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In this file you would find relevant information about artificial grass carpets, their uses and how to install them yourself. We have also discussed how you can use it for your interior and exterior decoration.
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A football field contains 57,600 square feet within the sidelines. The area outside the sidelines and inside the running track that surrounds most football fields contains a minimum of 30,000 square feet. Together, these two areas comprise at least 88,000 square feet, or 2 acres of turf grass.
Have a look at our presentation to know the different types of Basketball court surfaces. We have explained about Hardwood surface, Asphalt surface, Multi-purpose surface and Advanced surface. Later on you’ll find some maintenance tips for your Basketball court.
Softscape and hardscape are both parts of landscaping. We will guide you through the difference and the components that are included in this both landscaping types.
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SOIL COMPACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIESGeorgeThampy
soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together so that reduction in pore space between them.soil compaction increases the shear strength of the soil.And soil compaction is much effective in earth dams.
The updated catalogue of Ventilated Facade Systems Catalogue, suitable for most of the available cladding materials for building envelopes.
ETEM is a leading aluminium extrusion company. It was founded in 1971 as a part of the largest metal manufacturing holding on the Balkans.
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1. By studying the test results obtained by the researchers of the conventional bitumen and the crumb rubber modified bitumen it is concluded that the penetration value and the softening value of the conventional bitumen can be improved significantly by modifying it with addition of the crumb rubber which is a major environment pollutant.
2. It is observed by the researchers that the sample prepared using crumb rubber size (600μm-300μm) gives the highest stability value , minimum air voids ,minimum flow value, maximum unit weight and minimum VMA and VFB % values. So the best size to be used for
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3. As a result, and from an environmental and economic point of view, the use of both CR and PUF instead of virgin polymer modifiers is possible and preferable recycling method for these wastes, resulting in cost savings, lower energy consumption and lower environmental pollution.
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Synthetic – turf or Astroturf, is a grass-like man-made surface manufactured from synthetic polymers. It is most used for sports field and in residential area where natural grass is difficult to grow. Synthetic turf consist three basic components – grass filaments, Infill and backing. Grass filaments require softness and impact strength. Through several generations, grass filaments developed from initially nylon, polypropylene and now from polyethylene. Crumb rubber is used as infill material which contains toxic chemicals present in tyre. Some of the drawbacks of these materials can be solved by modifications in materials like by introduction of TPE –thermoplastic elastomer, which has been presented in this paper.
Softscape and hardscape are both parts of landscaping. We will guide you through the difference and the components that are included in this both landscaping types.
Know more, https://edenhorticultural.co.uk/blog/softscape-vs-hardscape/
SOIL COMPACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIESGeorgeThampy
soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together so that reduction in pore space between them.soil compaction increases the shear strength of the soil.And soil compaction is much effective in earth dams.
The updated catalogue of Ventilated Facade Systems Catalogue, suitable for most of the available cladding materials for building envelopes.
ETEM is a leading aluminium extrusion company. It was founded in 1971 as a part of the largest metal manufacturing holding on the Balkans.
With over 40 years of experience, ETEM is a fully integrated designer and producer of architectural systems and aluminium profiles for industrial applications.
Our mission is to listen and promptly respond to our customers’ requests and design and manufacture aluminium products and systems, taking into consideration technical and aesthetic requirements.
ETEM focuses on sustainable development and has proven its concern about the protection of the natural environment, by making considerable investments in anti-pollution measures and by optimizing production processes, following the applicable standards of the European Union.
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
1. By studying the test results obtained by the researchers of the conventional bitumen and the crumb rubber modified bitumen it is concluded that the penetration value and the softening value of the conventional bitumen can be improved significantly by modifying it with addition of the crumb rubber which is a major environment pollutant.
2. It is observed by the researchers that the sample prepared using crumb rubber size (600μm-300μm) gives the highest stability value , minimum air voids ,minimum flow value, maximum unit weight and minimum VMA and VFB % values. So the best size to be used for
crumb rubber modifications can be suggested as ( 600μm- 300μm) size for commercial
production of crumb rubber.
3. As a result, and from an environmental and economic point of view, the use of both CR and PUF instead of virgin polymer modifiers is possible and preferable recycling method for these wastes, resulting in cost savings, lower energy consumption and lower environmental pollution.
Civil Engineering presentation topic. Its a green house building material, environment friendly and has wide application in constructions related to civil engineering projects.
