Geotextiles are synthetic permeable textiles used in construction to improve soil properties. They are made from polymers like polypropylene and polyester and come in three main types: woven, non-woven, and knitted. Geotextiles have a variety of uses like in roads, drainage structures, and retaining walls. They provide separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection and drainage when used with soils. Textiles are also used extensively in building construction for applications like roofing, insulation, concrete reinforcement, facades, and interior construction. They offer advantages over traditional materials like lower weight and easier installation. Home textiles play an important role in interior furnishing by controlling mood, style and privacy while protecting from

1. by
Zaineb Ayaz siddiqui
8 | 4 | 2021

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GEO TEXTILES
Geotextile is a synthetic permeable textile material used to improve the soil
characteristics. It has the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect and drain
when used in association with soils. Geotextiles are ideal materials for many
infrastructure works such as roads, harbors, landfills, drainage structures, and
other civil projects.
TYPES OF GEOTEXTILE
Geotextiles are made up of polymers such as polyester or polypropylene. They are divided
into 3 categories on the basis of the way they are prepared .
 Woven Fabric Geotextiles
 Non-Woven Geotextiles
 Knitted Geotextiles
WOVEN FABRIC TEXTILES
Commonly found geotextiles are of the woven type and are manufactured by adopting the
techniques which are similar to weaving usual clothing textiles. This type has the
characteristic appearance of two sets of parallel threads or yarns. The yarn running along
the length is called warp and the one perpendicular is called weft.
NON WOVEN TEXTILES
Non-woven geotextiles are manufactured from either continuous filament yarn or short
staple fiber. The bonding of fibers is done using thermal, chemical or mechanical
techniques or a combination of techniques.
Geo-fibers obtained from mechanical interlocking or chemical or thermal bonding have a
thickness of 0.5-1 mm while chemically bonded non-woven are comparatively thick
usually in the order of 3 mm.

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KNITTED GEOTEXTILES
Knitted geotextiles are manufactured by the process of interlocking a series of loops of
yarn together. All of the knitted geo synthetics are formed by using the knitting technique
in conjunction with some other method of geo synthetics manufacture, such as weaving.
Apart from these three geo textiles, other geo synthetics used are geo nets, geo grids, geo-
cells, geo membranes, geo composites, etc. each having their own distinct features and
uses for special applications.
FABRIC USED
Natural & man-made fibers both are used in geotextile manufacturing.
Natural Fibers
Natural fibers that can be used in geotextile manufacture are get from Jute, Sisal, Flax,
Hemp, Ramie and Coir. Natural fibers provided high modulus & strength and low
breaking extension & elasticity.
Advantages of Natural Fibers
Natural’s fibers are offered some of the mentioned below advantages
 Low cost

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 Strength/durability
 Availability
 Robustness
 Good drapeability
 Biodegradability/ environment friendly
Synthetic Fiber
Synthetic fibers materials are also used for the manufacturing of geotextiles. Main
synthetics fiber used & their percentage of usages
 Polypropylene: 65%
 Polyester: 30%
 Polyamide: 1%
 Polyethylene: 1%
 Others: less than 1%
Limitations of Synthetic
 Synthetic geotextiles can cost over 10 times as much per unit area as natural ones
 Non-biodegradable and may cause soil pollution
 The material composition of geotextiles determines their longevity in the field:
natural
 products last about two to five years, whereas synthetic products last
APPLICATIONS
Geotextiles can be used in many common applications:
 Unpaved and paved roads in airport runways
 Landfills and stone base courses
 Sidewalks and sand drainage layers
 Parking lots and curb areas
 Green areas and recreational facilities
 Retaining wall structures
 Duct banks and pipe trenches
 Highways, flight strips, or any paved surface for that matter
 River embankments
 Parks
 Dumping grounds
 Walkways
 Car parks
 Underground conduits
 Airport runways
 Pipe trenches

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 MECHANICAL RESPONSES
It is the ability to perform in a stressed condition and resist damage in severe
environmental conditions. Geotextile should absorb the stresses and not degrade
during its proposed lifetime. This ability depends on the stiffness of the material
and the ability to resist creep under any given load-condition
Practically, geotextiles generally made in composite form. One material of the
composite works for tensile strength and other works for damage protection.
 FILTRATION ABILITY
Geotextile should be able to hold an entirely new prepared soil surface when water
gets passed through it. Thus geotextile prevents the surface from breakdown.
Filtration Property of geotextile
 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Deterioration of geotextile may be caused by organic (micro- and macro faunas),
inorganic agents (extreme pH conditions), light exposure, and time change during
its lifetime.
Geotextile Durability
As we use polymer materials for Geotextiles & due to factors like water, soil, sunlight the
polymer physical properties are degrades. The rate of degradation is reduced by the
adding of carbon black but not eliminated. Polymer materials become brittle in very cold
temperatures. Geotextile material also react with Chemicals in the groundwater. All
geotextiles gain water with time if water is present. "High pH water can be harsh on
polyesters while low pH water can be harsh on polyamides". Where chemically present
environment exists, laboratory test are done before so that exposure of the geotextile to
this environment should be sought.
Before selecting geotextiles materials, for a specific purpose, all of these factors should be
keep in mind. Where geotextile material reliability for long term is significant to life safety
and where we cannot be examined the geotextile materials easily & occasionally and it
cannot easily replaced if it would become degrade in functions like filtration or drainage
within a dam, to avoid that we use now only geologic materials which have more degree of
resistant to these weathering effects than polyesters.]
Living/Green Roofs
Green Roofs or Living roofs are used in most of building & attractiveness for better
Environment. Living roofs have features vegetation, growing media and waterproofing
membranes, water retention, drainage and irrigation systems.

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BUILD TEXTILES
These are the Construction Textiles, also known as Build tech, used in construction and
architectural applications, such as for concrete reinforcement ,facade foundation, interior
construction, insulation ,air conditioning, noise prevention, visual protection, protection
against sun light, building safety etc.
These textiles are used in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels and roads
and collectively comprise the “Build tech” sector. These textiles play an important role in
the modernization of infrastructure.
Utility:
Buildtech products offer characteristics such as lightness, strength and resilience as well
as resistance to many factors such as defamation, creep, degradation by chemicals and
pollutants in the air, rain or other construction material as well as the effects of sunlight &
acid is much useful in construction of permanent and temporary buildings as well as
structures.

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USES
Textile materials have been used in buildings for years. The use of these materials has
increased with the use of synthetic fibers. Today, these materials are used frequently in
airports, stadiums, sports halls, fair and show halls, military and industrial warehouses.
Numerous advantages of using these fabrics in buildings are available.
The weight of a fabric cover is 1/30 of the weight of brick steel or concrete. In this way,
both the cost is reduced and less reinforcement is required. The textiles provide
unobstructed openings (covered with textile) that can be used in fairs or sports activities.
They are very easy to install and disassemble very easily. They are not easily damaged and
repaired quickly. They are highly resistant to disasters such as earthquakes. Membrane
structures are also used in buildings. Synthetic coated or laminated fabrics increase
strength and environmental resistance. Temporary structures such as tents, sunshades are
some of the most visible and specific applications of textiles. While these were formerly
made from heavy cotton, now they increasingly require a variety of lighter, more resistant,
rot, sunlight and weather (often fire) synthetic materials.
Considered a fairly new category, “architectural membranes” have come to prominence in
the construction of translucent structures such as sports stadiums, exhibition centers (eg
Greenwich Millennium Dome) and other modern buildings. The potential uses for textiles
in the construction industry are virtually unlimited. While some textiles are used as
breathable membranes to protect walls against moisture; Nonwoven glass and polyester
fabrics are currently used extensively for roofing applications. Fibers and textiles also play
an important role in building and equipment insulation.
Glass fibers are currently replacing asbestos fibers all over the world. Composites
generally have a bright future in construction. Current glass reinforced material
applications include wall panels, septic tanks and sanitary equipment. Glass,
polypropylene and acrylic fibers and textiles are all used to prevent cracking of concrete,
plasters and other building materials. Now more An innovative use is the presence of glass
in bridge construction. In Japan, carbon fiber is of great interest as a possible
reinforcement material for earthquake resistant buildings, but the price of this material is
still high for widespread use.
HOME TEXTILES
INTRODUCTION
The urban life has become very congested and the only place of rest is home which is
normally indicated by the flats and hence importance of the interior of our homes
increases geometrically.

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"Interior Environment" can be defined as the total of interior spaces and their furnishings.
More important than the function or comfort of furnishings, or their maintenance is their
effect on our psyche: are we comfortable in a space, with a sense of well being The real
question is: are these furnished spaces conducive to work and play?
As furniture will be mass-produced with a modular simplicity and conformity, it won’t be
the prime contributor in differentiating spaces. It will be the fabrics, all of them, the wall
and floor coverings as well as window and furniture fabrics.
Fabric controls mood, sets style, indicates taste; it is what is seen and is the most mano
euvrable of props, the most easily changed, replaced, or added. Fabric affords sun and
light control. It protects interior color from fading, and furnishings from deterioration
through sunlight. Fabrics can increase liveability or workability of a small space, reduce
noise, and make music and even speech richer and more resonant.
Most importantly, furnishings must make neutral, impersonal spaces particular and
personal. The fabrics being the prime contributors must provide the texture, color,
character and scale, and anything that is missing in the architecture.
Fabric is the interior designer's pharmacy, rich with cures for every complaint. So what is
the role of the textile technologist in this? The answer is to provide the interior designers a
sky in which they can fly their imagination to the maximum. Give the consumer the
choice to be the King by providing the options that he rightly deserves; to live in harmony
with his personal space according to his psyche for not just living but living in tranquility
ROLE OF FABRICS IN INTERIOR FURNISHING
A fabric plays an important role for home textiles like:
 Fabric protects interior colour from fading and furnishing from deterioration from
sunlight.
 It protects from sun glare and it lends protection from night blackness at evening
and from too early sun in the morning.
 Fabrics lends privacy to any degree that is needed

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 It shields people from draughts or heat and reduces heat loss in winter.
 It can make summer room cooler and reduce an air conditioning load in the
summer.
 Fabric increases liveability and work ability of a small place, reduce noise, make
music and even speech richer and more resonant of all acoustic materials, and
sound engineers find no material that is equal.
PROPERTIES REQUIRED
Fabrics used for home textiles must have properties such as,
 Good light fastness.
 Good resistance to seam slippage.
 Good resistance to pilling.
 Good resistance to snagging
 Stain repellency.
 Good fastness to sponging.
 Flame retardency.
 Appearance retention.
DIFFERENT FIBERS USED FOR HOME TEXTILES
Apart from the natural fibers, which are being used very much in the home textiles like
cotton, silk, wool, linen, etc. and some more of the man made fibers are also being very
much used now a day, that includes polyester, rayon, nylon, polypropylene, Teflon,
recron, acrylic, etc. Recently some modern fibers are introduced in the market are being
used for the home textiles now a days such as.
 Sendura :- Sendura is a polyester filament specialty yarn for drapery fabrics. Its
striking fabric surface and dull, silky luster is enhanced by the harmony of colours
and attractive printed designs, mostly in floral motifs. The handle of sendura fabric
resembles that of washable silk and the drape, depending on the fabric
construction, is light to compact, but still supple-like heavy high-grade silk.
 Varie :- The Varie yarn family comes in counts of between 150 and 405 dtex.
Heavier types of drapery fabrics are made from Varie, while 240 dtex is used is
used in lighter drapery fabrics, including transparent styles
 Lintex :- The yarns of the Lintex family have a natural character with a pronounced
linen and a fine texture. Fabrics made of or with Lintex have a fine, rustic,
somewhat straw-like texture with a grainy and dry handle. Owing to its structure,
Lintex is ideally suited to bringing vitality to the background of printed drapery
fabrics.
 Crinkle :- A combination of texture and luster in curtain nets and drapery can be
obtained with Diolen crinkle, its special yarn structure creating a lively fabrics
surface. Crinkle is still mainly used for raschal curtain nets as patterning thread in

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fall-plate curtains. Against a dull, textured background, the crinkles produce a
finely dispersed, structuring luster.
AREAS OF APPLICATION
Home textiles includes following applications such as.
 Textiles for seating.
 Window textiles.
 Bed textiles.
 Textiles for wall coverings.
 Bathroom textiles.
 Accessories.
 Table textiles.
TEXTILE FOR SEATING
Upholstery fabrics for domestic applications there is a recognized division of specification
between fixed upholstery and loose covers
FIXED UPHOLSTERY: - This term refer to any upholstery fabric that is stapled, tacked,
glued or other frame and covers a reliant or hard substrate. Abrasion resistance is 25,000
rubs, acrylic fiber velvets are used because of excellent brightness and appearance. An
important fashion trend in fixed domestic upholstery fabrics during period under review
has been that of heavily textured fabrics. Texture is usually achieved by the use of fancy of
boucle type, which is used as weft across non-textured warp. Initially boucle is of rayon
and nylon recently pp is popular.
WINDOW TEXTILES
Sun filters - It is a woven voiles made up for polyester fiber flax, it consists of curtains, nets
and Plemet made up from Rhone- Poulene fiber adv .Of material is that ease of washing,
simple system, absence of seams in the sidepieces.

