This document discusses standards and their importance in metallurgical testing. It provides an agenda for an upcoming webinar on aspects of standards, including a discussion on standards organizations like ASTM, SAE, JIS, ISO, and others. The webinar will cover topics like how standards are developed, revised, and numbered. It will also compare test methods and specifications between ASTM and SAE. The presenter notes that incorporating revisions to standards is important for laboratories.
This document summarizes steel melt processing and refinement techniques. It discusses primary steelmaking processes like electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. It also covers secondary refining using various furnaces and vessels. Some key secondary processes mentioned are argon oxygen decarburization (AOD), vacuum induction melting, and ladle metallurgy techniques. The document provides detailed information on the equipment, processes, reactions, and purposes involved in steel melt processing and refinement.
Steel pipes are manufactured for oil and gas applications by first producing ingots of molten steel which are then rolled into blooms and slabs before being formed into sheets. These sheets are bent into cylindrical shapes and welded longitudinally or spirally to form pipes. Spiral welded pipes are preferred for large diameters as they distribute stress uniformly compared to longitudinal welded pipes which concentrate stress at weld points. The pipes undergo various finishing processes before being tested and inspected for quality.
The document describes the argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) process used in stainless steel production. The AOD process allows for precise control of carbon and alloy element levels by diluting oxygen with argon, enabling carbon to be removed while minimizing oxidation of chromium. The process involves melting scrap in an electric arc furnace, then transferring to an AOD vessel for multiple blows using varying ratios of argon and oxygen to sequentially lower carbon levels from 0.4% to 0.018%, while maintaining the target chromium level of 16.5%, before final adjustments and tapping.
The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
This document discusses common casting defects such as surface defects, internal defects, incorrect chemical composition, and unsatisfactory mechanical properties. It defines casting defects and explains how they reduce output and increase production costs. Specific defects covered include swell, fins, gas holes, shrinkage cavities, hot tears, and cold shuts. For each defect, the causes and remedies are described. Even in modern foundries, the rejection rate can be as high as 20% of total castings produced due to these defects.
This document discusses metals and alloys used in dentistry. It defines key terms related to the mechanical properties of metals like ductility, hardness, strength and elasticity. It describes how alloys are classified based on their composition and properties. Common alloys used in dentistry include noble metal alloys like gold-based and palladium-based alloys, and base metal alloys like nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys. The document traces the history of alloy use and development in dentistry from gold to newer alloys that are stronger, cheaper and better suited for applications like metal-ceramic restorations and removable partial dentures.
The document classifies and describes different types of plain carbon and alloy steels. It discusses three types of plain carbon steels based on carbon content: low carbon steels containing less than 0.25% carbon, medium carbon steels containing 0.25-0.60% carbon, and high carbon steels containing more than 0.60% carbon. It then provides details on properties, applications and heat treatment of each type. The document also classifies alloy steels into low alloy steels containing 3-4% alloying elements and high alloy steels containing over 5% alloying elements. It discusses AISI, HSLA, tool/die and stainless varieties of alloy steels.
This document summarizes steel melt processing and refinement techniques. It discusses primary steelmaking processes like electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. It also covers secondary refining using various furnaces and vessels. Some key secondary processes mentioned are argon oxygen decarburization (AOD), vacuum induction melting, and ladle metallurgy techniques. The document provides detailed information on the equipment, processes, reactions, and purposes involved in steel melt processing and refinement.
Steel pipes are manufactured for oil and gas applications by first producing ingots of molten steel which are then rolled into blooms and slabs before being formed into sheets. These sheets are bent into cylindrical shapes and welded longitudinally or spirally to form pipes. Spiral welded pipes are preferred for large diameters as they distribute stress uniformly compared to longitudinal welded pipes which concentrate stress at weld points. The pipes undergo various finishing processes before being tested and inspected for quality.
The document describes the argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) process used in stainless steel production. The AOD process allows for precise control of carbon and alloy element levels by diluting oxygen with argon, enabling carbon to be removed while minimizing oxidation of chromium. The process involves melting scrap in an electric arc furnace, then transferring to an AOD vessel for multiple blows using varying ratios of argon and oxygen to sequentially lower carbon levels from 0.4% to 0.018%, while maintaining the target chromium level of 16.5%, before final adjustments and tapping.
The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
This document discusses common casting defects such as surface defects, internal defects, incorrect chemical composition, and unsatisfactory mechanical properties. It defines casting defects and explains how they reduce output and increase production costs. Specific defects covered include swell, fins, gas holes, shrinkage cavities, hot tears, and cold shuts. For each defect, the causes and remedies are described. Even in modern foundries, the rejection rate can be as high as 20% of total castings produced due to these defects.
This document discusses metals and alloys used in dentistry. It defines key terms related to the mechanical properties of metals like ductility, hardness, strength and elasticity. It describes how alloys are classified based on their composition and properties. Common alloys used in dentistry include noble metal alloys like gold-based and palladium-based alloys, and base metal alloys like nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys. The document traces the history of alloy use and development in dentistry from gold to newer alloys that are stronger, cheaper and better suited for applications like metal-ceramic restorations and removable partial dentures.
The document classifies and describes different types of plain carbon and alloy steels. It discusses three types of plain carbon steels based on carbon content: low carbon steels containing less than 0.25% carbon, medium carbon steels containing 0.25-0.60% carbon, and high carbon steels containing more than 0.60% carbon. It then provides details on properties, applications and heat treatment of each type. The document also classifies alloy steels into low alloy steels containing 3-4% alloying elements and high alloy steels containing over 5% alloying elements. It discusses AISI, HSLA, tool/die and stainless varieties of alloy steels.
This document provides information on various heat treatment processes for steel, including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. It describes the purposes and procedures for each process. Key points include:
- Annealing involves heating steel above the upper critical temperature, then slow cooling to relieve stresses and improve ductility.
- Normalizing also involves heating above the upper critical temperature, but the steel is air cooled to refine grain size while retaining some strength.
- Hardening greatly increases strength by heating steel to the austenitizing temperature then quenching in water or oil to form martensite.
- Tempering is then used to reduce brittleness by reheating hardened steel to lower temperatures.
This document discusses the deoxidation of steel and inclusion control during steelmaking. It explains that oxygen dissolves in steel during production under oxidizing conditions and must be removed through deoxidation. Common deoxidizers like aluminum, silicon, and manganese are added as they have a high affinity for oxygen and form stable oxides. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the deoxidation reaction are described. Proper stirring of the melt is important to allow the deoxidation products to float to the surface and be removed. Calcium injection can also be used to modify inclusions and make them more globular and easier to remove from the steel.
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The document discusses key aspects of blast furnace design and operation, including:
1. Blast furnace productivity depends on optimal gas flow and smooth, rapid burden descent which requires an optimized furnace profile and lines.
2. Effluent gas from the furnace contains 20-30% CO by volume and is cleaned through three stages before use to reduce dust from 7-30 g/m3 to 0.01 g/m3.
3. Stoves are used to heat incoming blast with heat from cleaned furnace gas in a cyclic process, maintaining a steady, preheated blast supply to the furnace.
1. Slag is a molten oxide byproduct formed during smelting and refining of metals like steel. It contains both acidic oxides like SiO2 and basic oxides like CaO that neutralize each other.
2. An ideal slag for steelmaking has a basicity between 1.2-2.5, is sufficiently fluid, and can act as a thermal barrier while controlling the oxidation state of the steel through its FeO content.
