Photosynthesis Lab Report

Photosynthesis Lab Report
Effects of CO2 availability on photosynthetic rate of aquatic plant.
Rushali Patel, Hiral Patel, Arya Torabi, Vedani Patel
UTSC BIOA01 Lab PRA24, BENCH 4:
PRA24 TA: Natalie Rook
Abstract: Photosynthesis is an essential process which is a beneficial for both human and plants. To have a better understanding of this process will
help know what plants require to speed up the process or what slows down the process. Carbon Dioxide plays a key role and determining whether or not
it speeds up the process of photosynthesis very crucial. This experiment was done by thoroughly examining the photosynthetic activity of an aquatic
plant Elodea Densa by increasing the concentration of CO2 and keeping the intensity of light and temperature constant. The main question for this
study was to find out weather the amount of CO2 effects the photosynthetic rate. The data showed that there was no positive correlation between the
amount of CO2 present and the photosynthetic rate.
Keywords: Photosynthesis, Elodea Densa, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen,
Introduction
Photosynthesis is a key process for all life on earth and therefore determining the factors that affect photosynthesis can be very beneficial. It is the
process by which compounds such as water and carbon dioxide, through light energy are converted into a more useful compound such as carbohydrate
(Rush 2015). This process not only is beneficial for plants but is also helpful for humans as photosynthesis releases a key element that is
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Photosynthesis Research Paper
Photosynthesis is a process that converts light energy to chemical energy and is unique to the chloroplast of a plant cell. The chloroplast has both an
inner and outer membrane, similar to the mitochondria. The inner membrane contains the matrix–like stroma. Within the stroma are disc–shaped
structures called thylakoids. Thylakoids stack on top one another to from granum. This small, structural, and highly–specialized organelle specializes in
using light energy, water, andcarbon dioxide as substrates to produce sugar and oxygen.
Photosynthesis begins when photoreceptors absorb light molecules and transfer the energy to neighboring pigments until it reaches the reaction center.
The transfer of energy to neighboring pigments is called resonance energy transfer. The photoreceptor in chloroplasts is chlorophyll and there are two
main types: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a and b absorb different light wavelengths of the spectrum. Light harvesting complexes that
contain antennae molecules such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and accessory pigments all absorb light energy and transfer it between neighboring
molecules (resonance energy transfer) until it reaches the reaction center.
Photosynthesis can be divided into two parts:...show more content...
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts. The first step in the Calvin Cycle is carbon fixation. With the help of rubisco, a CO2
molecule combines with ribulose 1,5–bisphosphate (RuBP) making a 6C molecule. The 6C compound quickly splits into two molecules of
3–phosphoglycerate. This carboxylation reaction is the rate–limiting step in the Calvin Cycle. Next, ATP is used and NADPH is reduced to convert
3–phosphoglycerate molecules into glyceraldehyde–3–phosphate (G3P) molecules. Finally, G3P can be recycled to regenerate RuBP or make a hexose
molecule. With the entrance of 1 CO2 molecule, 3 ATP and 2 NADPH are consumed to make a six
–carbon

Photosynthesis is the transformation of light energy to chemical energy. Not only plants but some bacteria , protists and algae preform Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis involves the use of energy, water, and carbon dioxide to produce energy and organic compounds. It takes place in the chloroplast of the
plant cell. The energy from the light absorbs in the chloroplast. The reactants include carbon dioxide ,water, and the suns energy. All three of the
reactants meet in the chloroplasts so photosynthesis can occur. The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen, which is produced at the end
of photosynthesis. Glucose is a sugar molecule and is used to store energy in the form of carbohydrate molecules. Oxygen is considered a "waste"
produced by photosynthesis, that is released in the atmosphere. For other organisms such as animals and humans because without photosynthetic
organisms, there would not be enough oxygen in the air. The chemical reactions in photosynthesis is 6 molecules of carbon dioxide (Co2) and 6
molecules of water(H2O), that produces 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) and 6 molecules of oxygen (O2). Photosynthesis is a array of chemical
reactions that are divided by two stages, Light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The first stage of Photosynthesis is light reactions. Light Reactions is
when the sunlight is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast . Thats when the energy turns into two molecules, ATP
and NADPH. Which are

