Its about the development in the area of computer architecture and section include in the subject Advanced Architecture and Parallel Processing

1. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
TRACKS

2. MULTIPLE–PROCESSOR TRACKS
 It can be either a shared-memory multiprocessor or a distributed-memory
multicomputer
Shared-memory track
 Single address space in the entire system
 The track started with C.mmp

3. NYU Ultrcomputer & Illinois Cedar
 They were developed with a single address space
 Both systems used multistage networks as a system interconnect
 Ultracomputer developed the combining network for fast synchronization among
multiple processors
 NYU developed by Allan Gottlieb in 1983

4.  The major achievements in Cedar project are in parallel compilers and
performance benchmarking experiments
 Illinois Cedar project was developed by David Kuck in 1987
 Cedar is a cluster-based shared memory multiprocessor
 The system consists of four clusters connected through two unidirectional
interconnection networks to a globally shared memory

5. Stanford Dash
 NUMA multiprocessor
 Distributed memories forming a global address space
 Cache coherence is enforced with distributed directories

6. Fujitsu VPP500
 222-processor system with a crossbar interconnect
 Shared memories are distributed to all processor nodes
KSR 1
 It’s a typical COMA model
 Kendall Square Research,1990

7. IBM RP3 & BBN Butterfly
 These are two large-scale multiprocessors
 Both use multistage networks but with different interstage connections
 RP3, the Research Parallel Processing Prototype, was a research vehicle for
exploring the hardware and software aspects of highly parallel computation.
 RP3 was a shared-memory machine that was designed to be scalable to 512
processors; a 64-processor machine was in operation from October 1988
through March 1991

8.  The BBN Butterfly was a massively parallel computer built by Bolt, Beranek
and Newman in the 1980s.
 Each machine had up to 512 CPUs, each with local memory, which could be
connected to allow every CPU access to every other CPU's memory, although
with a substantially greater latency (roughly 15:1) than for its own. The CPUs
were commodity microprocessors.
 The memory address space was shared.

9. Message-Passing Track

10. Cosmic Cube
 The Caltech Cosmic Cube was a parallel computer, developed by Charles
Seitz and Geoffrey from 1981 onward
 It leads the development of message-passing multicomputers
 It was an early attempt to capitalise on VLSI to speed up scientific
calculations at a reasonable cost

11.  Intel has produced a series of medium –grain hypercube computers(the iPSCs)
 The nCUBE 2 is also a hypercube configuration
 Paragon is the latest Intel system
 Mosaic and the MIT J-Machine are on the research track which are the two fine-grain
multicomputers

13. MULTIVECTOR & SIMD TRACKS
Multivector track
 These are traditional vector supercomputers
 The CDC 7600 was the first vector dual-processor system
 The Cray and Japanese supercomputers followed the register-to-register
architecture
 Cray 1 leads the multivector development in 1978
 The latest Cray/MPP is a massively parallel with distributed shared memory
 Its work as a back-end accelerator with Cray Y-MP Series

16. The SIMD Track
 The Illiac IV leads the construction of SIMD computers
 The Goodyear MPP, the AMT/DAP610, and the TMC/CM-2,are all SIMD
machines built with bit-slice PEs
 The CM-5 is a synchronized MIMD machine executing in a multiple-SIMD mode

17.  The word-wide PEs is used in :
 BSP was a shared-memory SIMD machine built with 16 processors
updating a group of 17 memory modules synchronously
 The GF11 was developed at the IBM Watson Laboratory for scientific
simulation research use
 The MasPar MP1 is the only medium-grain SIMD computer currently in
production use