Soil stabilization with cement, bitumen, lime, chemical stabilization,geotextile, grouting etc. are discussed. It is a method of improving soil properties by blending and mixing other materials.
Synthetic – turf or Astroturf, is a grass-like man-made surface manufactured from synthetic polymers. It is most used for sports field and in residential area where natural grass is difficult to grow. Synthetic turf consist three basic components – grass filaments, Infill and backing. Grass filaments require softness and impact strength. Through several generations, grass filaments developed from initially nylon, polypropylene and now from polyethylene. Crumb rubber is used as infill material which contains toxic chemicals present in tyre. Some of the drawbacks of these materials can be solved by modifications in materials like by introduction of TPE –thermoplastic elastomer, which has been presented in this paper.
Wood fill or mulch is often used but this method requires continual maintenance to keep the mulch in the play area and needs to be raked to prevent low spots. Once a low spot occurs, any safety cushion the mulch provides is greatly reduced. Rubber mulch and pellets are a bit better but also require constant maintenance to prevent dangerous low or bald spots. For more information to click here: http://www.playgroundmatsuk.com/
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Asphalt containing a mixture of discrete fiber improves and increases the structural integrity of the asphalt. The fibers are distributed uniformly and randomly oriented maintaining a pattern to strengthen the asphalt.
Analogy of Some Physicomechanical Properties for Rubber Cementijtsrd
The research is aimed to characterize and apply the rubber cement. The physicomechanical properties of rubber cement such as tensile strength, elongation at break, waste uptake and compression percent were determined by standard rubber testing. Tensile strength of 28 to 32 kg cm2, elongation at break of 580 to 630 , water uptake 24 hours of 8 to 10 and compression percent of 80 to 85 were obtained. Determination of swelling parameters of rubber cements was carried out with respect to selected oil gasoline . The manufacture of products from recycled materials has technologic, economic, and environmental advantages that have become attractive in recent years. The ever increasing amount of waste rubber from disposal of used tires has grown into a serious environmental problem around the world. Dr. Htoon Nay Oo ""Analogy of Some Physicomechanical Properties for Rubber Cement"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25103.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/25103/analogy-of-some-physicomechanical-properties-for-rubber-cement/dr-htoon-nay-oo
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All types and uses and properties given for better understanding
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Underground Construction provides construction, technical and management services to its customers. The company specializes in power, communications, airport fueling and heavy engineering. Since laying its first pipe in 1936, Underground Construction has completed thousands of projects throughout the United States.
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Self-curing concrete is achieved by means of replacing a part of aggregate by lightweight aggregate or adding chemical admixtures. The self-curing process of concrete takes place from inside to outside, thus reducing the autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation, especially for the high-performance concrete with relatively low water/binder ratio.
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Trenchless construction. Trenchless construction includes such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation.
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A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
The typical deflection diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 indicate that all the high strength concrete beams had adequate ductility and Structural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Beams 135 showed substantial deflections at failure. The ulti- mate deflections shown in Table 3 were measured prior to failure as near to collapse as possible.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks. Composed of quartz sand , calcined gypsum , lime , cement , water and aluminum powder , AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an autoclave .
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A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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marble slurry dust as cement additive , The research on the use of marble dust in concrete , , disadvantages of marble dust and quarry dust additive in concrete; Chat Now; disadvantage of using quarry dust in concrete
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Computer Ethics: Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how ...
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. INTRODUCTION
Artificial turf is a surfacing material used to imitate grass.
It is generally used in areas where grass cannot grow, or in areas where
grass maintenance is impossible or undesired.
It is used mainly in sports stadiums and arenas, but can also be found
on playgrounds and in other spaces.
It has been manufactured since the early 1960s, and was originally
produced by Chemstrand Company
It is produced using manufacturing processes similar to those used in
the carpet industry.
The newest synthetic turf products have been chemically treated to be
resistant to ultraviolet rays, and the materials have been improved to
be more wear-resistant, less abrasive, and, for some applications, more
similar to natural grass.
3. Profile
Most synthetic turf systems installed today include a drainage
layer, a multi-layered backing system, and resilient "grass" blades
that are infilled with a granular filler to resemble natural turf.
"Infilled" means that the man-made grass blades are interspersed
with a top soil created with sand and/or granulated recycled tire
rubber or other infill materials that provide the necessary stability,
uniformity, and resiliency.
Each blade customarily stands above the infill material. The
typical blade length and system characteristics are determined by
the specific activity requirements.