Lab Report On Photosynthesis
FLR REPORT DRAFT
Abstract:
Photosynthesis is a vital process that requires to utilize energy for plants. This experiment was done to evaluate the effects of carbon availability on
photosynthetic activity. The aquatic plant Elodea densa was placed into sodium bicarbonate solutions of five concentrations ranging from 0.1% to
1.0%, in five independent trials (excluding the negative control treatment of water). The temperature and light intensity was constant. The results
indicated a directly proportional relationship between the availability of carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis of Elodea Densa, as
photosynthesis continued to increase with increasing amounts of bicarbonate. The most O2 amount of oxygen produced was with the 0.7% NaHCO3
concentration and least with the control of water. The null hypothesis that stated carbon concentration does not affect rate of photosynthesis of the
aquatic plant was rejected. The predicted hypothesis that an increase in bicarbonate concentrations results in an increase in the photosynthetic rate was
accepted. In conclusion, there is a significant increase in photosynthetic activity as the concentration of NaHCO3 increases.
Introduction:
The process of photosynthesis, by which light energy is used to convert inorganic compounds into organic substances with the release of oxygen, may
be the most important biological event sustaining life (Keir et al. 2017). In the light–dependent reactions, the chloroplasts of a plant use the pigment
chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy. This energy is used to split water and produce oxygen (Eller et al. 2015). The energy is later
used in the light independent reactions, where carbon dioxide (CO2) undergoes carbon fixation with the aid of enzyme rubisco, because it catalyses
both carboxylation and oxygenation reactions and most of responses of photosynthesis to light, CO2, and temperature (John Evans 2013).
An important part of photosynthesis is the intake of carbon; thus, it can be presumed that increasing the amount of available carbon will increase
photosynthetic activity. In most plants there is an increased rate of photosynthetic rate, but it is limited by other factors and reaches a plateau (Lei H,
Zhishan Z.

A Study on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process in plants, algae, and some prokaryotes, that coverts solar insulation into chemical energy stored in glucose or other organic
compounds. Photosynthesis occurs in slightly different ways in higher plants relative to photosynthetic bacteria. Photosynthesis is an important
process because it harnesses the sun's energy into utilizable forms of energy on earth. Most biological organisms such as animals and fungi are unable
to directly use light energy to power biological processes such as active transport, cell division and muscle movement. ATP is used to power these
processes. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose and then the process of cellular respiration converts
energy in glucose to energy in the form of ATP which is ultimately used to power biological processes. The energy produced by photosynthesis forms
the foundation of virtually all terrestrial and aquatic food chains. As a result, photosynthesis is the crucial source of carbon in the organic molecules
found in most organisms. The high oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is derived directly from the light reactions of photosynthesis. Prior to the
evolution of photosynthesis on earth, the atmosphere was absent of any oxygen
The rate of photosynthesis is determined by environmental factors. Factors affecting photosynthetic rates include light intensity, water availability, soil
nutrient content, concentration of carbon dioxide and temperature.

Lab Report on Photosynthesis Essay
Lab Report: Understanding Photosynthesis
Gen Biology Lab
Abstract: This lab was called photosynthesis: understanding photosynthesis. It is a highly complex process that needs to be broken down in many steps
to understand how it works. This lab covers the big components in photosynthesis including carbon dioxide intake, light consumption, and varying
pigmentation.
Introduction:
Photosynthesis is a huge concept to learn and understand in the field of biology. Plants have their own special way of using the ATP they produce.
Photosynthesis is a process where plants harness the sunlight they receive and they produce carbohydrates, as well as oxygen for living things and
other plants. Now the sunlight ultimately powers the process of...show more content...
First we obtained a leaf from our instructor. Then we sketched the leaf and labeled the blade and petiole. The following procedure dealt with a
chromatogram. The materials needed are: a pencil, safety goggles, scissors, chromatography paper strip, capillary tube, spinach plant pigment
extract, test tube, cork stopper, graduated cylinder, chromatography solvent (alternative isopropyl alcohol), metric ruler, stopwatch or clock with a
secondhand, hook/fashioned paperclip, paper towels, test tube rack, and mortar and pestle. First we obtained a strip of chromatography paper and
cut it so it would fit inside a test tube (with it barely touching the bottom of the tube). Also, when touching the strip, touch the sides only. Then we
attached (firmly) the top of the strip to a hook (or fashioned paperclip at bottom of the cork stopper). Make sure it fits in the test tube. Next we used
the pencil to draw a faint line across the strip two centimeters from the bottom tip of the strip. We placed the cork and strip in place, and we put a
mark on the test tube one centimeter below the top of the stopper. The next step was to place the strip of chromatography paper on a paper towel.
Then dip a capillary tube into the plant pigment extract (spinach pigment extract) provided by the teacher. The tube will fill on its own. We applied
the extract to the pencil line on the paper, blew the strip dry, and repeated it three to four times until the line on the paper is a dark

