATER SUPPLY
– FOOD
– TOILET
– PROPER GARBAGE & WASTE DISPOSAL.
– GENERAL PLANT CLEANLINESS.
– SUFFICIENT SPACE.
– LIGHTING.
– VENTILATION.
– PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARDS.
26. 4. MENTAL HEALTH:
GOALS:
TO PROMOTE HEALTH AND HAPPINESS OF
WORKERS.
TO DETECT SIGNS OF STRESS AND STRAIN
AND TAKE NECESSARY MEASURES.
TREATMENT OF EMPLOYEES SUFFERING FROM
MENTAL ILLNESSES.
REHABILITATION OF THOSE WHO BECOME ILL
5. HEALTH EDUCATION.
27. PRIMARY PREVENTION IS DESIGNED TO DETER OR AVOID
THE OCCURRENCE OF DISEASE OR
INJURY
SECONDARY PREVENTION IS DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY AND
ADEQUATELY TREAT A DISEASE OR
INJURY PROCESS AS SOON AS
POSSIBLE, OFTEN BEFORE ANY
SYMPTOMS HAVE DEVELOPED
TERTIARY PREVENTION IS DESIGNED TO TREAT A DISORDER
WHEN IT HAS ADVANCED BEYOND
ITS EARLY STAGES, TO AVOID
COMPLICATIONS & LIMIT
DISABILITY, TO ADDRESS
REHABILITATIVE AND PALLIATIVE
NEEDS
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE