soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together so that reduction in pore space between them.soil compaction increases the shear strength of the soil.And soil compaction is much effective in earth dams.
This document provides information about soil compaction from an engineering lecture. It defines soil compaction, discusses how it increases soil strength and reduces permeability. It explains the principles of compaction including how it works by reducing air voids. A soil compaction curve is presented, defining optimum moisture content. Factors that affect compaction are listed such as soil type, compactive effort, and water content. Common compaction methods are also briefly outlined.
The document provides information about shear strength of soil. It defines shear strength and its components of cohesion and internal friction. It discusses Mohr's circle of stress and Mohr-Coulomb theory for shear strength. The types of soil are classified based on drainage conditions during shear testing. Common shear strength tests like direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test and vane shear test are also explained. Sample calculations for shear strength determination from test results are presented.
Compaction of soil involves mechanically rearranging soil particles to reduce voids and increase dry density, which improves engineering properties like strength and reduces settlement. Standard compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a given soil and compactive effort. Factors like water content, compactive effort, soil type, and method of compaction influence the engineering behavior of compacted soils.
Soil compaction and effects on soil propertiespremsai05
The document discusses the effects of compaction on various soil properties. Compaction involves mechanically pressing soil particles closer together, expelling air and increasing density. Key effects include:
1) Structure - soils compacted dry of optimum have a flocculated structure while wet of optimum results in a dispersed structure.
2) Permeability - decreases as water content increases and void size reduces, though slightly increases above optimum water content.
3) Strength - dry of optimum soils have higher shear strength at lower strains but equal ultimate strength as wet of optimum soils.
4) Other properties affected include reduced swelling, shrinkage, compressibility while pore water pressure increases for wet of optimum soils. Optimum water content plays
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
This document discusses soil mechanics concepts related to lateral earth pressure. It defines active and passive earth pressures and describes Rankine's theory and assumptions for calculating lateral pressures on retaining walls. Equations are provided for determining active and passive earth pressure coefficients and distributions for cohesionless and cohesive soils. The effects of groundwater, surcharges, and sloping backfills are also examined. Sample problems are included to calculate lateral earth pressures and forces on retaining walls for different soil and loading conditions.
Field control of compaction and compaction Equipmentaishgup
This document discusses field compaction control and compaction equipment. It notes that field compaction depends on placement water content, compaction equipment type, and soil type. Placement water content should be within 2% of optimum moisture content from lab tests. Different soils require different moisture levels - cohesive soils are compacted dry of optimum while earth dam cores are compacted wet of optimum. Compaction can be measured using methods like core cutting or nuclear gauges. Common compaction equipment includes smooth drum rollers, pneumatic rubber-tired rollers, sheepfoot rollers, and vibratory rollers, each suited to different soil types. Relative compaction is used to check compaction levels in the field.
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
This document provides information about soil compaction from an engineering lecture. It defines soil compaction, discusses how it increases soil strength and reduces permeability. It explains the principles of compaction including how it works by reducing air voids. A soil compaction curve is presented, defining optimum moisture content. Factors that affect compaction are listed such as soil type, compactive effort, and water content. Common compaction methods are also briefly outlined.
The document provides information about shear strength of soil. It defines shear strength and its components of cohesion and internal friction. It discusses Mohr's circle of stress and Mohr-Coulomb theory for shear strength. The types of soil are classified based on drainage conditions during shear testing. Common shear strength tests like direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test and vane shear test are also explained. Sample calculations for shear strength determination from test results are presented.
Compaction of soil involves mechanically rearranging soil particles to reduce voids and increase dry density, which improves engineering properties like strength and reduces settlement. Standard compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a given soil and compactive effort. Factors like water content, compactive effort, soil type, and method of compaction influence the engineering behavior of compacted soils.
Soil compaction and effects on soil propertiespremsai05
The document discusses the effects of compaction on various soil properties. Compaction involves mechanically pressing soil particles closer together, expelling air and increasing density. Key effects include:
1) Structure - soils compacted dry of optimum have a flocculated structure while wet of optimum results in a dispersed structure.
2) Permeability - decreases as water content increases and void size reduces, though slightly increases above optimum water content.
3) Strength - dry of optimum soils have higher shear strength at lower strains but equal ultimate strength as wet of optimum soils.