Photosynthesis Essay example
Photosynthesis
Green plants are producers. This means that they can survive without animals! They can make lots of organic chemicals from a few simple inorganic
chemicals. They need simple things like carbon dioxide and water and can make complex things like sugar, starch, fat, and proteins.
Plants get their nutrients from the environment. Carbon dioxide comes from the air (unless they are aquatic plants, in which case they get it from the
water surrounding them). They get water from the soil. They also need other inorganic nutrients like nitrate, sulphate and phosphate. A few plants
cannot get nitrate out of the soil so they have to eat animals to get the nitrogen which they must have for...show more content...
In photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy. When animals and plants respire, the chemical energy in glucose can be converted
into other forms of energy e.g. kinetic energy.
Plants can make enough glucose on a sunny day to last them through the night and through lots of cloudy dark days, but they cannot store up lots of
glucose. What they do is convert the extra glucose into starch. When they need to use the energy, they can turn the starch back into glucose. Starch can
be stored in leaves or other parts of the plant. they can turn glucose into sucrose: this is a sugar carried around the plant in special tubes called phloem.
Photosynthesis results in an increase in biomass; i.e. there is more carbohydrate in the plant. They can turn some of the glucose into fat or protein.
They have to make lots of different chemicals to grow, but the two most important ones are fats and proteins. To do this they need energy (growth
requires energy from glucose). Plants also have to make a very special chemical called DNA: this is the hereditary chemical of all animals and plants.
They must also make lots of new chlorophyll.
Like carbohydrates, fats also contain three elements:
В· Carbon
В· Hydrogen

В· Oxygen
Proteins contain four or five elements:
В· Carbon
В· Hydrogen
В· Oxygen
В·

Essay on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis produces energy in the form of glucose it uses water from the soil, carbon dioxide from the air, and energy from the suns light.
Photosynthesis takes place in all plants that contain chlorophyll. Photosynthesis mainly takes place in the palisade mesophyll cell in the leaves of plants.
The main reaction is to produce oxygen and glucose, glucose is stored in the form of starch and does not affect osmosis, taking place in the plant. As
plants respire both night and day this starch is often used up during the night when photosynthesis cannot take place. The uses of glucose within the
plant are for active transpiration, cell division, the production of protein and...show more content...
The final factor, which contributes, is light. We decided to investigate how this affects the rate of reaction also.
Method ======
We need to find out how the of presence light and the intensity contributes to the rate of photosynthesis. To be able to measure the rate we need a
visible sign that photosynthesis is taking place. We will use Canadian pondweed. By counting these bubbles we can tell how fast oxygen is being
given off from the photosynthesis. We will place the Elodea in a beaker along with warm water and a bit of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO3).
If it wasn't there then another limiting factor may be the cause of the rate changing instead of just light.
By placing the beaker next to a lamp we can change the light intensity. The weed will be given a set number of minutes each time to adjust to the new
level of light intensity.
The rate of reaction will be in number of bubbles per minute (b.p.m).
Constant and Variable factors
The factor that will be changed is light intensity. The factors that will be kept constant are the amount of water the weed is put in,carbon dioxide levels,
lamp that is used and temperature.