3. The basicity, viscosity, oxidation potential, and ability to hold inclusions determine a slag's efficiency in refining steel of non-metallic impurities like phosphorus and sulfur.
This document discusses various heat treatments that can be used on steels, including:
- Annealing treatments like full annealing, recrystallization annealing, stress relief annealing, and spheroidization annealing.
- Normalizing to refine grain structure, harden slightly, and reduce segregation.
- Hardening by heating above the transformation temperatures and quenching to form martensite, followed by tempering.
- Factors that influence the severity of quenching and hardenability of steels, such as the quenching medium, agitation level, and alloying elements. Microstructures can vary from surface to interior based on cooling rate.
Nitriding is a surface hardening process that involves diffusing nitrogen into the surface of ferrous alloys like steel and cast iron. It is done by heating the metal between 500-590°C in contact with nitrogen gas or liquid. This creates a hard case on the surface while leaving the interior unaffected. The hardness and wear resistance of the surface is increased, improving properties like fatigue life and corrosion resistance. Common applications include engine and machine tool components. The thickness of the hardened case depends on factors like time and temperature during nitriding.
This document summarizes information about refractory-magnesia carbon bricks and their use in the steel industry. It discusses that magnesia-carbon bricks are a non-fired basic refractory material used as a lining in basic oxygen furnaces. The bricks contain magnesia for its refractory properties and graphite for its corrosion and thermal conductivity properties. The document outlines the preparation process for magnesia-carbon bricks and explains the mechanisms of how iron oxide in slag can react with and dissolve the carbon component over time, exposing the magnesia grains to further corrosion. It also discusses how varying the graphite content can affect the thermal properties and spalling resistance of the refractory lining.
This document provides an overview of casting and forging processes. Casting involves heating metal to a molten state and pouring it into a mold to create a desired shape. Forging uses thermal and mechanical energy to change the shape of steel billets or ingots while in a solid state. The document discusses the casting process, including manufacturing molds, and the forging process, including impression die forging and cold forging. Both casting and forging have advantages - casting allows for large sizes and complicated shapes while forging produces stronger, more durable parts.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their internal structure and properties. There are several heat treatment methods for carbon steels including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves heating steel to high temperatures and slowly cooling to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing also starts with heating above the critical point but involves air cooling to refine grain size. Hardening greatly increases hardness but causes brittleness, so tempering is used to relieve stresses and improve toughness through controlled reheating.
1) The document discusses different steelmaking processes including the Bessemer converter process, open hearth furnace process, and basic oxygen converter process.
2) The Bessemer converter process was the first major steelmaking technique but has been replaced by basic oxygen converters. It used hot metal and an oxygen blast to oxidize impurities.
3) The basic oxygen converter process is now the dominant steelmaking method. It uses a pear-shaped vessel, oxygen lancing, and produces steel in 40-60 minutes by oxidizing impurities into slag.
Effect Of CaO, FeO, MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3 Content of Slag on Dephosphorization ...karun19
Phosphorus has atomic number 15 and it can give up all 5 electrons from its outermost shell to become P5+ or accept 3 electrons to become P3- to attain stable configuration.
This means that phosphorus can be removed both under oxidizing as well as reducing conditions.
But removal of phosphorus under reducing conditions is not practical since its removal is highly hazardous.
Thus P removal is practised mostly under oxidizing conditions(i.e. in Basic Oxygen Furnace).
The document discusses heat treatment processes for nickel-based alloys. It describes factors that influence heat treatment of nickel, such as the effect of prior cold work and cooling rate. It also discusses controlling grain size and protecting from contamination. The main heat treatment processes for nickel alloys are annealing to produce a recrystallized structure, stress relieving, stress equalizing, solution treating before age hardening, and age hardening to obtain maximum strength. Specific processes for alloys like Nimonic, Inconel, Hastelloy, and Waspalloy are also outlined.
Stainless steels contain 10.5-30% chromium which forms a passive oxide layer protecting the steel from corrosion. Common types include martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, and duplex stainless steels. Martensitic stainless steels can be hardened through heat treatment while ferritic stainless steels have higher ductility and corrosion resistance. Duplex stainless steels have a mixed austenite and ferrite structure providing high strength and pitting/stress corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels have excellent ductility and toughness down to cryogenic temperatures and are widely used in chemical plants and food processing. Proper welding techniques are required to prevent issues like sensitization, hot cracking, and sigma
This document discusses nickel-free stainless steels as alternatives to conventional nickel-containing stainless steels. It notes that while nickel provides benefits like corrosion resistance, it is also detrimental to human health. Nickel can be replaced by other elements like nitrogen and manganese to develop low-nickel or nickel-free austenitic stainless steels. Specific nickel-free grades discussed include AISI 403, 405, 409, and 410. High-nitrogen stainless steels are also examined as they offer strength and good mechanical properties at high temperatures without nickel. Examples of applications for these nickel-free stainless steels include body implants, dental materials, and furnace components.
Refractories and Operation of RH and RH-OB Processsampad mishra
This document discusses refractories and the operation of RH and RH-OB vacuum degassing processes. It provides details on the purpose, activities, and products of various refining units. It also summarizes the theoretical aspects and operational controls of RH processing, including factors that influence the removal of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen from steel. Finally, it discusses refractory materials used in RH degassers and strategies for improving RH lining performance and extending degasser lifetime.
This document discusses various types of sands and additives used in metal casting. It begins by describing the main components of casting sand including silica, clays like bentonite, water, and other additives. It then focuses on describing different types of sands used like silica sands, zircon, olivine, chromite, and aluminum silicates. The document also discusses properties of molding sands and important characteristics like compression strength, permeability, refractoriness, and more. It provides details on how clays like bentonite and fireclay are used as bonding agents in green sand molds.
High strength interstitial free (IF) steels are produced with low carbon and nitrogen contents stabilized by titanium and niobium precipitates. These steels are soft and ductile without interstitial atoms. Three types of strengthening are used: precipitation strengthening from Ti and Nb carbides, and solid solution strengthening from alloying with phosphorus, silicon, and manganese. High strength IF steels can have tensile strengths ranging from 210 to 400 MPa while maintaining excellent formability for automotive applications like deep drawing. Heat treatments and alloying compositions are optimized to produce the desired mechanical properties.
Normalizing is a heat treatment process that increases the toughness of steels. It involves heating steel above a certain temperature, soaking, then air cooling to refine the grain structure, relieve internal stresses, and improve toughness. Normalizing produces a finer grain structure and stronger, harder steel compared to annealing, though it is slightly less ductile. It is commonly the last heat treatment applied before use to enhance the mechanical properties of steels.
Brief introduction into some of the changes and updates to both the ISO 6892-1 and ASTM E8/8M tensile testing standards for metals and ambient temperature, importantly strain control.
For more information please visit www.instron.com
Metals Tensile Testing Standards: ISO 6892-1 ASTM E8/8M for Strain ControlInstron
Brief introduction into some of the changes and updates to both the ISO 6892-1 and ASTM E8/8M tensile testing standards for metals and ambient temperature, importantly strain control
This document provides information on various heat treatment processes for steel, including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. It describes the purposes and procedures for each process. Key points include:
- Annealing involves heating steel above the upper critical temperature, then slow cooling to relieve stresses and improve ductility.
- Normalizing also involves heating above the upper critical temperature, but the steel is air cooled to refine grain size while retaining some strength.
- Hardening greatly increases strength by heating steel to the austenitizing temperature then quenching in water or oil to form martensite.