4) Other properties affected include reduced swelling, shrinkage, compressibility while pore water pressure increases for wet of optimum soils. Optimum water content plays
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
This document discusses soil mechanics concepts related to lateral earth pressure. It defines active and passive earth pressures and describes Rankine's theory and assumptions for calculating lateral pressures on retaining walls. Equations are provided for determining active and passive earth pressure coefficients and distributions for cohesionless and cohesive soils. The effects of groundwater, surcharges, and sloping backfills are also examined. Sample problems are included to calculate lateral earth pressures and forces on retaining walls for different soil and loading conditions.
Field control of compaction and compaction Equipmentaishgup
This document discusses field compaction control and compaction equipment. It notes that field compaction depends on placement water content, compaction equipment type, and soil type. Placement water content should be within 2% of optimum moisture content from lab tests. Different soils require different moisture levels - cohesive soils are compacted dry of optimum while earth dam cores are compacted wet of optimum. Compaction can be measured using methods like core cutting or nuclear gauges. Common compaction equipment includes smooth drum rollers, pneumatic rubber-tired rollers, sheepfoot rollers, and vibratory rollers, each suited to different soil types. Relative compaction is used to check compaction levels in the field.
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
This document discusses the consolidation of soil. It defines important terms like compression, compressibility, and consolidation. It outlines the differences between compaction and consolidation. The importance of consolidation theory is that it provides information on total settlement, time for settlement, and types of settlement. Terzaghi's spring analogy is described to explain the consolidation process. A one-dimensional consolidation test procedure is outlined. Important definitions related to consolidation like compression index, swelling index, and coefficients are provided. The document also discusses normally, under, and over consolidated soils and how to determine preconsolidation pressure. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory and solution are presented. Methods to determine degree of consolidation and coefficient of consolidation from laboratory test data are
The standard penetration test (SPT) involves driving a split spoon sampler into the ground using a 140 lb hammer dropped 30 inches. The number of blows required to penetrate each 6 inch interval is recorded, and the penetration resistance value N is the sum of the blows over the second and third intervals. This test is commonly used to obtain bearing capacity and estimate soil properties like density and shear strength. It is performed whenever the soil stratum changes and at intervals of no more than 1.5 meters.
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
The document discusses soil consistency and Atterberg limits. It defines consistency as the firmness of cohesive soils, which varies with water content. Atterberg limits - liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit - define the boundaries between solid, semi-solid, plastic, and liquid states. Tests are described to determine these limits and classify soil consistency. The plasticity index is also discussed as it relates to soil classification.
Class 8 Triaxial Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
The document summarizes laboratory tests conducted on sand and clay soils, including triaxial compression tests and unconfined compression tests. It describes the test procedures, equipment used, and how to analyze the results to determine soil shear strength parameters. Specifically, it outlines how to conduct a consolidated drained triaxial test on sand under three confining pressures and an unconfined compression test on clay to measure the undrained shear strength. Graphs and calculations of stress, strain, and shear strength are presented.
The document discusses soil consolidation and laboratory consolidation testing. It begins with an introduction to consolidation and describes the three types of soil settlement: immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement. It then discusses consolidation in more detail, including the spring-cylinder model used to demonstrate consolidation principles. Finally, it describes the process and components of a laboratory oedometer consolidation test.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document provides information about soil compressibility and consolidation. It discusses the different types of soil settlement that can occur when stress is applied, including immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement. It describes how consolidation settlement occurs as water is expelled from saturated soils under increased stress levels. Graphs are presented showing typical relationships between void ratio, effective stress, and compression index that help explain consolidation concepts. The role of overconsolidation ratio and preconsolidation stress are defined in relation to soil compressibility. Methods for estimating settlement magnitudes, such as using Casagrande's approach, are also summarized.
This slide will help you to determine the immediate settlement for flexible foundation i.e. isolate footing and rigid foundation i.e. matt or raft foundation. To be more clear about the topic a numerical problem with the solution is given.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
Consolidation is the process by which saturated soils decrease in volume over time due to expulsion of water from the soil pores under applied static loads. It occurs in three stages: initial consolidation, primary consolidation, and secondary consolidation. Primary consolidation involves the squeezing out of water from soil pores, causing a reduction in soil volume over a long period of time for fine-grained soils. Secondary consolidation is an additional slow reduction in volume that occurs even after primary consolidation is complete.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
This document provides an overview of subsurface exploration, which involves site investigation and soil exploration to assess soil conditions for engineering projects. It discusses the objectives, phases and methods of subsurface exploration. The main methods covered are open excavation techniques like test pits and trenches, as well as boring techniques like auger, wash, percussion and rotary boring. It also describes different sampling techniques for obtaining disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and different types of in-situ tests like standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests.