I think that as the light intensity is increased the rate of photosynthesis will also increase. But the light will reach a certain point where the rate will not
increase any

Literature Review On Photosynthesis
Introduction and Literature Review
Plants and some organisms use the process of photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy and other constituents. This study focuses
on the rate of photosynthesis. The photosynthesis rate is influenced by several factors such as the amount of chlorophyll (Benckiser, 2014). The rate of
photosynthesis is determined by photosynthesis concentration (Campbell, 2006). The chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, which activates the photosynthesis
process. Chlorophyll in green plants reflects green light. Furthermore, green plants contain carotene and xanthophyll (Benckiser, 2014). Though, the
effects of both chlorophyll a and b outshine the effects of xanthophyll and carotene (Campbell, 2006). The technique of chromatography is suitable
method to analyze and compare pigments of photosynthesis. This research used the method of chromatography to compare and analyze pigments of
photosynthesis.
The regulation of the amount of the light that falls on the plant is another technique of measuring rate of photosynthesis (Campbell, 2006). The
influence of light on the rate of photosynthesis was determined by controlling the distance between the plant and the light source.
Studies show that the rate of photosynthesis is directly affected by the light color in which the plant is exposed to (Iancu and Chilom, 2015). On the
other hand, the plants that are nearer to the light source carry out photosynthesis faster as compared to plants that are at a

Abstract: During photosynthesis plants take light energy and turn it into chemical energy. The purpose of the study was to test the effect of various
lighting conditions on the rate of photosynthesis. In this experiment the rate of photosynthesis is measured by timing how long it takes photosynthesis
to occur in ten leaf disks that are in a solution of carbon dioxide. The prediction for this experiment was that if a plant receives more light, then it will
have a higher rate of photosynthesis. The data supports the hypothesis, because the rate of photosynthesis is higher in direct sunlight than in the shade.
This experiment untimely lead to the conclusions that light and carbon dioxide are necessary for photosynthesis to occur....show more content...
This light is then converted into a chemical energy by the chlorophyll and other pigments within the plant. This energy is used for the process of
photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, water molecules split apart, releasing electrons and hydrogen ions and producing oxygen gas. These electrons
and hydrogen ions are then used to generate ATP and NADPH. Both ATP and NADPH are also used in the light independent reaction, which is the
second part of photosynthesis. This reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. In contrast to the light dependent reaction, this type of reaction
can occur without light. During the light independent reactions of photosynthesis ATP and NADPH are required to form glucose. Adenosine
triphosphate, often called ATP, is used to construct organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,
often called NADPH, reduces carbon dioxide and produces monosaccharides for use by the plant.
Materials & Methods: пѓјPrepared solution containing 1.5 sodium bicarbonate in 300 ml water and 2 drops liquid soap
пѓјLarge plastic syringe 20–65 ml with no needle
пѓј#3 cork borer with plungers
пѓјSpinach Leaves
пѓјTwo plastic cups
пѓјOne glass beaker
пѓјTimer
пѓјLight source
пѓјPaper Towels
пѓјCover: Cup covered by foil
пѓјMouse pad for cutting surface This experiment was performed using the procedure from the Photosynthesis in Leaf Disks Lab. First using a #3

Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the most important part of the lively hood of humans and animals.
Without photosynthesis we would not be able to receive energy. We should be more appreciate of plants, without them we would not survive. This
paper will explain the basic components require for photosynthesis, the role of chlorophyll, how energy is transferred, and photosystems I and II and
the most precious product results of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a reproductive system that occurs in plants. The main components required for photosynthesizing are sunlight, energy, water and
mineral from soil, and carbon dioxide from the air. Once these components are combined they...show more content...
One could say that it is the house where photosynthesize occur. The chlorophyll never changes from its original form nor is combined when
photosynthesis occurs.
Plants absorb energy from the sunlight whether on land or in the water. The energy is transferred to humans and someanimals that eat plants. Some
animals are not able to eat plants so they eat other animals who has energy stored up in them. Humans also receive a source of energy from animals
that we eat. What is quite amazing is that maggots receive energy from animals that have been dead for a long period of time.
Photosynthesis has a two–stage performance before plants produce the two products they are known to produce. These stages are Photosystem I and II.
Photosystem II is dependant on light reactions for energy which causes the electrons to be react and be transferred to Photosystem II. The electrons are
transported through the Photosystem II electron transport system, however some energy is used to drive ATP synthesis. Meanwhile, light is being
absorbed by the Photosystem I, which causes the electrons to react. This process sends the electrons to the Photosystem I transport system where some
energy is released as electrons travel through the electron transport system and is captured as NADPH. When this process is completed oxygen is
released from the plant and glucose has been