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The following types of sheers curtains become popular.
 Voiles.
 Woven nets - air textured continuous filament PET.
 Warp knitted nets
 Burn out and broches - It is developed with core spun PET fibre cotton yarn.
 Raschel Nets.
 Monarch Safety net - made up from terylene yarns.
 Semi sheers - Use of coarser yarn, often textures or fancy yarns, woven
construction, combination of leno and plain weave with weft wise or warp bands
of solid areas or checked of feet.
 Reflective textiles - To reduce solar gain. Prevent sun glare, maintaining lower
temperature in summer and higher ones in winter e.g. versol with PET fiber fabric,
with an aluminum film on one side.
 Curtain fabrics and drapes - This is probably of the wide area of fabric
development in home textiles. It includes
 Solid colour plain weave materials in cotton, flax, wool, silk, acrylic, viscose, PET,
etc.
 Textured synthetics yarn.
 Jacquard and dobby weaves including damask style.
 Checks styles and bordered styles.
 Pile, woven and knitted fabrics.
 For flame retardant curtain use of modacrylic fiber, viscose, PVC fabric self-lining
curtains made from crushed acrylic foam coating.
 Blinds - A type of window textiles which is opaque. There are two types of blind
 One which allows transmission of some light
 Other is made usually cotton fabric known as black out material which
gives 100% opacity.
Various styles available are
 Venetian
 Vertical
 Roller blind
A Roller blind made up from glass fiber fabric. Vertical blind act as a efficient light filter.
The factors, which are considered for blinds by British standards are,
 Colour fastness.
 Relaxed length.
 Finishing performance.
 Thermal resistance.
 Draping quality.
 Dimensional property.

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 Flammability.
BED TEXTILES
Sheets and pillow cases - This is a major soft goods category. Sheet print designs have seen
much variation, including small & large floral patterns coordinating themes connecting
sheet, pillow case, duvet cover, and curtains: bordered designs, patch work inspired
points, strong diagonals, geometrics, and candy stripes. A special design for children is
sheets has been one of the modern easy care sheets e.g. peanuts , Disney cartoon sets.
Comparative performance sheets with a whole number assessment ranging from five to
one.
The bed sheets are given resist bacteria and fungus growth finishes involving the use of an
active baceteriostat and fungistatic agents.
Quilted textiles - PET fiber is mainly used, several alternative filling became available for
this product. Quilts and comforters have been traditionally most popular in USA. Where
they constitute an important sector of bed textiles.
 Blankets - Talking about bed textiles, blankets are one of the important accessories
used having matching with bed sheets. Today’s blanket evolutions are:
 Solid colour, raised wool , acrylic fiber, and acrylic polyester fiber blends.
 Cotton terry blankets.
 Thermal blankets made from wool, acrylic, polyester and polyester acrylic blends.
 Point designs using large scale single motif with borders.
 Blankets are constructed by stitch bonding technique
Bed Spreads - Today bedspread is one of the most important item of interior furnishings
in both and domestic and contract applications. It includes following styles.
 Plain styles including wool, cotton, acrylic, viscose and blends.
 Embroidered styles.
 Lace styles.
 Chadwick.
 Velour Printed and Jacquard.
 Chenille types.
 Terry wear types.
 Jacquard and Dobby wears.
 Mattress covers - The traditional Jacquard patters with continuous filament viscose
warp and spun weft of viscose or cotton are used. One of the most significant
developments was the introduction of colorful, stylish and modern broad stripes.
TEXTILE FOR WALL COVERING

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From practical as well as aesthetic point of view, wall fabrics are fast taking over from
paints. Also wall paper plays an important role. Wall fabrics are available in various
convenient widths to be used from room height to avoid seams. Jute was the original
material choice for wall fabrics and although its use has declined in favor of various other
materials especially flax, which from contact point of view is more stable. Non-woven
warp systems in a great variety of fiber and texture are also used. Full yarns system is
becoming more popular. This fiber can be easily removed for cleaning and replacement
(Velcro type Band with self adhesive backing). It becomes appreciated that wall fabric
suspended system absorb sound, Absorption is the property of absorbing sound waves
with in a material, and this is the best achieved by materials those are fibrous nature. Such
as mineral and glass wools.
Tapestries - It involves formation of repp weave where warp is completely hidden by the
weft, which is firmly beaten by a Heavy comb. Cotton is used as a warp and worsted yarn
is used as a weft.
 Method of dyeing - Hank dyeing
 Dye used - metal complex dye
 Mothproofed yarns are used.