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
Introduction.
Some definitions.
Mohr circle of stress.
Mohr-coulomb’s strength theory.
Tests for shear strength.
Shear tests based on drainage conditions.
This document discusses different types of shear failures that can occur in soil under foundations. There are three types: general shear failure, which occurs in dense soils and results in sudden collapse and footing tilt; local shear failure, which occurs in moderately compressible soils and leads to large deformation and settlement before slight bulging; and punching shear failure, which happens in very loose soils where the footing sinks vertically into the soil without bulging or tilt. The document examines the characteristics and mechanisms of each failure type.
Consistency limits and its determinationParth Joshi
The document discusses soil consistency and Atterberg limits. It defines consistency as the strength with which soil particles bond together and resist deformation. Soil can exist in liquid, plastic, semi-solid, and solid states depending on its water content, as defined by Swedish engineer Atterberg. The liquid limit test determines the water content at which a soil transitions from plastic to liquid state and involves measuring the number of blows required to close a groove in a soil sample at different moisture contents. The plastic limit and shrinkage limit tests also evaluate consistency by measuring changes in a soil's state with varying water content.
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
This technical seminar presentation summarizes soil liquefaction. It defines liquefaction as when a saturated or partially saturated soil loses strength and stiffness during earthquakes or sudden stress changes, behaving like a liquid. The document outlines the process of liquefaction, criteria for evaluating liquefaction-susceptible soils, effects of liquefaction like loss of foundation support, and methods to mitigate liquefaction hazards such as improving drainage or increasing soil density. It concludes that liquefaction can cause devastating damage but methods exist to reduce its impacts.
Compaction reduces the voids in soil, improving its engineering properties. Compacting soil to the optimum moisture content yields the highest density and strength. Compacting dry of optimum gives higher initial shear strength but lower compressibility, while compacting wet of optimum produces lower shear strength but higher compressibility, permeability and shrinkage potential. The stress-strain behavior and failure mode also depend on whether the soil is compacted dry or wet of optimum moisture content.
This document discusses the consolidation of soil. It defines important terms like compression, compressibility, and consolidation. It outlines the differences between compaction and consolidation. The importance of consolidation theory is that it provides information on total settlement, time for settlement, and types of settlement. Terzaghi's spring analogy is described to explain the consolidation process. A one-dimensional consolidation test procedure is outlined. Important definitions related to consolidation like compression index, swelling index, and coefficients are provided. The document also discusses normally, under, and over consolidated soils and how to determine preconsolidation pressure. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory and solution are presented. Methods to determine degree of consolidation and coefficient of consolidation from laboratory test data are
The standard penetration test (SPT) involves driving a split spoon sampler into the ground using a 140 lb hammer dropped 30 inches. The number of blows required to penetrate each 6 inch interval is recorded, and the penetration resistance value N is the sum of the blows over the second and third intervals. This test is commonly used to obtain bearing capacity and estimate soil properties like density and shear strength. It is performed whenever the soil stratum changes and at intervals of no more than 1.5 meters.
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
The document discusses soil consistency and Atterberg limits. It defines consistency as the firmness of cohesive soils, which varies with water content. Atterberg limits - liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit - define the boundaries between solid, semi-solid, plastic, and liquid states. Tests are described to determine these limits and classify soil consistency. The plasticity index is also discussed as it relates to soil classification.
Class 8 Triaxial Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
The document summarizes laboratory tests conducted on sand and clay soils, including triaxial compression tests and unconfined compression tests. It describes the test procedures, equipment used, and how to analyze the results to determine soil shear strength parameters. Specifically, it outlines how to conduct a consolidated drained triaxial test on sand under three confining pressures and an unconfined compression test on clay to measure the undrained shear strength. Graphs and calculations of stress, strain, and shear strength are presented.