Essay about photosynthesis lab report
Purpose:
To research the effect of different wavelengths (colors) of light on plant growth during photosynthesis.
Background Information:
Photosynthesis is the process by which sunlight is captured by chloroplasts within plant cells and turned into energy. This energy is used to help the
plant grow roots, leaves, flowers and fruit.
Energy is required by living things to: change shape, transportation, movement, growth, reproduction, etc.
Red and blue light have the greatest effect on plant growth after white light
The main pigment is chlorophyll which reflects green lights l
Green and yellow light are the...show more content...
The dependent variable in this experiment was the plant growth.
Constants:
The amount of light each plant received
How each plant was planted
Where each plant was planted (in box)
Amount of water each plant was given
Control Group
The control in this experiment was the white light because it has all the colors available to the plant.
Procedure:
1. Each box was placed in a room set to 70 degrees Fahrenheit
2. Each Styrofoam cup was filled with 4oz. of soil
3. One ungerminated sugar snap pea was planted in each cup
4. A hole was cut big enough for the light bulb to fit in the top of the box
5. A specificcolor of cellophane was placed on each light bulb
6. Each light was placed in the hole previously cut out on each box.
7. Each light was connected a timer in order to regulate the amount of light each plant received

8. Three Styrofoam cups were placed in each box.
9. Each plant was given one tablespoon of water a day
10. Measurements(in centimeters) were taken and recorded for each plant daily for four weeks
Data Chart: Total Growth of Sugar Snap Peas Using Different Color Lights after 4 Weeks
Light Color
Height of Plant (cm)
Red Light
18.4
Blue Light
20.6
Green Light
18.3
Yellow Light
17.3
White Light
20.9
Data Graph:
Average Growth of Sugar Snap Peas under Different Wavelengths of Light
Conclusion:
This

Photosynthesis
Name __________________________________________________ Date ___________________ Class ____________
Photosynthesis Virtual Labs
Tutorial: http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/science_up_close/512/deploy/interface.html
Watch and listen to the tutorial found in the link above. Fill in the following answers as you watch. Stop and replay anything you don't understand –
this is a complicated topic! food 1. Plants use photosynthesis to make __________________ for the plant.
2. What do plants need in order to perform photosynthesis?
Plants need light ( usually from the sun) in order to perform photosynthesis. 3. How is the plant able to obtain each "ingredient?"
The plant obtains each ingredient from the air through open...show more content...
Based on your data, draw a conclusion regarding how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis.
The shorter the distance of the light to the sample the manier the bubbles are produced each minute.
The longer the distance of the light to the sample the lesser the bubbles are produced each minute.
It means that the higher the light intensity the rate of photosynthesis is increasing, the lower the light intensity the rate of photosynthesis is decreasing.
Virtual Lab #2 – http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/photolab.swf
In this lab, you will be experimenting with how different variables affect the rate of photosynthesis.
9. Set the thermometer to 25В°C (Room Temperature) and the light intensity to 20.
a. What were the bubbles per minute at this setting? ______ bpm
32
b. Now increase the CO2 available to the elodea. What were your bubbles per minute? ______ bpm
48
c. Based on your data, how does the amount of available CO2 affect the rate of photosynthesis?
The amount of available Carbon Dioxide increased the rate of photosynthesis.

10. Keep your settings from 9c (25В°C, light intensity of 20, increased CO2).
48
a. What were the bubbles per minute at this setting? ______ bpm
40
b. Now increase the temperature to 40В°C. What were your bubbles per minute? ______ bpm
c. Based on your data, how does an increase in temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?
It decreased or slowed the rate of