In some applications, the synthetic turf system includes a pad or
elastic layer underneath the turf, often in combination with lower
pile height and less infill.
4.
5. Raw Materials
The quality of the raw materials is crucial to the performance of turf systems. Almost
anything used as a carpet backing has been used for the backing material, from jute
to plastic to polyester. High quality artificial turf uses polyester tire cord for the
backing.
The fibers that make up the blades of "grass" are made of nylon or polypropylene
and can be manufactured in different ways. The nylon blades can be produced in thin
sheets that are cut into strips or extruded through moulds to produce fibers with a
round or oval cross-section. The extruded product results in blades that feel and act
more like biological grass.
Cushioning systems are made from rubber compounds or from polyester foam.
Rubber tires are sometimes used in the composition of the rubber base, and some of
the materials used in backing can come from plastic or rubber recycling programs.
The thread used to sew the pads together and also the top fabric panels has to meet
the same criteria of strength, colour retention, and durability as the rest of the system.
Care and experience must also be applied to the selection of the adhesives used to
bond all the components together
6. Infill Materials
Crumb Rubber:it is derived from scrap car and truck tires that are ground up and
recycled. Two types of crumb rubber infill exist: Ambient and Cryogenic. Together
these make up the most widely used infill in the synthetic sports field and landscape
market.
Coated Rubber Infill:Both ambient and cryogenic rubber can be coated with
colorants, sealers, or anti-microbial substances if desired. Coated rubber provides
additional aesthetic appeal, reduction of dust by products during the manufacturing
process and complete encapsulation of the rubber particle.
EPDM Infill:EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) is a polymer elastomer
with high resistance to abrasion and wear and will not change its solid form under
high temperatures. Typical EPDM colours are green and tan. EPDM has proven its
durability as an infill product in all types of climates. Its excellent elasticity
properties and resistance to atmospheric and chemical agents
Organic Infill:There are several organic infills available in the North American
market, all utilizing different organic components, such as natural cork and/or ground
fibers from the outside shell of the coconut. These products can be utilized in
professional sports applications as well as for landscaping. At the end of its life cycle
it can be recycled directly into the environment.
7. •Sand (Silica) Infill:;Pure silica sand is one of the original infilling
materials utilized in synthetic turf. This product is a natural infill that is
non-toxic, chemically stable and fracture resistant. Silica sand infills are
typically tan, off-tan or white in colour and - depending upon plant
location – may be round or sub-round in particle shape. As a natural
product there is no possibility of heavy metals, and the dust/turbidity
rating is less than 100.
•Coated Silica Sand Infill:this class of infill consists of coated, high-purity
silica sand with either a soft or rigid coating specifically engineered for
synthetic turf. These coatings are either elastomeric or acrylic in nature
(non-toxic) and form a bond with the sand grain sealing it from bacteria to
provide superior performance and durability over the life of a field.
Coated sand is available in various sizes to meet the application’s needs.
•TPE Infill:Thermo plastic elastomer (TPE) infill is non-toxic, heavy
metal free, available in a variety of colours that resist fading, very long
lasting, and 100% recyclable and reusable as infill when the field is
replaced. TPE infill, when utilizing virgin-based resins, will offer
consistent performance and excellent g-max over a wide temperature
8. Manufacturing Process
The "grass" part of a turf system is made with the same tufting techniques used in the
manufacture of carpets.
1. The first step is to blend the proprietary ingredients together in a hopper. Dyes and
chemicals are added to give the turf its traditional green color and to protect it from
the ultraviolet rays from the sun.
2. After the batch has been thoroughly blended, it is fed into a large steel mixer. The
batch is automatically mixed until it has a thick, taffy-like consistency.
3. The thickened liquid is then fed into an extruder, and exits in a long, thin strand of
material.
4. The strands are placed on a carding machine and spun into a loose rope. The loose
ropes are pulled, straightened, and woven into yarn. The nylon yarn is then wound
onto large spools.
5. The yarn is then heated to set the twisted shaped.
9. 6. Next, the yarn is taken to a tufting machine. The yarn is put on a bar with skewers (a
reel) behind the tufting machine. It is then fed through a tube leading to the tufting needle.
The needle pierces the primary backing of the turf and pushes the yarn into the loop. A
looper, or flat hook, seizes and release the loop of nylon while the needle pulls back up; the
backing is shifted forward and the needle once more pierces the backing further on. This
process is carried out by several hundred needles, and several hundred rows of stitches are
carried out per minute. The nylon yarn is now a carpet of artificial turf.