The document discusses soil consolidation and laboratory consolidation testing. It begins with an introduction to consolidation and describes the three types of soil settlement: immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement. It then discusses consolidation in more detail, including the spring-cylinder model used to demonstrate consolidation principles. Finally, it describes the process and components of a laboratory oedometer consolidation test.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document provides information about soil compressibility and consolidation. It discusses the different types of soil settlement that can occur when stress is applied, including immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement. It describes how consolidation settlement occurs as water is expelled from saturated soils under increased stress levels. Graphs are presented showing typical relationships between void ratio, effective stress, and compression index that help explain consolidation concepts. The role of overconsolidation ratio and preconsolidation stress are defined in relation to soil compressibility. Methods for estimating settlement magnitudes, such as using Casagrande's approach, are also summarized.
This slide will help you to determine the immediate settlement for flexible foundation i.e. isolate footing and rigid foundation i.e. matt or raft foundation. To be more clear about the topic a numerical problem with the solution is given.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
Consolidation is the process by which saturated soils decrease in volume over time due to expulsion of water from the soil pores under applied static loads. It occurs in three stages: initial consolidation, primary consolidation, and secondary consolidation. Primary consolidation involves the squeezing out of water from soil pores, causing a reduction in soil volume over a long period of time for fine-grained soils. Secondary consolidation is an additional slow reduction in volume that occurs even after primary consolidation is complete.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
This document provides an overview of subsurface exploration, which involves site investigation and soil exploration to assess soil conditions for engineering projects. It discusses the objectives, phases and methods of subsurface exploration. The main methods covered are open excavation techniques like test pits and trenches, as well as boring techniques like auger, wash, percussion and rotary boring. It also describes different sampling techniques for obtaining disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and different types of in-situ tests like standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests.
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
Introduction.
Some definitions.
Mohr circle of stress.
Mohr-coulomb’s strength theory.
Tests for shear strength.
Shear tests based on drainage conditions.
This document discusses different types of shear failures that can occur in soil under foundations. There are three types: general shear failure, which occurs in dense soils and results in sudden collapse and footing tilt; local shear failure, which occurs in moderately compressible soils and leads to large deformation and settlement before slight bulging; and punching shear failure, which happens in very loose soils where the footing sinks vertically into the soil without bulging or tilt. The document examines the characteristics and mechanisms of each failure type.
Consistency limits and its determinationParth Joshi
The document discusses soil consistency and Atterberg limits. It defines consistency as the strength with which soil particles bond together and resist deformation. Soil can exist in liquid, plastic, semi-solid, and solid states depending on its water content, as defined by Swedish engineer Atterberg. The liquid limit test determines the water content at which a soil transitions from plastic to liquid state and involves measuring the number of blows required to close a groove in a soil sample at different moisture contents. The plastic limit and shrinkage limit tests also evaluate consistency by measuring changes in a soil's state with varying water content.
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
This technical seminar presentation summarizes soil liquefaction. It defines liquefaction as when a saturated or partially saturated soil loses strength and stiffness during earthquakes or sudden stress changes, behaving like a liquid. The document outlines the process of liquefaction, criteria for evaluating liquefaction-susceptible soils, effects of liquefaction like loss of foundation support, and methods to mitigate liquefaction hazards such as improving drainage or increasing soil density. It concludes that liquefaction can cause devastating damage but methods exist to reduce its impacts.
Compaction reduces the voids in soil, improving its engineering properties. Compacting soil to the optimum moisture content yields the highest density and strength. Compacting dry of optimum gives higher initial shear strength but lower compressibility, while compacting wet of optimum produces lower shear strength but higher compressibility, permeability and shrinkage potential. The stress-strain behavior and failure mode also depend on whether the soil is compacted dry or wet of optimum moisture content.
Lecture 6 compaction & consolidationELIASASSEFA3
Compaction involves densifying soils through external effort to reduce voids. It reduces settlements under loads, increases soil strength and decreases water flow. Key factors affecting compaction are moisture content, soil type and compactive effort. Consolidation is the process by which saturated clay expels water from voids when loaded, resulting in settlement over time. Consolidation settlement can be divided into immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement and secondary consolidation settlement. The oedometer test is used to model one-dimensional consolidation in the lab and obtain soil properties to predict field consolidation settlement.
