This document provides an overview of microbiology, including its definition as the study of microorganisms and its various branches such as medical, industrial, and food microbiology. Key historical milestones in microbiology are highlighted, including the development of vaccines and advancements in microscopy. The importance of microbiology for nursing practice is also emphasized, particularly in relation to infection control and immune response.

1.  UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION OF
MICROBIOLOGY
Ahmed Sodha
M.Sc.(N).– M.S.N.

2.  MICROBIOLOGY

3.  INTRODUCTION:-
• Microbiology term was introduced by French
Chemist Louis Pasteur .
• Microbe means the organisms too small to be
seen by naked eye.
• The term microbe is now replaced by the term
Micro-organisms.
 DEFINITION:-
• “Microbiology is the science which deals with the
study of microorganisms.”

4.  BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY:-
 Medical Microbiology
 Industrial Microbiology
 Food Microbiology
 Soil Microbiology
 Plant Microbiology

5.  Medical Microbiology:- It Is The Study Of
Causative Agents Of Infectious Diseases Of Human
Beings & Their Reactions To Such Infections.
 Branches Of Medical Microbiology:-
• Bacteriology:- It Deals With Study Of Bacteria.
• Parasitology:- It Deals With Study Of Parasites.
• Mycology:- It Deals With Study Of Fungi.
• Virology:- It Deals With Study Of Viruses.
• Immunology:- It Deals With Study Of Mechanism
Of Immunity.

6.  Classification of Micro-organisms:-
• Micro-organisms are classified into ten groups:
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Rickettsiales
6. Algae
7. Moulds
8. Yeast
9. Chlamydia
10. Mycoplasma

7. Bacteria

8. Bacteria

9. Viruses

10. Fungi

11. Protozoa

12. Rickettsiales

13. Algae

14. Algae

15. Moulds

16. Yeast

17. Chlamydia

18. Mycoplasma

19.  Importance Of Microbiology In Nursing:- By
Knowledge Of Microbiology Nurse Can:
• Learn The Process Of Spreading Of Infection.
• Know About The Surfaces Which Are Susceptible
To Infectious Agent.
• Keep Instruments Aseptic.
• Recognize Symptoms Of An Infection.
• Take Care Of Open Wound.
• Understand The Importance Of Immunity &
Vaccination.

20.  Microscope

21.  Microscope:- A Microscope Is A Laboratory
Instrument Used To Examine Objects That Are Too
Small To Be Seen By The Naked Eye.
 Microscopy:- Microscopy Is The Science Of
Investigating Small Objects And Structures Using
A Microscope Device.
 Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek is a ‘Father of
Microbiology’ & ‘Father of Microscopy.’
 Robert Koch (1834-1910) is also known as the
'Father of Bacteriology‘.
 Louis Pasteur is a father of ‘Pasteurization’.

22.  Types of Microscope:-
1. Light Microscope
2. Phase Contrast Microscope
3. Dark Ground Microscope
4. Fluorescence Microscope
5. Electron Microscope
 Parts of Microscope:- There are 3 main parts of
the microscope are:
1. Stand
2. Body
3. Optical system

23.  Microscope

24. 1. Stand:- It is made of solid iron part provides
balance & stability to instrument.
2. Body:- it consist of:
i. Stage:- It is platform that supports specimen
under observation. It has central aperture for the
passage of light rays.
ii. Condenser:- It is used to concentrate the light.
iii. Iris Diaphragm:- It is present in condenser. It
regulates the amount of light falling on the
specimen.
iv. Mirror:- It reflects the light on the specimen.

25. 3. Optical System:- It Consists Of :
i. Coarse Adjustment:- It Is Used To Raise & Lower
The Objective Lens.
ii. Fine Adjustment:- It Is Used For Delicate
Focusing.
iii. Nose Piece:- It Provided With Sockets Of
Different Magnifying Power.
iv. Eye Piece:- It Magnifies Further The Image.

26.  Care Of Microscope:-
• Always Carry The Microscope With Both Hands.
• Never Hold The Microscope By Body Tube.
• Place Microscope Gently & Carefully On Table.
• Protect The Microscope From Dust.
• Use Olive Oil For Cleaning, Don’t Use Alcohol Or
Other Chemical.
• Don’t Touch Glass Parts With Fingers.
• Always Keep The Microscope Under Cover When
Not In Use.

27. History of Microbiology
•1590 – First compound light microscope
• Zacharias Janssen

28. •1676 –First observation of bacteria “animalcules”
Antoni Von Leeuwenhoek

29. •1796 – First vaccine (smallpox)
Edward Jenner

30. •1857 – Germ Theory of Disease
• Louis Pasteur

31. •1867 Antiseptic Surgery
• Joseph Lister

32. •1884 Koch’s Postulates of Disease Transmission
•Robert Koch

33. •1885 - Vaccine against Rabies
•Louis Pasteur

34. •1929 Discovery of Penicillin (first antibiotic)
• Alexander Fleming

35. •1938 – First Electron Microscope
•The electron microscope is
capable of magnifying biological
specimens up to one million
times. These computer enhanced
images of 1. smallpox, 2. herpes
simplex, and 3. mumps are
magnified, respectively, 150,000,
150,000 and 90,000 times.

36. •1953-1954 Structure of DNA Revealed
•Watson & Crick

37. •1954 Polio Vaccine
•Jonas Salk