- Tempering is then used to reduce brittleness by reheating hardened steel to lower temperatures.
This document discusses the deoxidation of steel and inclusion control during steelmaking. It explains that oxygen dissolves in steel during production under oxidizing conditions and must be removed through deoxidation. Common deoxidizers like aluminum, silicon, and manganese are added as they have a high affinity for oxygen and form stable oxides. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the deoxidation reaction are described. Proper stirring of the melt is important to allow the deoxidation products to float to the surface and be removed. Calcium injection can also be used to modify inclusions and make them more globular and easier to remove from the steel.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The document discusses key aspects of blast furnace design and operation, including:
1. Blast furnace productivity depends on optimal gas flow and smooth, rapid burden descent which requires an optimized furnace profile and lines.
2. Effluent gas from the furnace contains 20-30% CO by volume and is cleaned through three stages before use to reduce dust from 7-30 g/m3 to 0.01 g/m3.
3. Stoves are used to heat incoming blast with heat from cleaned furnace gas in a cyclic process, maintaining a steady, preheated blast supply to the furnace.
1. Slag is a molten oxide byproduct formed during smelting and refining of metals like steel. It contains both acidic oxides like SiO2 and basic oxides like CaO that neutralize each other.
2. An ideal slag for steelmaking has a basicity between 1.2-2.5, is sufficiently fluid, and can act as a thermal barrier while controlling the oxidation state of the steel through its FeO content.
3. The basicity, viscosity, oxidation potential, and ability to hold inclusions determine a slag's efficiency in refining steel of non-metallic impurities like phosphorus and sulfur.
This document discusses various heat treatments that can be used on steels, including:
- Annealing treatments like full annealing, recrystallization annealing, stress relief annealing, and spheroidization annealing.
- Normalizing to refine grain structure, harden slightly, and reduce segregation.
- Hardening by heating above the transformation temperatures and quenching to form martensite, followed by tempering.
- Factors that influence the severity of quenching and hardenability of steels, such as the quenching medium, agitation level, and alloying elements. Microstructures can vary from surface to interior based on cooling rate.
Nitriding is a surface hardening process that involves diffusing nitrogen into the surface of ferrous alloys like steel and cast iron. It is done by heating the metal between 500-590°C in contact with nitrogen gas or liquid. This creates a hard case on the surface while leaving the interior unaffected. The hardness and wear resistance of the surface is increased, improving properties like fatigue life and corrosion resistance. Common applications include engine and machine tool components. The thickness of the hardened case depends on factors like time and temperature during nitriding.
This document summarizes information about refractory-magnesia carbon bricks and their use in the steel industry. It discusses that magnesia-carbon bricks are a non-fired basic refractory material used as a lining in basic oxygen furnaces. The bricks contain magnesia for its refractory properties and graphite for its corrosion and thermal conductivity properties. The document outlines the preparation process for magnesia-carbon bricks and explains the mechanisms of how iron oxide in slag can react with and dissolve the carbon component over time, exposing the magnesia grains to further corrosion. It also discusses how varying the graphite content can affect the thermal properties and spalling resistance of the refractory lining.
This document provides an overview of casting and forging processes. Casting involves heating metal to a molten state and pouring it into a mold to create a desired shape. Forging uses thermal and mechanical energy to change the shape of steel billets or ingots while in a solid state. The document discusses the casting process, including manufacturing molds, and the forging process, including impression die forging and cold forging. Both casting and forging have advantages - casting allows for large sizes and complicated shapes while forging produces stronger, more durable parts.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their internal structure and properties. There are several heat treatment methods for carbon steels including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves heating steel to high temperatures and slowly cooling to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing also starts with heating above the critical point but involves air cooling to refine grain size. Hardening greatly increases hardness but causes brittleness, so tempering is used to relieve stresses and improve toughness through controlled reheating.
1) The document discusses different steelmaking processes including the Bessemer converter process, open hearth furnace process, and basic oxygen converter process.
2) The Bessemer converter process was the first major steelmaking technique but has been replaced by basic oxygen converters. It used hot metal and an oxygen blast to oxidize impurities.
3) The basic oxygen converter process is now the dominant steelmaking method. It uses a pear-shaped vessel, oxygen lancing, and produces steel in 40-60 minutes by oxidizing impurities into slag.
Effect Of CaO, FeO, MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3 Content of Slag on Dephosphorization ...karun19
Phosphorus has atomic number 15 and it can give up all 5 electrons from its outermost shell to become P5+ or accept 3 electrons to become P3- to attain stable configuration.
This means that phosphorus can be removed both under oxidizing as well as reducing conditions.
But removal of phosphorus under reducing conditions is not practical since its removal is highly hazardous.
Thus P removal is practised mostly under oxidizing conditions(i.e. in Basic Oxygen Furnace).
The document discusses heat treatment processes for nickel-based alloys. It describes factors that influence heat treatment of nickel, such as the effect of prior cold work and cooling rate. It also discusses controlling grain size and protecting from contamination. The main heat treatment processes for nickel alloys are annealing to produce a recrystallized structure, stress relieving, stress equalizing, solution treating before age hardening, and age hardening to obtain maximum strength. Specific processes for alloys like Nimonic, Inconel, Hastelloy, and Waspalloy are also outlined.
Stainless steels contain 10.5-30% chromium which forms a passive oxide layer protecting the steel from corrosion. Common types include martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, and duplex stainless steels. Martensitic stainless steels can be hardened through heat treatment while ferritic stainless steels have higher ductility and corrosion resistance. Duplex stainless steels have a mixed austenite and ferrite structure providing high strength and pitting/stress corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels have excellent ductility and toughness down to cryogenic temperatures and are widely used in chemical plants and food processing. Proper welding techniques are required to prevent issues like sensitization, hot cracking, and sigma
This document discusses nickel-free stainless steels as alternatives to conventional nickel-containing stainless steels. It notes that while nickel provides benefits like corrosion resistance, it is also detrimental to human health. Nickel can be replaced by other elements like nitrogen and manganese to develop low-nickel or nickel-free austenitic stainless steels. Specific nickel-free grades discussed include AISI 403, 405, 409, and 410. High-nitrogen stainless steels are also examined as they offer strength and good mechanical properties at high temperatures without nickel. Examples of applications for these nickel-free stainless steels include body implants, dental materials, and furnace components.
Refractories and Operation of RH and RH-OB Processsampad mishra
This document discusses refractories and the operation of RH and RH-OB vacuum degassing processes. It provides details on the purpose, activities, and products of various refining units. It also summarizes the theoretical aspects and operational controls of RH processing, including factors that influence the removal of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen from steel. Finally, it discusses refractory materials used in RH degassers and strategies for improving RH lining performance and extending degasser lifetime.
This document discusses various types of sands and additives used in metal casting. It begins by describing the main components of casting sand including silica, clays like bentonite, water, and other additives. It then focuses on describing different types of sands used like silica sands, zircon, olivine, chromite, and aluminum silicates. The document also discusses properties of molding sands and important characteristics like compression strength, permeability, refractoriness, and more. It provides details on how clays like bentonite and fireclay are used as bonding agents in green sand molds.
High strength interstitial free (IF) steels are produced with low carbon and nitrogen contents stabilized by titanium and niobium precipitates. These steels are soft and ductile without interstitial atoms. Three types of strengthening are used: precipitation strengthening from Ti and Nb carbides, and solid solution strengthening from alloying with phosphorus, silicon, and manganese. High strength IF steels can have tensile strengths ranging from 210 to 400 MPa while maintaining excellent formability for automotive applications like deep drawing. Heat treatments and alloying compositions are optimized to produce the desired mechanical properties.