This document discusses the effects of soil compaction on various soil properties. It explains that compaction increases the density of soil by pressing particles closer together and expelling air, which improves engineering properties like shear strength and stability while reducing compressibility and permeability. The key effects discussed are: reduced soil structure, permeability, swelling, pore water pressure, shrinkage, and compressibility. Compaction also affects the stress-strain relationship and shear strength at both moulded and saturated water contents.
Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics and ConcreteDenis Koval
Training Fundamentals on Soil Mechanics & Concrete by GLobal Construction
including:
- Soil Types
- Types of Soil Compaction
- Compact Soils
- Soil Gradation
- Soil Moisture Content
- Atterberg Limits Test
- Laboratory & Field Compaction Tests
- Types of Compaction Equipment
Lecture 6 compaction & consolidationELIASASSEFA3
Compaction is a ground improvement technique where external effort is applied to densify soil and reduce voids. It increases soil strength and decreases settlement. The optimum moisture content produces maximum density during compaction. Factors like moisture content, soil type, and compactive effort influence compaction results. Consolidation is the process by which saturated soil expels water and decreases in volume from applied loads. It includes elastic, primary, and secondary compression. The oedometer test measures consolidation properties under controlled loading.
This document discusses principles of soil densification through compaction. It defines compaction as artificially decreasing soil volume by expelling air from pores to increase density. The key objectives of compaction are to increase shear strength, decrease settlement, control volume change, decrease permeability, and increase bearing capacity and slope stability. Compaction control tests indirectly assess the objectives by measuring water content, density, and penetration resistance. Specifications ensure expected performance by requiring field tests during compaction and laboratory tests on borrow materials. Other densification methods discussed include blasting, vibrocompaction, dynamic tamping, and compaction piles.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
1) Water influences various behaviors of soil through physical and chemical properties like capillary rise, consolidation, dilatancy, fluctuation of groundwater table, compaction, apparent cohesion, and bulking of sand.
2) Chemically, water's high dielectric constant allows it to readily dissolve ions and undergo dissociation into protons and hydroxide ions, influencing processes like mineral weathering.
3) The document discusses various physical and chemical behaviors of water that control functioning in soils like influencing volume changes during compression, shear strength changes, and biochemical processes through water as a reaction medium.
This document discusses principles of soil densification and compaction. It defines compaction as artificially decreasing soil volume by expelling air from between soil grains, increasing density. The objectives of compaction are to increase shear strength, decrease settlements, control volume change, decrease permeability, and increase bearing capacity and slope stability. Compaction is controlled through tests of water content, density, and penetration resistance. Specifications ensure expected performance in terms of strength, compressibility, permeability, bearing capacity, and drainage.
The bearing capacity of soil is its ability to support an applied load without failing. It is defined as the maximum contact pressure between a foundation and the soil without causing shear failure. There are several types of bearing capacity, including ultimate, net ultimate, net safe, and gross safe bearing capacity. Bearing capacity is affected by numerous factors related to the soil properties, foundation design, subsurface conditions, and external influences. These include the soil strength and type, foundation width and depth, water table depth, soil reinforcement, frost action, erosion, subsidence, and seismic activity.
Factors affecting bearing capacity of soil.pptxPriyaTalwar8
The key factors affecting the bearing capacity of soil include:
1. The soil strength, with cohesionless soils increasing non-proportionally with friction angle and cohesive soils varying linearly with cohesion.
2. The foundation width, which impacts cohesionless soils where bearing capacity is proportional to width.
3. The foundation depth, as deeper foundations generally have greater bearing capacity, though weak layers below can reduce it.
This document discusses soil liquefaction, which occurs when water-saturated soil loses strength and behaves like liquid, usually due to earthquake shaking. It defines liquefaction and explains causes such as saturated soil losing strength in response to stress changes. Effects include damage to structures, failure of dams and retaining walls, and sand boiling. The document discusses identifying liquefaction susceptibility based on historical data, geology, and soil composition. It outlines types of liquefaction failures and provides a solution to minimize liquefaction risk by vibrating and consolidating saturated soils.
The document defines key soil mechanics terms like void ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation. It also summarizes the differences between compaction and consolidation. Compaction involves expelling air from soil voids through dynamic loading, while consolidation slowly expels water from saturated cohesive soils under static loads. The purpose of compaction is to reduce settlement and improve soil strength and stiffness by decreasing void ratio. Permeability refers to a soil's ability to allow water passage, while seepage is the actual water flow. The document states ASTM standards for measuring the hydraulic conductivity value (k-value) in fine-grained soils using a falling head test and in coarse-grained soils using a constant head test.
