This document provides information on autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. It explains that autoimmunity occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own cells, causing diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis specifically causes joint inflammation and damage through autoantibodies attacking joint linings. Systemic lupus erythematosus more broadly attacks tissues, producing symptoms like rashes, fever, and kidney issues. Both have no cure but can be treated to reduce immune response and manage symptoms.

1. Autoimmune
Disorders

2. Autoimmunity
 Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an
organism against its own cells and tissues.
 Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune
response is termed an autoimmune disease.

3. History
 In the 1960s, it was believed that all self-reactive lymphocytes
were eliminated during their development in the bone marrow
and thymus and that a failure to eliminate these lymphocytes led
to autoimmune consequences.
 In 1970s ,experimental reveal that not all self-reactive
lymphocytes are deleted during T-cell and B-cell maturation.
normal healthy individuals have been shown to possess mature, ,
self-reactive lymphocytes. their activity must be regulated in
normal individuals through clonal anergy .A breakdown in this
regulation can lead to activation of self-reactive clones of T or B
cells, generating humoral or cell-mediated responses against
selfantigens. which can cause serious damage to cells and organs.
.

4. (AARDA)
According to the American Autommunity Related Disease
Association (AARDA) an autoimmune disease develops when
our immune system, which defends our body against disease
decide our healthy cells are forigen ,as a result immune
system attacks healthy cells.

5. Autoimmunity
• Diseases often run in families.
• 75% are women are effected.
• 4th largest disease class in females.
• African Americans, Native Americans also have
an increased risk of developing an autoimmune disease.

6. Classification of autoimmune
disease:
• 1: Organ specific
• 2: Systemic diseases.
Organ specific
The organ-specific diseases involve an autoimmune response
directed primarily against a single organ or gland.
The normal function of the organ is blocked.
 eg. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Pernicious Anemia etc

7. Systemic diseases:
The systemic diseases are directed against a broad spectrum
of tissues and have manifestations in a variety of organs
resulting from cell-mediated responses and cellular damage
caused by auto-antibodies.(an antibody produced by an
organism in response to a constituent of its own tissues)
eg. Systemic Lupus Erythematous, Arthritis

8. rheumatoid arthritis
• A chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the
joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility,
especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles

9. • Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disorder, most
often affecting women from 40 to 60 years old.
• The major symptoms:
• chronic inflammation of the joints
• although the hematologic, cardiovascular, and respiratory
systems are also frequently affected

10. overview
• Many individuals with rheumatoid arthritis produce a group
of auto-antibodies called rheumatoid factors that are reactive
with determinants in the Fc region of IgG. The classic
rheumatoid factor is an IgM antibody with that reactivity.Such
auto-antibodies bind to normal circulating IgG,forming IgM-
IgG complexes that are deposited in the joints. These immune
complexes can activate hypersensitive reaction,which leads to
chronic inflammation of the joints.

11. • The immune system produces antibodies that attach to the
linings of joints. Immune system cells then attack the joints,
causing inflammation, swelling, and pain.
• If untreated, rheumatoid arthritis causes gradually causes
permanent joint damage.
• Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis can include various oral or
injectable medications that reduce immune system over
activity.

12. What Causes Rheumatoid
Arthritis?
• rheumatoid arthritis
• happens when your immune system targets your joint linings.
It’s a long-term condition that also affects other tissue, but the
joints are usually the most severely affected.
• It may be a combination of genes and other things.
• Some researchers think an infection with a bacteria or virus
can trigger the disease in some people.

13. • As rheumatoid arthritis develops, some of the body's immune
cells start to attack healthy tissue, mistaking it for an invader.
This triggers a chain reaction that leads to more inflammation
and damage.
• The main target of RA's inflammation is the synovium, the thin
layer of tissue that lines the joints. The inflammation also
spreads to other areas in the body, which can cause ongoing
pain, fatigue, and other problems.

14. What Are the Symptoms of
Rheumatoid Arthritis?
• When It’s in Your Joints
• RA always affects the joints. It makes them inflamed. The
classic signs are:
• Stiffness. The joint is harder to use and doesn't move as well
as it should. It’s especially common in the morning

15. • Swelling. Fluid enters the joint and makes it puffy.
• Pain . Inflammation inside a joint makes it sensitive and
tender. Over time, it causes damage and pain.
• Redness and warmth. The joints may be warmer and more
pink or red than skin around it.

16. Rheumatoid Arthritis That
Affect the Entire Body
• Rheumatoid Arthritis can go beyond your joints. You may feel:
• Fatigue
• Sickness
• Less appetite than normal, which can lead to weight loss
• Muscle aches
• Some people with RA also get rheumatoid nodules, which are
bumps under the skin that most often appear on the elbows.
Sometimes they are painful.

17. Treatment
• Drugs:
• (NSAID). nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. These
medications reduce pain and inflammation but do not slow
down RA.
• “DMARDs” stands for disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs.
They help slow or stop RA from getting worse
• Surgery for Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Physical and Occupational Therapy

18. Systematic lupus erthymatosus
• It typically appears in women between 20 and 40 years of age.
• In this the human immune system becomes hyperactive and
attacks normal, healthy tissues.
• Although “lupus” actually includes a number of different
diseases, SLE is the most common type of lupus.

19. SYMPTOMS OF LUPUS
• SLE is characterized by
• fever.
• weakness.
• Arthritis.
• skin rashes.
• pleurisy.( an inflammation of the pleura, which is the moist
double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs)
• and kidney dysfunction

20. CAUSES OF LUPUS
• Is is not linked to a certain gene.
• Ultraviolet rays.
• Certain medications.
• A virus, physical or emotional stress, and trauma.

21. MECHANISM
• Affected individuals may produce autoantibodies to a vast
array of tissue antigens, such as DNA
• When immune complexes of auto-antibodies
• are deposited along the walls of small blood vessels.
• hypersensitive reaction develops.
• The complexes activate the complement system

22. • And damage the wall of the blood vessel.
• Excessive complement activation in patients with severe SLE
produces elevated serum levels of the complement split
products C3a and C5a.
• This lead to tissue damage

23. DIAGNOSIS
• blood tests, such as antibody tests
• a complete blood count
• chest X-ray

24. TREATMENT
• Treatment for SLE is not curative. But Treatments may include:
• anti-inflammatory medications for joint pain.
• steroid creams for rashes
• corticosteroids of varying doses to minimize the immune
response