7. The artificial turf carpet is now rolled under a dispenser that spreads a coating of latex
onto the underside of the turf. At the same time, a strong secondary backing is also coated
with latex. Both of these are then rolled onto a marriage roller, which forms them into a
sandwich and seals them together.
8. The artificial turf is then placed under heat lamps to cure the latex.
9. The turf is fed through a machine that clips off any tufts that rise above its uniform
surface.
10. Then the turf is rolled into large v/lengths and packaged. The rolls are then shipped to
the wholesaler.
10. Installation
Artificial turf installation and maintenance is as important as its
construction.
1. The base of the installation, which is either concrete or compacted soil,
must be levelled by a bulldozer and then smoothed by a steam roller.
Uneven surfaces will still be evident once the turf is applied.
2. For outdoor applications, intricate drainage systems must be installed,
since the underlying surface can absorb little, if any, rainwater.
11.
12. 3. Turf systems can be either filled or unfilled. A filled system is
designed so that once it is installed, a material such as crumbled cork,
rubber pellets, or sand (or a mixture) is spread over the turf and raked
down in between the fibers. The material helps support the blades of
fiber, and also provides a surface with some give, that feels more like
the soil under a natural grass surface. Filled systems have some
limitations, however. Filling material like cork may break down or the
filling material can become contaminated with dirt and become
compacted. In either case the blades are no longer supported.
Maintenance may require removing and replacing all of the fill.
13. Comparison
A synthetic turf field usually has a higher upfront cost, but the field often pays
for itself over 3-4 years, proving to be a highly cost-effective investment.
Synthetic turf fields are typically utilized for about 3,000 hours of play per
year, with no "rest” required, the equivalent of three to four well-maintained
natural turf fields. In addition, synthetic turf maintenance costs are two to
three times less than natural turf, since no mowing, irrigation or chemicals are
needed. Because of its consistent availability, a synthetic turf field is also a
reliable source of rental revenue for schools and communities.
According to Cory Jenner, a landscape architecture professional in Syracuse,
N.Y., the cost of installing and maintaining a synthetic turf sports field over a
20-year period (including one replacement field) is over three times less
expensive per event than the cost of a grass field over the same period of
time. This is because many more events can be held on a synthetic turf sports
field. "Financially speaking, artificial turf is more cost-effective over time,”
Jenner said. This cost per event advantage is validated by other authorities
and field owners.
Synthetic turf has ability to hold up under very heavy use. While natural turf
shouldn’t be played on during or immediately after a rain storm, after the
application of pesticides and fertilizers, or during the months when grass
doesn’t grow, synthetic turf is always ready for play. Regular maintenance is
important to enable synthetic turf to withstand the heavy use that it is often
14. The demerits of older turfs can be prevented by taking correct
measures as:
1.Test turf that has fibers that are abraded, faded or broken,
contains visible dust, and that is made from nylon or nylon-blend
fibers.
2.If the dust contains more than 400 ppm lead, do not allow turf
access to children under the age of 6 years.
3.After playing on the field, individuals are encouraged to
perform aggressive hand and body washing for at least 20
seconds using soap and warm water.
4. Eating while on the field or turf product is discouraged.
15. CONCLUSION
An Introduction to Artificial Turf (Synthetic Grass) Artificial turf is the material used
in making artificial grass. Artificial grass is often seen in playgrounds and parks. It is
a recent trend to have artificial grass in lawns and outdoor spaces. It is a replacement
to natural grass. The reason why turf is used is that it is easy to maintain. Natural
grass grows fast and needs regular chopping and maintenance. Apart from this,
artificial turf always looks fresh and has no effect of the changing seasons. They do
not need to be watered like natural grass in order to remain new and fresh.
Artificial turf is an excellent option in places where it is not possible to have natural
grass growth. This is why more people are choosing an artificial turf over natural
grass. Artificial turf consists of synthetic fibers. Artificial turf first gained importance
in the 1960s. Since then its popularity and liking has increased among people. Today,
artificial turfs offer sand and recycled rubber. In many sports like football, baseball
and field hockey we see the use of artificial turf in the stadium. These grass
substitutes also have some downsides. These include: use of petroleum, limited life
and toxic as components. Artificial turf continues to grow in its use with many
people trying it as a substitute to natural grass.