Normalizing is a heat treatment process that increases the toughness of steels. It involves heating steel above a certain temperature, soaking, then air cooling to refine the grain structure, relieve internal stresses, and improve toughness. Normalizing produces a finer grain structure and stronger, harder steel compared to annealing, though it is slightly less ductile. It is commonly the last heat treatment applied before use to enhance the mechanical properties of steels.
Brief introduction into some of the changes and updates to both the ISO 6892-1 and ASTM E8/8M tensile testing standards for metals and ambient temperature, importantly strain control.
For more information please visit www.instron.com
Metals Tensile Testing Standards: ISO 6892-1 ASTM E8/8M for Strain ControlInstron
Brief introduction into some of the changes and updates to both the ISO 6892-1 and ASTM E8/8M tensile testing standards for metals and ambient temperature, importantly strain control
The document discusses furnace calibration requirements according to the AMS 2750E aerospace standard. It describes the need for temperature uniformity surveys (TUS) to determine a furnace's work zone and ensure uniform heating. TUS involves measuring temperature variations across a furnace using thermocouples and comparing results to the standard's allowable deviations. The document also covers furnace classes and their uniformity requirements, sensor requirements, how to conduct a TUS, and the related system accuracy test (SAT) to determine temperature control errors.
An Improved Subgrade Model for Crash Analysis of Guardrail Posts - University...Altair
This document presents an improved subgrade model for analyzing guardrail posts during crash testing. The model combines continuum and subgrade methods to account for inertia effects. It models the soil-post interaction using spring stiffness calculated from bearing capacity, lumped soil masses, and viscous dampers. Simulation results matched well with four dynamic tests, improving accuracy over traditional subgrade models while maintaining computational efficiency compared to full continuum modeling. The proposed method can better simulate guardrail crash tests in cohesionless soils.
Khalid Fathy is an experienced Egyptian civil engineer and project manager with over 15 years of experience in structural design, testing, analysis, project execution, and management. He holds a Bachelor's degree in civil engineering and has managed projects in Saudi Arabia and Qatar with budgets up to SAR 27 million. His areas of expertise include project management, structural design, cost controls, quality control, and ensuring safety compliance.
This document discusses international hygienic standards for operating rooms, including key details from standards like DIN, HTM, and ASHRAE. It highlights important design considerations like minimum room size, air volume, velocity, temperature and humidity requirements. It also notes common mistakes in design like not matching air flow to laminar flow ceiling needs or supply air temperature to internal heat loads. Adhering to standards properly requires integrated strategies across disciplines for optimal hygienic safety.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY:
A NON-EE/CS iLAB FOR STATIC BENDING TEST
(final year project thesis - presented by ISHOLA Babatunde Isaac, February, 2011)
This document provides an overview of pavement design methods and the 1993 AASHTO Guide for pavement design of both flexible and rigid pavements. It summarizes:
- The objectives and inputs considered in pavement design
- The empirical and mechanistic-empirical approaches used in the AASHTO Guide
- The key equations, parameters, and design process for both flexible and rigid pavement structures
It describes how the AASHTO Guide is based on predicting the decrease in serviceability over time under traffic loading using reliability concepts. The design process involves calculating the structural number for flexible pavements or slab thickness for rigid pavements based on traffic, materials properties, and reliability factors.
Fatigue is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to fluctuating stresses that are less than the static yield strength of the material. It accounts for about 90% of industrial failures. Fatigue occurs in five stages: cyclic plastic deformation, crack initiation, crack propagation, propagation of macro cracks, and final fracture. It is characterized by beach marks and a rough, brittle fracture surface. Fatigue life can be represented using an S-N curve which plots the maximum stress versus the number of cycles to failure. The fatigue limit or endurance limit is identified as the stress below which a material can undergo any number of stress cycles without failure.
The document discusses various ASTM bolt specifications. It provides details on specifications for bolts made of different materials, intended for different applications and temperature ranges. Specifications cover bolts made of steel, alloy steel and stainless steel. Each specification lists the grades of bolts it covers along with the minimum mechanical properties requirements for each grade.
Construction Materials Engineering and Testingmecocca5
This document provides an overview of materials testing services for soil, aggregate, concrete, and masonry. It describes common laboratory and field tests for evaluating the properties and quality of construction materials, including tests for soil particle size and compaction, concrete slump and strength, and masonry compressive strength. The document emphasizes that materials testing should be performed by properly trained personnel according to standardized test methods and that test results should be reported in a timely manner.
Standards provide rules and guidelines for testing garments and quality control. There are various types of standards including company, industry, government, and full consensus standards. Standards help define safety requirements, set performance levels, reduce costs, prevent mistakes, and provide continuity. Common tests include pilling, colorfastness, fabric weight, wrinkle resistance, and strength. Organizations like AATCC, ASTM, ANSI, BIS, and ISO develop and maintain standards used in the garment industry. Compliance with standards is important for quality control.
Standards provide rules to measure capacity, quality, and adequacy of structures and machines. This document discusses how standards are developed by organizations like ISO, ANSI, and ASME. It describes the numbering systems used by organizations like ASTM to identify standards. Finally, it summarizes several standards organizations pertinent to mechanics of materials design, including AIA, AAI, AISI, AISC, and others, and the types of standards they produce regarding materials, steel, aluminum, and structural design.
ME290 Global Engineering Professional Seminar Engine.docxendawalling
Here are the answers:
a) Graded vesting, since the options vest 20% each year over 5 years
b) Under US GAAP:
2017: 1,000 options * $3 (FV - $20) = $3,000
2018: 1,000 options * $2 (FV - $21) = $2,000
2019: 1,000 options * $2 (FV - $22) = $2,000
2020: 1,000 options * $2 (FV - $23) = $2,000
2021: 1,000 options * $2 (FV - $24) = $2,000
c) Under IFRS
ME290 Global Engineering Professional Seminar Engine.docxwkyra78
ME290
Global Engineering Professional
Seminar
Engineering Standards and Professional
Societies
ABET* requirement: General Criterion 3. Student Outcomes
7. an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using
appropriate learning strategies
Engineering Standards and
Professional Societies
*ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc.) is an organization that
accredits post-secondary education programs.
Professional Organizations for Mechanical
Engineers
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)
• International Academy for Production Engineering
(CIRP)
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
• Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)
• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
• Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM)
• Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
• American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
• American Welding Society (AWS)
• Association of Energy Engineers (AEE)
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
and many others.
Role of Professional Associations
Most professional associations perform the following functions:
• Advocate on behalf of public policy or broad professional issues
affecting members
• Circulate standards for professional preparation and practice
• Provide educational training and professional development programs
• Publish and disseminate research, information and opinion
• Assist members with career development issues
• Create opportunities for professional peers to interact
• Keep members up to date
Common Characteristics
• Legally incorporated non-profit entities.
• Governing board of elected and/or appointed individuals.
• Operations are managed by volunteers.
• Relatively small office staffs to provide administrative services.
• Funded primarily through member dues, institutional
memberships, fees for programs/services, publications, and
grants.
• Exercise of power limited to small number of members
• International participation.
• Online presence.