C Sachpazis: Soil liquefaction potential assessment for a ccgt power plant in...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Clayey silty up to silty sandy and sandy soils are generally recognized to have a significant liquefaction potential when extended submerged below water table. This phenomenon raises a major concern to the foundation and structural engineer. Low plasticity silts, silty clays and silty sands occur extensively as recent alluvial deposits in the southern coastal region of Elefsina Municipality in Attica Prefecture, Greece.
In this area, a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant is planned to be constructed and its foundation stability and durability reassurance is of utmost importance to structural engineers. In the study of the geotechnical ground investigation for the foundation design of the CCGT project, a number of field and laboratory tests were carried out.
For evaluating its foundation soil liquefaction potential and risk during an earthquake, some internationally accepted guidelines are available based on soil density, void ratio, plasticity index, standard penetration test values, and other simple soil properties.
The liquefaction behavior and potential of this kind of foundation soils stratified in the alluvial deposits has been studied thoroughly based on both Seed’s and Idriss’s procedure / relationships as well as Prakash’s limit state methodology, using S.P.T. results and an algorithm program / software code, that was developed and published by the author. The S.P.T. tests were executed inside the twenty investigation - sampling boreholes of a depth range from 10 up to 50 meters each one, in an 100.000 s.m. plot, where a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant is planned to be constructed.
According to the results of these analyses and assessments the well documented and argued necessity is deduced either for transferring the project foundation loads to underlying deeper and more competent bearing strata and layers, or for strengthening, geotechnically upgrading (ground improvement), stabilizing and cement grouting the foundation ground of the CCGT Power Plant using jet grouting piles techniques.
Finally, the exact depth range under the CCGT Power Plant foundation site that is prone and dangerous to be liquefied in the event of a strong seismic shock and vibration was determined and diagrammatically presented and the remedial measures to be taken were suggested. Hence, in this way the liquefaction risk can be mitigated or even deterred from the incompetent upper natural soil layers of the project foundation ground.
A Discussion of Liquefaction Mitigation MethodsIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for mitigating liquefaction hazards. It begins with an overview of liquefaction, explaining that loose, saturated sandy soils can rapidly lose strength and behave like liquid when subjected to strong vibrations from earthquakes.
It then reviews various soil improvement techniques to increase soil density and drainage and prevent liquefaction, such as vibroflotation, stone columns, compaction piles, grouting methods. It also discusses designing liquefaction-resistant structures that can accommodate significant ground deformations through ductile connections and foundations.
Finally, it recommends avoiding constructing on soils highly susceptible to liquefaction based on criteria like soil type, density, stress level, and whether liquefaction has occurred in the area in the past
Soil liquefaction occurs when saturated, loose soils lose strength and behave like a liquid due to increased pore water pressure caused by seismic activity like earthquakes. This can damage structures through loss of bearing capacity, lateral spreading, sand boils, and settlement. Methods to reduce liquefaction risks include avoiding susceptible soils, deep foundations, soil improvement techniques like vibro-compaction and stone columns to densify soils, and designing liquefaction-resistant structures.
This document provides an overview of soil compressibility and consolidation. It defines consolidation as the process by which saturated clay compresses over time as water drains out of the soil mass and load is gradually transferred from pore water to the soil skeleton. A key aspect of consolidation discussed is the one-dimensional consolidation theory, which models clay layers constrained laterally between impermeable boundaries. The document also describes the consolidometer test apparatus used to measure a soil's compressibility properties and generate pressure-void ratio curves through standardized loading and unloading steps.
Construction on cohesionless soil – A reviewijsrd.com
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3. INTRODUCTION
Compaction means pressing of the soil particles
close to each other by mechanical methods.
Air is expelled from soil mass and mass density is
increased.
It is done to improve the engineering properties.
Like shear strength,stability etc..
Reduces compressibility and permeability.
5. EFFECTS OF COMPACTION
The following properties are effected.
i. Soil structure.
ii. Permeability.
iii. Swelling.
iv. Pore water pressure.
v. Shrinkage.
vi. Compressibility
vii. Stress strain relationship.
viii. Shear strength
A. Shear strength at moulded water content.
B. Shear strength after saturation.
6. EFFECTS ON SOIL STRUCTURE
The water content at which the soil is compacted
plays an important role in soil structure
Soil compacted at water content less than
optimum water content have flocculated
structure.