Essay on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a biochemical process in which plant, algae, and some bacteria harness the energy of light to produce food. Nearly all living things
depend on energy produced from photosynthesis for their nourishment, making it vital to life on Earth. It is also responsible for producing the oxygen
that makes up a large portion of the EarthВЎВ¦s atmosphere. Factors that affect photosynthesis are light intensity and wave length, carbon dioxide
concentration, and temperature.
Plants are autotrophs that mean they are able to synthesize food directly from inorganic compounds, instead of relying on other organisms. They use
carbon dioxide gas and water to produce sugars and oxygen...show more content...
The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a water–resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive absorption of light and evaporation
of water. The transparent, colourless epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place.
To metabolic pathways involved in photosynthesis are light reaction and dark reaction. The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the
light–dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. Light absorbed by chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments is
used to drive a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to and acceptor called NADP , reducing it to the form of NADPH by adding a pair of
electrons and a single proton. The water or some other donor molecule is split in the process. The light reaction also generates ADP, a process called
photophosphorylation. ATP is a versatile source of chemical energy used in most biological processes. The light reaction produces no carbohydrates
such as sugars.
In photosynthesis, the dark reactions are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions unlike
light–dependent reactions do not need light to occur. These reactions take the products of the light–dependent reactions and perform further chemical
processes on

Photosynthesis Research Paper
Photosynthesis is the processes that captures energy from the sunlight to male sugars that store chemical energy. and cell respiration releases
chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make atp when oxygen is presented. and atp is the molecule that transfers energy
from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. With all of these process they work together to capture energy by the sun and convert it into
everyg of life. It starts with the photosynthesis. First, the carbon dioxide and oxygen will enter the leaves in plants through the stomata. then the water
travels from the roots and will go into the vascular system. then chloroplast absorbs sunlight. However, there's 2 part in hopothesis. The parts re light
dependant and light independent....show more content...
And the light independent happens to make atp used to make the glucose. Atp is very important since cells use it for functions. however, with
photosynthesis the cell respiration and photosynthesis chloroplast absorb the energy from sunlight and build sugras, then the mitochondria will release
the chemical energy to make atp. the cell respiration starts with 3 carbon molecules they enter cell respiration in mitochondria, and the energy carrying
molecules transfer energy to electron transport. so next the energy carrying molecule which atp molecules are produced. last heat and water are
released as waste

The Process of Photosynthesis Essay
The Process of Photosynthesis
Missing Images
Plants are one of the many wonders of the world. They are considered autotrophs; they do not rely on outside sources for their food. They create their
own food by the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is when green plants and certain other organisms use light energy to change carbon dioxide
and water into the glucose. In so doing, photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for almost all organisms. An extremely important byproduct of
photosynthesis is oxygen, on which most organisms depend. Photosynthesis occurs in green plants, seaweeds, algae, and some bacteria. These
organisms are virtual sugar factories, producing millions of new glucose molecules per second....show more content...
These fossil fuels, including natural gas, coal, and petroleum, are composed of a complex mix of hydrocarbons, the remains of organisms that relied
on photosynthesis millions of years ago [3]. Therefore, almost all life on earth, directly or indirectly, depends on photosynthesis as a source of food,
energy, and oxygen, making it one of the most important biochemical processes known. Plant photosynthesis occurs in leaves and green stems within
cell structures called chloroplasts (Figure 4 & 5). One plant leaf is composed of tens of thousands of cells, and each cell contains 40 to 50
chloroplasts. The chloroplast, an oval–shaped structure, is divided by membranes into numerous disk–shaped compartments. These disklike
compartments, called thylakoids, are arranged vertically in the chloroplast like a stack of plates or pancakes [4]. A stack of thylakoids is called a
granum. The grana lie suspended in a fluid known as stroma [3] (Figure 6). Embedded in the membranes of the thylakoids are hundreds of molecules
of chlorophyll (Figure 7), a light–trapping pigment required for photosynthesis. Additional light–trapping pigments, enzymes, and other molecules
needed for photosynthesis are also located within the thylakoid membranes [4]. The pigments and enzymes are arranged in two types of units,
Photosystem I and Photosystem II (Figure 8). Because a chloroplast may have dozens of thylakoids, and each thylakoid may contain thousands of