Benefits of Involvement
• Enhance one’s development
• Administrative and professional skills
• Gain new perspectives and knowledge
• Develop leadership skills and orientation to the profession
• Career placement opportunities
• Stronger sense of professional identity
• Colleagues and professional networks
• Exchange of ideas
• Opportunities for continued interactions and get-togethers
• Make a contribution to the association
• Help and/or influence the profession and its direction
• Shape professional practice and accreditation standards
Benefits of Student Membership
• Professional development
• Networking opportunities
• Seminars and conferences
• Education/training
• Exclusive online resources
• Discounted or free publications
• Resume building
• Job hunting
Engineering Standards
Internationa.
The document provides an overview of ASME standards, including what ASME is, what standards are, why they exist, and how they are developed. ASME is a professional engineering society that develops consensus-based standards to improve safety, promote uniformity, and enable commerce. Standards provide consistent requirements for areas like materials selection, design, fabrication, testing, and quality assurance to help engineers. ASME has over 500 published standards developed through a voluntary consensus process involving subject matter experts and approval by relevant committees.
To meet the standard requirement, all NDT procedures must be carried out as per standard procedure to obtain desired test results. These procedures are derived from applicable codes and standards.
Day 1 Review Industrial Codes and Standards.pptxmusaabdalla3
This document discusses standards and their importance for engineers. It defines a standard as a document developed through consensus that describes how a product is obtained or used. Standards benefit commerce by reducing costs, improving products, and expanding markets. Practicing engineers need standards to efficiently design and build deliverable products. Engineering managers need new standards to capture knowledge as experienced engineers retire, addressing an expected shortage. An ideal standard is relevant, unambiguous, consistent, and measurable. Standards include best practices and lessons learned but not every situation. Observance of standards reduces liability risks and ensures compatibility.
01Form and Style for ASTM Standards.pptxwaleedElazab
- ASTM is a global organization founded in 1898 that develops voluntary consensus standards through technical expert committees. It has over 30,000 members from 150 countries.
- Committee D02 is ASTM's largest committee, focused on petroleum, liquid fuels, and lubricants. It has over 800 standards developed by a structure of subcommittees and task groups.
- ASTM test methods are concise procedures for determining material properties and constituents, and provide sufficient detail and precision for their intended uses.
This presentation was provided by Rob Wheeler of ASME and Lesley West of ASTM International during the NISO event, XML for Standards Publishers, held in Geneva Switzerland on October 9, 2017.
The document discusses material testing and provides classifications of different types of materials like metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It describes destructive and non-destructive testing methods for materials. Some common destructive tests mentioned are tension, compression, hardness, and impact tests. Non-destructive tests discussed include ultrasonic, radiographic, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant testing. The document also outlines international standards organizations for materials testing like ISO, ASTM, BIS, IEC, and IEEE.
This document provides an introduction to machine design and its various considerations. It defines machine design as the process of engineering design that involves designing machine elements and arranging them optimally to obtain useful work. Some key points covered include:
- Classification of machine design types including adaptive, development, and new design.
- Factors to consider in machine design such as material selection, forces on elements, size, shape, weight, manufacturing method, reliability, and cost.
- The general procedure of machine design including need identification, mechanism synthesis, force analysis, material selection, element design, modification, and drawing production.
- Considerations for manufacturability such as reducing part counts, modular design, and designing for
The document discusses the importance of teaching standards in engineering education. It notes that standards are not well understood by most engineers due to a lack of education on the topic in engineering schools. The document outlines the benefits of standards, types of standards, and how they are developed. It provides examples of how different universities incorporate standards into their curriculum, such as through design projects and dedicated courses. Resources for teaching standards from organizations like ANSI and ASTM are also presented. The document advocates for engineering programs to better educate students on standards to prepare them for industry.
The document provides information about the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It discusses ANSI's mission to enhance competitiveness and quality of life by facilitating voluntary consensus standards. It outlines ANSI's history dating back to 1918 and describes its role in overseeing the development of American National Standards. The document also summarizes ANSI's organizational structure, accreditation process for standards developers, and the process for developing American National Standards.
The document discusses industry standards and how they impact cable assembly designs. It defines various types of standards including materials-centric, product-centric, safety-centric, and customer-centric standards. It also discusses key standards organizations, different types of standards documents, and examples of performance and safety standards that are important for cable assemblies. The document aims to provide an overview of the many industry standards that must be considered in cable assembly design.
This document provides an introduction to machine design concepts and principles. It defines machine design as using scientific principles and imagination to design machines to perform specific functions efficiently. The document outlines the machine design process, including defining the problem, analyzing requirements, selecting appropriate mechanisms and materials, and preliminary design. It also discusses important machine elements, mechanical properties of materials, stress-strain diagrams, and industry codes and standards relevant to machine design. Key definitions are provided for terms like load, stress, strain, and stress systems.
The document discusses testing without formal requirements. It notes that testers often complain about a lack of adequate requirements, but still rely on requirements to base their tests. Even without defined requirements, testers can ask questions about the system, anticipate common risks, involve users in acceptance testing, and perform random testing. The document provides suggestions for growing a "system function tree" to understand and describe a system without formal requirements in order to develop a test strategy, approach, and cases. It emphasizes that testing can still be done effectively even without traditional requirements.
ME290 Global Engineering Professional Seminar EngineerAbramMartino96
ME290
Global Engineering
Professional Seminar
Engineering Standards
and Professional Societies
Lecture-1
ABET* requirement: General Criterion 3. Student Outcomes
7. an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using
appropriate learning strategies
Engineering Standards and
Professional Societies
*ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc.) is an organization that accredits post-
secondary education programs.
Professional Organizations for Mechanical Engineers
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)
• International Academy for Production Engineering (CIRP)
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
• Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)
• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
• Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM)
• Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
• American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
• American Welding Society (AWS)
• Association of Energy Engineers (AEE)
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
and many others.
Role of Professional Associations
Most professional associations perform the following functions:
• Advocate on behalf of public policy or broad professional issues
affecting members
• Circulate standards for professional preparation and practice
• Provide educational training and professional development
programs
• Publish and disseminate research, information and opinion
• Assist members with career development issues
• Create opportunities for professional peers to interact
• Keep members up to date
Common Characteristics
• Legally incorporated non-profit entities.
• Governing board of elected and/or appointed individuals.
• Operations are managed by volunteers.
• Relatively small office staffs to provide administrative services.
• Funded primarily through member dues, institutional
memberships, fees for programs/services, publications, and
grants.
• Exercise of power limited to small number of members
• International participation.
• Online presence.
Benefits of Involvement
• Enhance one’s development
• Administrative and professional skills
• Gain new perspectives and knowledge
• Develop leadership skills and orientation to the profession
• Career placement opportunities
• Stronger sense of professional identity
• Colleagues and professional networks
• Exchange of ideas
• Opportunities for continued interactions and get-togethers
• Make a contribution to the association
• Help and/or influence the profession and its direction
• Shape professional practice and accreditation standards
Benefits of Student Membership
• Professional development
• Networking opportunities
• Seminars and conferences
• Education/training
• Exclusive online resources
• Discounted or free publications
• Resume building
• Job hunting
Example: American Society of Mech ...
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Design standards provide uniformity and consistency in engineering design. They establish procedures, dimensions, materials and other criteria to reduce variations and promote compatibility. There are several benefits to using standards in design including cost reduction through procurement savings and raw material standardization, quality improvement, production flexibility, and manufacturing responsiveness. Standards are developed by various organizations and cover different aspects of design such as performance, test methods, and codes of practice. Their use leads to lower costs, easier availability of parts, less design work, and mass production of standardized components.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
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Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
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Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
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This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
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1. Aspects of Standards
Why are they important?
And, examples in Metallurgical Testing
John M. Tartaglia, Ph.D.