7. EFFECT ON SOIL STRUCTURE
Soil compacted at water content more than
optimum water content have dispersed
structure.
9. EFFECT ON SOIL STRUCTURE
At a point A, the water content is low and
attractive forces are predominant, so results n
flocculated structure.
As the water content is increased beyond
optimum, the repulsive forces increase and
particles get oriented into a dispersed structure.
10. EFFECT ON PERMEABILITY
Permeability of soil depends on
void size.
As water content increases,there is
an improved orientation of particles
resulting in reduction of void size
and permeability.
Above optimum water content , the
permeability slightly increases.
if compactive effort is increased,
the permeability decreases due to
increased dry density.
11. EFFECT ON SWELLING
The effect of compaction is to
reduce void space.
Hence swelling is enormously
reduced.
Further soil compacted dry of
optimum exhibits greater
swell than compacted on wet
side because of random
orientation and deficiecy of
water
12. EFFECT OF PORE WATER PRESSURE
It is defined as pressure of ground water held
within a rock or soil, in gaps between
particles(pores).
The pore water pressure for soil compacted dry
of optimum is therefore less than that for the
same soil compacted wet of optimum.
13. EFFECT ON COMPRESSIBILITY
The flocculated structure o the dry side of
optimum offers greater resistance to
compression than the dispersed structure on wet
side.
So, the soil compacted dry of optimum are less
compressible.
14. EFFECTS ON STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
The soil compacted dry of
optimum have steeper stress-
strain curve than those on wet
side.
The strength and modulus of
elasticity of soil on dry side of
optimum will be high.
Soil compacted dry of optimum
shows brittle failure.
And soil compacted on wet side
experience increased strain.
15. EFFECT ON SHEAR STRENGTH
In general the soils compacted dry of optimum
have a higher shear strength than wet of
optimum at lower strains.
However at large strains the flocculated structure
of soil is broken and ultimate strength will be
equal for both dry and wet sides.
18. COMPACTION GROUTING
It is a the use of a mortar or concrete to laterally
compact soils without vibration.
The treatment involves the injection of a mortar,
generally with high viscosity, under pressure and
at controlled flow rate, which displaces the soil
around the drilling tool and subsequently
compacts it.
Compaction ratios for this technique can be quite
high and are generally in the range of 6-10%.
20. COMPACTION GROUTING PROCEDURE
The mortar-like grout ,
injected through the
pipes displaces the
surrounding soil. The
grout pipe is then lifted
some distance(0.3 to
1.5),and the injection
process is repeated.
21. COMPACTION GROUTING PROCEDURE
Injection in stages continues until the target
layer has been treated. Grouting can stiffen and
strenghthen the soil layer by increasing its
density, increasing the lateral stresses and
acting as a reinforcement.
Grouting may also be used for to produce
controlled heaving of the ground surface to
relevel a structure that has been damaged by
the differential settlements.
24. EXPLOSIVE COMPACTION
Explosive compaction is the ground modification
technique where by the energy released from
setting off explosives in subsoil inducing artificial
earthquake effects.
The efficiency depends on soil profile, grainsize,
initial status and intensity of energy applied to
the soil.
The first successful application of EC method was
the Franklin dam in New Hampshire in 1930.
25. PROCEDURE FOR EXPLOSIVE COMPACTION
Series of boreholes are drilled and Pipe of 7.5
to 10 cm is driven to the required depth.
The detonator and the dynamic sticks are both
enclosed in a water proof bundle and is
lowered through casings.
Casing is withdrawn and a wad of paper or
wood is placed against the charge of Explosive
(To protect it from misfire).
Boreholes are backfilled with sand to obtain
full force of blast.
The charge is fired in definite pattern.
27. EXPLOSIVE COMPACTION
Blasting is more effective in loose sands that contain less
than 20% silt and less than 5% clay.
The capillary action obstructs the densification tendency
by preventing soil particles to come close. So this method
is not useful for partial saturated soils.
The top surface up to 1m gets disturbed and needs surface
compaction. Although blasting is quite economical, it’s
limited by several considerations as it produces strong
vibrations that may damage nearbystructures or produce
significant ground movements.