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Autoimmune disorders
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissues. The document discusses several common autoimmune disorders including Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease, myasthenia gravis, and type 1 diabetes. Graves' disease causes an overactive thyroid. Hashimoto's thyroiditis involves antibody attacks against the thyroid gland and leads to hypothyroidism. Addison's disease is characterized by deficiencies in cortisol and aldosterone due to attacks on the adrenal glands. Myasthenia gravis involves antibodies blocking muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmunity, preventing insulin production
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Autoimmune disorders
- 1.
- 2. What isautoimmunity Causes of autoimmune disorders Classification of autoimmune disorders Examples of autoimmune disorders: Graves’ disease Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Addison’s disease Myasthenia gravis Diabetes mellitus type 1 Outline:
- 3. Auto orself antigens Are antigens that presents in ones own cells Are altered by the action of bacteria, viruses, chemicals or other drugs Auto antibodies Altered cell (Auto Ag) - elicits the productions of Antibody
- 4. Autoimmunity isdefined as the presence of immune response of auto Ab against self Ag. It can be a humoral or cell mediated immune response against the constitutents of the body’s own tissues. What is autoimmunity?
- 5. Autoimmunity isthe failure of an organism in recognizing its own constituent parts as non self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune disease
- 6. 1. Sequestered orHidden antigens Ag in the secluded places - are not accessible to the immune system. E.g. Lens Ag, Sperm Ag, etc. 2. Neo antigens Altered or Modified Antigens – by physical (irradiation), chemical (drugs) or microbial agents ( intracellular viruses) 3. Cessation of Tolerance It may result when tolerance to the self-Ag is abrogated. Causes of autoimmune diseases
- 7. 4. Cross reactingAntigens A foreign Ag which resembles self a 2nd Ag Many species share organ specific Ags. E.g. Ag of Human brain & Ag of sheep brain, Streptococcal M protein & Heart muscles, Nephritogenic strains of Streptococci Ags & Renal glomeruli shares similar epiotes. 5. Loss of Immunoregulation Loss of Self tolerance - caused by over activity or lowered activity of T and B- cells Causes of autoimmune diseases..
- 8. Broadly classified into3 groups 1. Haemolytic autoimmune diseases 2. Localised autoimmune diseases 3. Systemic autoimmune diseases Classification of autoimmune disorders
- 9. Clinical disorderdue to destructions of blood components. Auto Ab are formed against one’s own RBCs, Platelets or Leucocytes. E.g. Haemolytic anaemia Thrombocytopenia Leucopenia 1. Haemolytic autoimmune diseases
- 10. A particularorgan is affected due to auto Abs. For example: Thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Type I Diabetes Mellitus Graves’ Disease 2. Localised autoimmune diseases or Organ specific autoimmune diseases
- 11. Immune complexesaccumulate in many tissues and cause inflammation and damage Affects many organs or the whole body E.g. Systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatic fever 3. Systemic autoimmune disease or non-specific autoimmune disease
- 12.
- 13. Graves' diseaseis an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (a serious metabolic imbalance known as hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis). This is caused by thyroid autoantibodies that activate the TSH-receptor, thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, and thyroid growth (causing a diffusely enlarged goiter). Graves’ Disease
- 14. The bodyproduces antibodies to the TSH-Rs (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptors). *(Antibodies to thyroglobulin and to the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 may also be produced.) These antibodies (TSHR-Ab) bind to the TSH-Rs, which are located on the cells that produce thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland (follicular cells), and chronically stimulate them, resulting in an abnormally high production of T3 and T4. Graves’ Disease…
- 16. This causesthe stimulation of Thyroid gland to secrete more TH (Hyperthyroidism) resulting in Exophthalmus , bulging eyes & Goitre. Graves’ Disease… Davidson’s book
- 17.
- 18. Hashimoto's thyroiditisis a condition caused by inflammation of the thyroid gland. It is the most common thyroid disease in the U.S. Is characterized by the destruction of thyroid cells by various cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes. Caused by auto Ab of IgG & IgM type against the constituents of thyroid gland Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- 19. Abs are specificallyformed for thyroid perioxidase & thyroglobulin. Abs interact with the enzyme Development of inflammation in the thyroid gland Thyroid gland is destroyed Patient ultimately rendered hypothyroid (too little thyroid hormone) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis pathogenesis
- 20. Comparison of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis& Graves Disease Nature Reviews Immunology 2
- 21. Characterised by Goitre,enlarged thyroid gland, deficiency of TH (Thyroxin) flipper.diff.org/hashimoto’s thryoiditis
- 22.