Senior Metallurgical Engineer & Engineering Manager
Element Wixom
March 6, 2012 Aspects of Standards
2. Webinar Schedule
• Begin lecture at 1 pm
• Lecture for about 50 minutes
• Questions & Answers
– During webinar and directly after webinar
• Ask questions using the GoToWebinar question box
• These questions will be answered in the remaining 10
minutes
– After the webinar is posted, send me an email at
• John.tartaglia@element.com
Aspects of Standards 2
3. Presentation Requests & Materials
• Supplied materials
1. PowerPoint slides
• You may download a copy of this webinar from our website within 48 hours
• You may separately download a pdf copy of this presentation from the
website, without my voice
Element Materials Technology marketing information and scopes are
available on our website: www.element.com
• Topical Coverage
– I picked topics based on my/our experience with these standards
– I’ll try to keep your interest
– I won’t cover all the notes; some of them are for reference only. This
may be a good reason to download the pdf copy of the presentation.
– I will cover and omit topics partly based on time expenditure
– This presentation contains some of the presenter’s personal opinions.
• Some parties may consider these assertions to be controversial.
• The opinions do not represent ASTM, ASM, JIS, ISO or Element policy.
Aspects of Standards 3
4. Questions that will be (at least) partially
answered in this webinar
• How are ASTM standards developed?
• How often are ASTM & SAE test methods and other standards
revised?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of various types of
specifications?
• What are some guidelines for citing open specifications and test
methods in industrial part prints and contractual documents
• What are some implications of using domestic standards for
products produced in foreign locations?
• What are some key differences between the metallurgical
standards published by various organizations, e.g., SAE, ASTM,
JIS, DIN, EN, ISO, etc.?
Aspects of Standards 4
5. Aspects of Standards Topics
• Definition of standards
• ASTM society description
• ASTM collections and nomenclature
• Types of ASTM committees & standards
• Other standards organizations
• ASTM standards numbering
• ASTM standard revision timing
• ASTM versus SAE test methods and specifications
• Why bother and a “sad story”
• Test method standards, including ASTM vs. other types
– Hardness and Mechanical Test Standards
– Quantitative Metallography Standards
Aspects of Standards 5
6. What is ASTM?
• Originally known as the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM).
• Begun in 1898 when engineers and scientists gathered to address
frequent rail breaks in the burgeoning railroad industry.
• Now known as ASTM International, which is one of the largest
voluntary standards development organizations in the world.
• ASTM standards make products and services safer, better and more
cost-effective.
Information on this and subsequent ASTM slides was obtained from
www.astm.org and the ASTM “Blue book”
Aspects of Standards 6
7. ASTM vs. ASM
• Note that ASTM and ASM are very different
• ASTM is a standards-making organization
• ASM International:
– Is the former American Society for Metals,
– Is The Materials Information Society,
– Only supplies information about materials,
– Issues no standards, but
– Publishes handbooks that are an excellent source for cross-
referencing various metals and alloy specifications
Aspects of Standards 7
9. ASTM standards facts
• 12,000 standards
• Delivered by PDF file download, CD, or
• 77 book volumes of standards
– Two digit section number precedes a period
– Two digit volume number follows the period
– Example:
• Section 3: Metals Test Methods and Analytical Procedures
• Volume 03.01: Metals—Mechanical Testing; Elevated and Low-
Temperature Tests; Metallography
– With the advent of computerized standard delivery, the ASTM
book volumes are becoming less significant and less used.
• However, they are still extremely valuable for several specialized
reasons like subject matter searches and alloy groupings because the
ASTM website does not quite give you this key wording “perfection”.
Aspects of Standards 9
10. Volume 03.01 – Metals
(most common in metals labs)
Volume 03.01 includes tests and practices that
outline the standard procedures needed to
perform mechanical testing
Some standards define terms and explain
procedures related to fatigue testing and loading
Also featured are metallography tests and
practices
Aspects of Standards 10
11. ASTM “standard” is a
generic description
• standard, n—as used in ASTM International, a
document that has been developed and
established within the consensus principles of
the Society and that meets the approval
requirements of ASTM procedures and
regulations.
– The term “standard” is also used as a generic adjective in the
title of documents, such as test methods or specifications. The
various types of standard documents are prescribed by the
ASTM committees.
Aspects of Standards 11
12. Primary types of
ASTM standards
specification, n—an explicit set of
requirements to be satisfied by a
material, product, system, or service.
test method, n—a definitive procedure
that produces a test result.
Aspects of Standards 12
13. Other types of ASTM standards
guide, n—a compendium of information or series of
options that does not recommend a specific course of
action.
practice, n—a definitive set of instructions for performing
one or more specific operations that does not produce a
test result. This is not really true; many practices do
produce a test result.
terminology standard, n—a document comprising
definitions of terms; explanations of symbols,
abbreviations, or acronyms.
Aspects of Standards 13
14. Other standards-making
organizations
• In this webinar, I mostly discuss ASTM and SAE
because they are the organizations that are
arguably most predominant in North America
and Detroit, respectively, where Element Wixom
mostly operates.
• However, there are many organizations that
issue standards.
• To the left of this slide is an example, from a
survey, of all the organizations that issue
aerospace standards:
14
15. JIS Background
• The Japanese Standards Association is an organization that
formed in December 6, 1945.
• The objective of the association is "to educate the public
regarding the standardization and unification of industrial
standards, and thereby to contribute to the improvement of
technology and the enhancement of production efficiency".
• The primary activity of JSA is to publish and distribute JIS
(Japanese Industrial Standards)
• JSA also publishes books on industrial standardization, quality
management (control), administrative management, science and
technology, JIS Handbooks, and other books.
http://www.jsa.or.jp/default_english.asp
Aspects of Standards 15
16. ISO Background
http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm
• ISO standards are developed similarly to ASTM and according to the following
principles:
• Consensus
The views of all interests are taken into account: manufacturers, vendors and users,
consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments, engineering professions and
research organizations.
• Industry wide
Global solutions to satisfy industries and customers worldwide.
• Voluntary
International standardization is market driven and therefore based on voluntary
involvement of all interests in the market-place.
• Example: Element laboratories have A2LA Accreditation
International Standard ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 “General requirements for the
competence of testing and calibration laboratories”
Aspects of Standards 16
17. DIN and EN Background
http://www.din.de/cmd?level=tpl-home&languageid=en http://www.cen.eu/cen/Pages/default.aspx
• The creation of German standards is the task of DIN, a self-governing institution of trade
and industry.
• DIN represents Germany and fulfils an equivalent function in the European and
International (ISO) standards organization.
• An EN standard is a European standard, with the status of a DIN or BS (British) standard.
• CEN develops EN standards, in the same way as ASTM and ISO:
– Standards are developed through a consensus process;
– Participants in standards development represent all concerned interests: industry, authorities and
civil society, contributing mainly through their national standards bodies;
– Draft standards are made public for consultation at large;
– The final and formal vote is binding on all members;
– The European Standards (ENs) must be transposed into national standards and conflicting
standards withdrawn.
Aspects of Standards 17
18. ASTM standards
• Numbering
• Revision and issuance
• Test methods
• Specifications
• The sad stories…..
Aspects of Standards 18
19. Standards Numbering
• Volume 03.01 contains standards produced by the
following committee(s):
– E04 on Metallography
– E08 on Fatigue and Fracture
– E28 on Mechanical Testing
– E30 and E58 on Forensic Sciences and Engineering, respectively
• I’m a member of these three committees for Element
Wixom and I vote on new and revised standards that are
issued by several subcommittees of these committees.