Photosynthesis and Respiration
All organisms on earth depend on photosynthesis, in which light energy is used to make sugar and other food molecules from carbon dioxide and
water. For example, plants and other photo–synthesizers need only energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from air, and water from the soil to make the
sugar glucose. Photosynthesis is the most important chemical process on earth because it provides food for virtually all organisms, not only for
photo–synthesizers but for the organisms that eat them. Plants can capture the energy of the sun by a chemical process called photosynthesis. This
chemical reaction can be described by the following simple equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
The product of photosynthesis is a carbohydrate,...show more content...
The CO2 is converted into malic acid and then converted back to CO2 during the day when light is present, thus producing sugars, while the stomata
are closed and greatly reducing water loss. Plants convert the energy from light into simple sugars, such as glucose. This food may be converted back
to water and carbon dioxide, releasing the stored energy through a process called respiration. This energy is required for growth in nearly all
organisms. Simple sugars are also converted to other sugars and starches (carbohydrates) which may be transported to the stems and roots for use or
storage, or they may be used as building blocks for more complex structures, e.g. oils, pigments, proteins, cell walls, etc. Photosynthesis is dependent on
the availability of light. In other words, as sunlight increases in intensity photosynthesis increases. This results in greater food production. Many garden
crops, such as tomatoes, respond best to maximum sunlight. Tomato production is cut drastically as light intensities drop. Only two or three varieties
of "greenhouse" tomatoes will produce any fruit when sunlight is minimal in fall and spring. Water plays an important role in photosynthesis in several
ways. First, it maintains a plant's turgor or the firmness or fullness of plant tissue. Turgor pressure in a cell can be compared to air in an inflated
balloon. Water pressure or turgor is needed in plant cells to maintain shape and ensure

The Importance Of Photosynthesis In Plants
Photosynthesis in plants is one of the most important chemical reactions on the planet. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction necessary to sustain all
forms of life. Only plants, and some very specialized animals, called autotrophs are able to turn sunlight into usable chemical energy. Autotrophs turn
inorganic molecules into complex organic molecules through solar or chemical energy. Autotrophs also have the capacity to store energy, such as
carbon compounds which can be passed to other organisms that consume them. Plants are the base of the flow of energy and therefore a primary
producer.(Miller and Levine, 2014) Other organisms can break down the carbon compounds consumed through plants and release it through respiration
to be used again by plants. This is known as the carbon cycle. But what makes this happen? In an indoor or laboratory setting, what types of artificial
light can be most efficiently used as a substitute for sunlight?
Plants provide the basis for most food chains. Even the energy consumer came from plants at one point. Photosynthesis is used to store nutrients and
other carbon compounds in plants that are also vital for many other organisms. Photosynthesis mainly occurs in two stages, the light stage, and the
dark stage. These take place in photosystems I and II. "These hold chlorophyll molecules and, when chlorophyll is struck by a photo of light, an
electron becomes energized and water molecules bind." ( Updegraff, 2017). Water is split into hydrogen and

Lab Report On Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a vital process that autotrophs use to transfer light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis ultimately produces O2 and glucose.
It, like many other biological processes, can be affected by environmental variables. The variable that we altered in the following experiment are
intensity, light wavelengths, and pigment types. In order to do this, we conducted three experiments. In the first experiment, we examined the effect of
light intensity by placing vials with chloroplasts with DPIP at different light distances in which the results varied. Initially, 30cm away was the most
effective for photosynthesis. Then 24cm appeared to be the most effective. Followed by 49cm at minutes 25 and 30. In the second experiment, we
...show more content...
However, the photosynthetic process can be affected by different environmental factors. In the following experiment, we tested the effects that the light
intensity, light wavelength and pigment had on photosynthesis. The action spectrum of photosynthesis shows which wavelength of light is the most
effective using only one line. The absorption spectrum plots how much light is absorbed at different wavelengths by one or more different pigment
types. Organisms have different optimal functional ranges, so it is for our benefit to discover the conditions that this process works best. If the
environmental conditions of light intensity, light wavelength and pigment type are changed, then the rate of photosynthesis will increase with average
light intensity and under the wavelengths of white light which will correspond to the absorption spectrum of the pigments. The null hypothesis to this
would be; if the environmental conditions light intensity, light wavelength and pigment type are changed, then the rate of photosynthesis will decrease
with average light intensity and under the white light which will correspond to the absorption spectrum of the pigments.
Methods First, we collected spinach leaves and cut out 60 disks using cork borer and then placed them in a syringe. Then, we added sodium
bicarbonate into the syringe leaving about a third of the syringe empty and replace the plunger to the syringe. We aspirated the leaves by pulling the
plunger down

Photosynthesis Lab Report

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Photosynthesis Lab Report