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WALL DECORATORS
A wall decoration throw or throw rug can give your living area a great new look without
any hassle. The color combinations and the patterns used in wall decoration throws
almost fit any decoration, any style. You can use wall decoration throws or throw rugs to
decorate your living room, your porch or your entrance all very easy with our cheap prices.
Wool, cotton, polyester and chenille are the primary material used to make our wall
decoration throws and throw rugs. The popularity of wool wall decoration throws is due to
its inherent qualities. There are certain breeds of sheep, like the merino, whose fleece is
especially sought-after for its special luster and length of fiber, commonly used in some of
our wall decoration throws.
Wall Hangings
Embroidery - Embroidery is sometimes used to mark the borders between the patterned
areas of the ground clothe and most varied types of stitches are used to obtain decorative
effect with the aid of the carded, dyed, non-spun woven fibers, the artist, creates a tapestry
or wall hanging by super imposing a web on a backing material.
Wall Hanging
Hand tufted - It includes both Hand operated tufting needle and mechanical tufting gun,
In wall hanging it involves several other interior textiles such as
 Wall Hangings Batik
 Wall hanging Woven and knotted
BATHROOM TEXTILES
Shower Curtains : shower curtains need to be water proof materials, plastic coated
textiles (woven and non woven fabrics) became firmly established in this area. At the
cheaper and plastics membranes have been used, but their propensity to splitting and
tearing are the disadvantages. Printed shower curtains were occasionally designed to co-
ordinate with bathroom vinyl wall coverings and occasionally with towel designs, as well
as tufted bathroom textiles.
Terry Toweling - Terry fabrics became an important sector of household textiles. The terry
towel has become available in a wide variety of designs piece dyed fabrics, jacquard floral
designs as well as prints and is sculpted as well as velvet or shorn versions.

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TABLE TEXTILES
Table Cloth - It is of several types-
 Colour woven printed types of linen cotton material
 Jacquard type which include damask
 Embroidered types
 Non-woven types, which include spun bonded Nylon and spun laced polyester
fibre.
 Table Mats - Colour woven printed and Jacquard types and embroidered styles.
CARPETS
India is one of those countries where people customarily sit on the floor. Carpets are an
economically important but miniscule part of the floor covering popularly used in India.
The Indian carpet weaver ties his knots with great dexterity, on upright wooden looms of
traditional design. Vertical looms are used in sizes varying from five to sixty feet, with
three to five weavers, working on each.
The fitness of a carpet is judged by the number of knots per unit area in combination of
the design, colors and quality of yarn. The firmness, thickness and appearance of the back
of the carpet, are important considerations.
The carpets of mountain areas are made in pure wool and have motifs of the dragon, snow
lion, stylized chrysanthemum and lotus.
Many varieties of fine prayer carpets are made in India. The asana, a square of pile carpet,
drugget or durries material, is in a plain single color or austere design. It is traditionally
used, while performing rituals during worship

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RUGS AND MATS
In India, the floor coverings have evolved with a great deal of imagination and aesthetic
sense Mats are also made of wheat or rice straw, weeds and fine sliced bamboo. The mats
have a fine upper layer and a coarse bottom one, and are stitched at the edges. Mats in
India are even made of wheat or rice straw, weeds and fine sliced bamboo. Skillfully
stitched rugs serve as floor coverings, wall decorations and mattresses. They are used as
horse and camel saddles and wall hangings besides traditional floor coverings
TABLE RUNNERS
These are used in decorating the tables. These are normally run over the table to add to
the look. In India table covers are more predominant then table runners. Table covers are
mostly used to protect the furnisher from strain and for the attractive look of the dinning
table.

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SCALLOPED TABLECLOTH
Covering an occasional or side table can give it a new lease of life by changing its
appearance dramatically. A single cover can be made, but by adding a second layer in a
contrasting fabric, the shape of the table will be enhanced.
A second layer can also be added in the same fabric, but by adding fringing in a
contrasting colour the shape will be accentuated.
KITCHEN WEARS APRONS
Kitchen wear aprons are mostly flame retardants. These kitchen wear aprons are used
while cooking to protect from strain occurring in our dress coat and from flame.
The kitchen wear aprons perfectly covers and protects the front back and the sides of the
body and ensures perfect safety.