• The standards themselves are preceded by their letter
category and a chronological number (which varies from
one to four digits).
Aspects of Standards 19
20. Standards Numbering Example
E1234M-99a(2004)ε1
The “E” signifies that it is a “Miscellaneous Subjects” standard, and
that it was probably published by an “E” committee and
subcommittee.
The “1234” signifies that it is the 1234th standard developed in the E
category.
The “M” means the standard version with metric units. Sometimes
this is in a separate document like this example
– Usually it is in the same document with the English units and called
E1234(E1234M)a(2004)e1.
4. The “99” signifies that it was originally adopted or last revised in 1999.
5. Standards can be revised every day, but in reality, it takes a rather
long process with one or more votes.
– The “a” signifies that it was revised once in 1999 after it was adopted or a
revision was published during that year.
20
21. Standards Numbering Continued
E1234M-99a(2004)ε1 (with rules)
1. The “2004” signifies that it was reapproved with no
changes during 2004.
– All ASTM standards must be reapproved or withdrawn
(after a vote) within seven years.
– ASTM will automatically withdraw the standard when/if the
(sub)committee does not act to submit the standard for
reapproval, revision or withdrawal vote within the seven
years.
The e1 or e1 signifies that it was revised editorially.
– These editorial revisions do not require a vote and are
usually used to correct clerical mistakes.
Aspects of Standards 21
22. ASTM Standard Footnotes & Chronology
• The footnotes at the bottom of the left hand column of each standard
give more pedigree information.
• Chronology:
– The current edition was approved on July 1, 2007.
– The current edition was published in September 2007.
– The standard was originally published as E3-21T, which was in 1921.
This is the oldest surviving E standard!
– The last previous edition was E3-01, or the 2001 version.
• The 2007 reapproval makes it a separate version!
• Both a committee and a subcommittee are involved in issuance:
– Jurisdiction of ASTM (Main) Committee E04 on Metallography
– Direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.01 on Specimen Preparation.
Aspects of Standards 22
23. Are your ASTM standards updated in
a timely manner?
• ASTM standards change at any time
– Some changes occur multiple times throughout the year.
• With standards in book form, you probably don’t have the
latest standard.
• If you update once a quarter, you are more timely, but you
are still behind.
• ASTM email notification service is available
– when a standard of interest is updated and downloadable
as a pdf.
• Often entities, and even ASTM, references obsolete or
withdrawn standards!
Aspects of Standards 23
24. Incorporating ASTM standard revisions
• At Element Wixom, I read the standard and see what has
changed. (For the major ASTM test methods, I know this because
I’ve voted on the standard revisions during development.)
• The subcommittee authors sometimes make this easy with a
“Notification of Changes” section since the last revision.
• I then notify the laboratory staff who will be affected, and it’s their
responsibility to incorporate the revisions into their daily test or
certification practice.
• A2LA and other accreditation bodies like Nadcap require a full
citation on a report for the relevant standard. This must include
the year and revision designation. I am surprised at how often
that’s missing on many laboratory reports!
Aspects of Standards 24
25. Other documents reference ASTM standards
• Besides ASTM, many companies and standardizing bodies
issue test methods.
• Almost all of these organizations refer to ASTM standards,
but not all of them do so correctly!
• The major examples of incorrect (or at least inadvisable)
reference are as follows:
– Including a year for the reference (which is exactly opposite to the
requirement for a report)
– Abstracting data from the cited ASTM standard, e.g., an alloy
composition
– Both of these references are potentially out-of-date as soon as they
are published.
Aspects of Standards 25
26. An example of a print exhibiting a
problematic specification reference
Print DATE: 06/20/97
Material: LEADED RED BRASS PER ASTM B584-87 ALLOY UNS NO. C83600
• Print requires (19)87 Version of ASTM B584
• The earliest edition of the standard that we could find was (19)98a
• The sample was out-of-specification for 98a
– This is the current (2008) version of the ASTM standard.
• However, the question remains:
– Was the alloy out-of-specification in the 1987 version of the ASTM standard?
Aspects of Standards 26
27. SAE vs. ASTM test methods
Test Method SAE ASTM
E10-10
Hardness J417 Dec 1983 E18-08b
E140-07
Decarburization J419 Dec 1983 E1077-01(2005)
Inclusions J422 Dec 1983 E45-11
Case Depth J423 Feb 1998 None!
• ASTM is updated much more frequently so procedures are different.
• SAE test methods, except for case depth, are hardly used anymore.
Aspects of Standards 27
28. SAE vs. ASTM alloy specifications
Alloy
SAE ASTM
Specification
A684(A684M)-10a
J403 for strip with separate
Plain Carbon standards for wrought
November 2001
Steels products of different form
(wrought only) (sheet, plate, tube, bar, etc.)
or castings
Ductile Iron J434 Feb 2004 A536-84 (2009)
• ASTM usually requires more and different things.
• SAE has more ambiguities.
Aspects of Standards 28
29. Differences in plain carbon steel
specifications
SAE J403 November 2001 ASTM A684 (A684M)-10a
• Requires • Requires
– C range – C range
– Mn range – Mn range
– P maximum – P maximum
– S maximum – S maximum
– Report other elements – Si range (although exceptions)
• Special callouts for – Report other elements
– B and/or Si ranges • Special callouts for
– Copper minimum – B and/or Si ranges
– Lead (Pb) range – Lead (Pb) range
• No discussion of residuals • Residuals are limited
– Ni, Cr, Mo – Ni, Cr, Mo, and Cu
– Could lead to a tool, alloy or • Strip thickness is specified
stainless steel being classified
as a plain carbon steel
Aspects of Standards 29
30. Example: A true, but sanitized and relevant story
• Major OEM buys a safety-critical fastener system from fastener manufacturer in
accordance with a print specifying 1050 steel per SAE J403.
• Fastener manufacturer buys a component for the system from heat treater
– Heat Treater buys “1050” steel from Service Center #1.
– Service Center #1 buys “1050” steel from another service center (call it #2).
– Service Center #2 supplies “3150” steel, and doesn’t report (to Heat Treater and
Service Center #1) that the steel contains 0.8%Cr and 1.25%Ni.
• Don’t worry if you’ve never heard of 3150; it was only obsoleted in 1952.
– Service center #1 reports only C, Mn, P, S, and Si to Heat Treater
• Heat treater hardens and tempers 3150, certifies it as 1050, and reports Service
Center #1’s composition to fastener manufacturer.
• Fasteners embrittle in the field and this caused a large recall.