- 23. Addison's disease,or primary adrenocortical insufficiency, is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed predominantly against 21-hydroxylase, a key regulator of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid synthesis. Addison’s Disease
- 24. The myriadclinical manifestations of Addison's disease, including muscle weakness and fatigue, hypotension and hyponatremia, and loss of axillary and pubic hair in women, are the result of cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormone deficiencies, respectively. Addison’s Disease
- 25.
- 26. MG isa chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the myoneural junction that is characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body. Classified as a “B cell” Disease Autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Myasthenia Gravis
- 27.
- 28. Myasthenia gravisis caused by a defect in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. It occurs when normal communication between the nerve and muscle is interrupted at the neuromuscular junction - the place where nerve cells connect with the muscles they control. Normally when impulses travel down the nerve, the nerve endings release a neurotransmitter substance, acetylcholine. Myasthenia Gravis
- 29. Acetylcholine travelsthrough the neuromuscular junction and binds to acetylcholine receptors which are activated and generate a muscle contraction. In myasthenia gravis, auto Abs block, alter, or destroy the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction which prevents the muscle contraction from occurring. Myasthenia Gravis
- 30. Diplopia (double vision) Ptosis(drooping of eyelids) Current Mdeical Diagnosis & Treatment 2007, 46th Ed.
- 31.
- 32. Insulin dependentdiabetes mellitus (type 1) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the pancreas, resulting in a lack of insulin. Insulin is produced in the pancreas by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Insulin is necessary for glucose to get into cells and be used for energy production. After eating, the glucose level in blood rises, which leads to insulin being released from the pancreas. In a person with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the beta cells of Langerhans are damaged by autoimmune inflammation, leading to an insufficiency of insulin. The glucose level in blood rises and cells do not have enough energy for metabolism. Diabete Mellitus Type 1
- 33. Type 2diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) Insulin concentrations are mostly increased but peripheral tissues are resistant to insulin (insulin resistance). Beta cells are not able increase secretion of insulin to overcome this resistance. Type 2 diabetes usually develops after 40 years of age in overweight people, lately in obese adolescents. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- 34.
- 35. Nature ReviewsImmunology 2, p.195-204 (March 2002) Dr.T.V.Rao’s lecture note on Autoimmunity Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Edition www.wikipedia.org/addison’s disease www.wikipedia.org/myasthenia gravis Burmester GR, Pezzuto A. Colour Atlas of Immunology . 2003. www.diseases_john_hopkins_medical_institute/typ e1_diabetes_mellitus www.slideshare.net/autoimmunedisorders References:
- 36.
Editor's Notes
- #6 Normally, the immune system does not attack the self. However, there is a large group of autoimmune diseases in which the immune system does attack self-cellsThe attack can be directed either against a very specific tissue or to a large no. of tissuesOnce started, autoimmune diseases are hard to stop
- #21 During Hashimoto's thyroiditis, self-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes recruit B cells and CD8+ T cells into the thyroid. Disease progression leads to the death of thyroid cells and hypothyroidism. Both autoantibodies and thyroid-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been proposed to be responsible for autoimmune thyrocyte depletion. b | In Graves' disease, activated CD4+ T cells induce B cells to secrete thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) against the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), resulting in unrestrained thyroid hormone production and hyperthyroidism.
- #24 It is due to adrenocortical damage & hence insufficient secretion of adrenal hormones.Tissue damage is caused by auto Ab against zonaglomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex.Autoimmune adrenalitis is the most common cause of Addison's disease in the industrialized world. Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex is caused by an immune reaction against the enzyme 21-hydroxylase .This may be isolated or in the context of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS type 1 or 2), in which other hormone-producing organs, such as the thyroid and pancreas, may also be affected.
- #33 The main source of energy for all cells and especially for brain cells is glucose.