• Major OEM very upset
– OEM metallurgists say everyone should know that 1050 steel wasn’t supplied
– OEM quality engineers and Tartaglia say 3150 steel is no different than 1050 steel
based on SAE J403
Aspects of Standards 30
31. Ways That Failures Can Be Caused by
Incorrect, Ambiguous, or Insufficient
Specifications or Test Methods
• Due to cost, availability, volume, or dimensional
considerations
– Prototypes often survive Production Part Approval Process
(PPAP),* but production material fails because it is specified
differently before production launch
*PPAP definition Per AIAG (Automotive Industry Action Group)
– Prototype testing is only conducted on one end of the specification
limit, but production parts may still fail even if they meet design
specification
• Specification is incomplete and inaccurate
• Conformance testing is not specified or ambiguously
specified
Aspects of Standards 31
32. How can you be sure?
• Test, test, test, TEST
• Ask Element about what kind of tests to
run
• Supply Element with your specifications
and ask us about certification options
Aspects of Standards 32
33. Aspects of Mechanical Testing
Standards
• Definitions in ASTM E6
• Different ASTM tensile test
methods
• Determining yield strength and
modulus from tensile tests
• Differing elongation methods
(ASTM vs. ISO & JIS)
• Charpy V-notch toughness (ASTM
vs. ISO & JIS)
Aspects of Standards 33
34. ASTM tensile test methods
• E8 standard English method
– Uses psi or ksi and 4:1 gauge length to diameter/width ratio
– Mechanical/Uniaxial ASTM E28.04 subcommittee
• E8M standard metric units method
– Now combined standard, with E8
– Uses 5:1 gauge length to diameter/width ratio
– Same as ISO and JIS test methods, except for elongation calculations
– Uses MegaPascals=MPa = MN/m2 = N/mm2 (≠ kg/mm2)
• B557/B557M
– For nonferrous wrought and cast aluminum and magnesium only
– Light Metals and Alloys (product) ASTM B07.05 subcommittee responsibility
• A370
– For steel products
– Includes many tests besides tensile
– Steel (product) ASTM A01.13 subcommittee responsibility
• All have virtually same requirements (now) thankfully
Aspects of Standards 34
35. Methods and terminology for strength
testing in various standards
• JIS Z2241, and DIN EN 10 002-1 results have the same
yield and tensile strength requirements as ASTM,
although the JIS and DIN test methods use different
symbols for the results versus ASTM.
– 0.2%YS, UTS, El, and RA are yield strength, (ultimate)
tensile strength, Elongation, and reduction of area
respectively, in ASTM standards
– Rp is proof strength, Rm is tensile strength, Z is reduction
of area, and A is elongation for EN and JIS standards
• Proof vs. Yield
– Offset method is used for 0.2% offset YS in US & 0.1%
proof stress in UK
– Upper and lower yield strength is terminology reserved for
discontinuous yielding in all the standards
– In JIS and DIN, offset method is used for “proof” and the
word “yield” is reserved for discontinuous yielding
• All standards define 5% EUL (extension under load);
mostly for Cu alloys
Aspects of Standards 35
36. Elongation measurements
Elongation at fracture
– Total elongation per current versions of ASTM test methods E8, B557 and
A370
– Measured by extensometer
Elongation after fracture (manual and plastic)
– Measured physically by pushing fractured samples together (under 2 ksi
pressure, if desired)
– Measure final gauge length with digital calipers
• Will overestimate elongation in brittle materials because you cannot push sample
ends together perfectly
• Will be similar to #1 for ductile materials
3. ASTM elongation calculation is all the same for JIS Z2242.
4. ASTM elongation calculation is mostly the same for DIN EN 10 002 Part
1
– DIN EN has somewhat different gauge length requirements for some
specimens, and thus elongation is calculated somewhat differently than ASTM
and JIS.
Aspects of Standards 36
37. What’s the results section of the
standard test method require?
• Assumption:
– In this age of computers, you can get sophisticated data
• Potential problem:
– But should you trust it (GIGO=garbage in-garbage out)?
• Example:
– ASTM E8, JIS Z2242, and DIN EN 10 045 Results
– Reports only ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS),
elongation (%El), and reduction of area (%RA) and a few other
items under some conditions in all three types of standards
– What about modulus (E) and digital stress-strain curves?
Aspects of Standards 37
38. Elastic modulus and digital stress-strain
determination: ASTM E111
Only small difference 50
between 45
40
extensometer and 35
30
strain gauge here 25
20
Although this full
15
curve looks OK,
300 10
5
250 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Engineering Strain (%)
200
40
Stress (ksi)
150
35
30
100
25 significant inaccuracy has
20
15
occurred at low strains
Extensometer Strain %
50 10 here, so strain gauge must
Strain Gauge Strain %
5
0
be used!
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600
Engineering Strain (%)
Engineering Strain %
Aspects of Standards 38
39. Charpy impact toughness
• ASTM E23 and the other worldwide standards
– Fast and inexpensive
– Constant overall standard geometry (10 mm by 10 mm by 55
mm) and apparatus
– V-notch is the same throughout the world
– All standards report energy in Joules or ft-lbs
• Multiply ft-lbs by 1.355 to obtain Joules (J)
• U-notch can have different depth in US versus Europe
– ASTM E23 and JIS Z2242 = 5 mm depth (although JIS allows
2 mm in special instances)
– EN 10 045 = 5 mm
– DIN 50 115 = 3 mm for DVM (special for some ductile cast
irons)
– Notch depths will give much different energy results
• No testing standard allows or discusses reporting of energy
density (Joules per mm2), but many users scale energies
for subsize samples
– Although some product testing standards allow this
calculation, this energy density calculation is fraught with peril!
Aspects of Standards 39
40. Inclusion Definitions & Analyses
• Indigenous (endogenous): A nonmetallic material that
precipitates from the melt. An indigenous inclusion is
native.
• Exogenous: A nonmetallic constituent produced by
entrapment of foreign material in the melt.
• Inclusion cleanliness severity ratings are usually applied
to indigenous inclusions only, and mostly in steels. I will
discuss ASTM, German DIN, and Japanese JIS methods
for these.
• Inclusion content determinations and elemental analyses
can be applied to all inclusion types and metal alloys. I
won’t discuss these, but they are covered in ASTM test
methods and practices E1245, E2283, and E2142.
Aspects of Standards 40
41. Inclusion Cleanliness Severity
Standards
• American ASTM E45
• German DIN 50602
• Japanese G0555
• All three rate by color and morphology only
• No composition determination
• Severity is defined as thickness/width and length,
except for JIS which is in %
Aspects of Standards 41
42. Sample requirements (ASTM+DIN+JIS)
• Careful mount polishing is required to
avoid
– Corrosion of inclusions
– Pullout of inclusions
– JIS requires hardened samples
• Required sample orientation
– in the radial longitudinal orientation (G) for
round stock
– in the long transverse orientation (E) for flat
stock
• Required sample state
– in the semi-finished state only (e.g., not
after being forged or formed into a product)
– JIS suggests hardening some samples
• Required minimum sample size of
– minimum 160 mm2 (0.25 in2) rated area
Aspects of Standards 42
43. International Comparison:
(Same types, but different abbreviations)
Type Morphology and Color Hardnes ASTM DIN JIS
s
Elongated, gray, and continuous
Soft &
Sulfide (stringers) elongation (orientation) A SS A1
plastic
in working direction
Elongated, dark, and continuous
Soft &
Silicate elongation (orientation) in working C OS A2
plastic
direction
Elongated and fragmented
(granular) with discontinuous
Alumina Hard B OA B
elongation (orientation) in working
direction
Rounded and individual with no
Globular preferred orientation with respect Hard D OG C
to the working direction
Aspects of Standards 43
44. To take away
• Standards are part of our lives and societies
– Accept them
– Use them
– Contribute to their improvement
• Standards have precision and provide
– Requirements
– Test methods
– Rules for commerce
• There are fine points that are similar and
different between various worldwide standards
Aspects of Standards 44
45. Contact for questions
John M. Tartaglia, Ph.D., FASM
Senior Metallurgical Engineer &
Engineering Manager
Element Materials Technology
51229 Century Court
Wixom, MI 48393-2074
Tel: 248-960-4900 Ext. 329
Fax: 248-960-5973
E-mail: john.tartaglia@element.com
Aspects of Standards 45