This document compares message passing and shared memory architectures for parallel computing. It defines message passing as processors communicating through sending and receiving messages without a global memory, while shared memory allows processors to communicate through a shared virtual address space. The key difference is that message passing uses explicit communication through messages, while shared memory uses implicit communication through memory operations. It also discusses how the programming model and hardware architecture can be separated, with message passing able to support shared memory and vice versa.
About Naming Concepts in Distributed systems.
More about its services, its types & the approaches of implementation for Name Space & Name Resolution and Locating Entities Approaches with example diagrams.
About Naming Concepts in Distributed systems.
More about its services, its types & the approaches of implementation for Name Space & Name Resolution and Locating Entities Approaches with example diagrams.
A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed computer system, which consists of a collection of inter-connected stand-alone computers working together as a single integrated computing resource.
Replication in computing involves sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or accessibility.
INTRODUCTIONTO OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments
Threads,
system model,
processor allocation,
scheduling in distributed systems
Load balancing and
sharing approach,
fault tolerance,
Real time distributed systems,
Process migration and related issues
Load Balancing In Distributed ComputingRicha Singh
Load Balancing In Distributed Computing
The goal of the load balancing algorithms is to maintain the load to each processing element such that all the processing elements become neither overloaded nor idle that means each processing element ideally has equal load at any moment of time during execution to obtain the maximum performance (minimum execution time) of the system
Overview - Functions of an Operating System – Design Approaches – Types of Advanced
Operating System - Synchronization Mechanisms – Concept of a Process, Concurrent
Processes – The Critical Section Problem, Other Synchronization Problems – Language
Mechanisms for Synchronization – Axiomatic Verification of Parallel Programs - Process
Deadlocks - Preliminaries – Models of Deadlocks, Resources, System State – Necessary and
Sufficient conditions for a Deadlock – Systems with Single-Unit Requests, Consumable
Resources, Reusable Resources.
Overview of Network Programming, Remote Procedure Calls, Remote Method Invocation, Message Oriented Communication, and web services in distributed systems
A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed computer system, which consists of a collection of inter-connected stand-alone computers working together as a single integrated computing resource.
Replication in computing involves sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or accessibility.
INTRODUCTIONTO OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments
Threads,
system model,
processor allocation,
scheduling in distributed systems
Load balancing and
sharing approach,
fault tolerance,
Real time distributed systems,
Process migration and related issues
Load Balancing In Distributed ComputingRicha Singh
Load Balancing In Distributed Computing
The goal of the load balancing algorithms is to maintain the load to each processing element such that all the processing elements become neither overloaded nor idle that means each processing element ideally has equal load at any moment of time during execution to obtain the maximum performance (minimum execution time) of the system
Overview - Functions of an Operating System – Design Approaches – Types of Advanced
Operating System - Synchronization Mechanisms – Concept of a Process, Concurrent
Processes – The Critical Section Problem, Other Synchronization Problems – Language
Mechanisms for Synchronization – Axiomatic Verification of Parallel Programs - Process
Deadlocks - Preliminaries – Models of Deadlocks, Resources, System State – Necessary and
Sufficient conditions for a Deadlock – Systems with Single-Unit Requests, Consumable
Resources, Reusable Resources.
Overview of Network Programming, Remote Procedure Calls, Remote Method Invocation, Message Oriented Communication, and web services in distributed systems
Super, Mainframe computers are not cost effective
Cluster technology have been developed that allow multiple low cost computers to work in coordinated fashion to process applications.
The theory behind parallel computing is covered here. For more theoretical knowledge: https://sites.google.com/view/vajira-thambawita/leaning-materials
There are two primary forms of data exchange between parallel tasks - accessing a shared data space and exchanging messages.
Platforms that provide a shared data space are called shared-address-space machines or multiprocessors.
Platforms that support messaging are also called message passing platforms or multicomputers.
Distributed Shared Memory – A Survey and Implementation Using OpenshmemIJERA Editor
Parallel programs nowadays are written either in multiprocessor or multicomputer environment. Both these
concepts suffer from some problems. Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) systems is a new and attractive area of
research recently, which combines the advantages of both shared-memory parallel processors (multiprocessors)
and distributed systems (multi-computers). An overview of DSM is given in the first part of the paper. Later we
have shown how parallel programs can be implemented in DSM environment using Open SHMEM.
Distributed Shared Memory – A Survey and Implementation Using OpenshmemIJERA Editor
Parallel programs nowadays are written either in multiprocessor or multicomputer environment. Both these
concepts suffer from some problems. Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) systems is a new and attractive area of
research recently, which combines the advantages of both shared-memory parallel processors (multiprocessors)
and distributed systems (multi-computers). An overview of DSM is given in the first part of the paper. Later we
have shown how parallel programs can be implemented in DSM environment using Open SHMEM.
For over 40 years, virtually all computers have followed a common machine model known as the von Neumann computer. Name after the Hungarian mathématicien John von Neumann.
A von Neumann computer uses the stored-program concept. The CPU executes a stored program that specifies a sequence of read and write operations on the memory.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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6. INTRODUCTION
• The architecture is used to communicate data among a
set of processors without the need for a global memory
• Each PE has its own local memory and communicates
with other PE using message
7.
8. MP network
Two important factors must be considered;
Link bandwidth –the number of bits that can be transmitted per unit
of times(bits/s)
Message transfer through the network
9. Process communication
Processes running on a given processor use what is called
internal channels to exchange messages among themselves
Processes running on different processors use the external
channesls to exchange messages
10. Data exchanged
Data exchanged among processors cannot be shared; it
is rather copied (using send/ receive messages)
An important advantage of this form of data exchange is
the elimination of the need for synchronization constructs
, such as semaphores , which results in performance
improvement
11. Message-Passing Interface – MPI
Standardization
MPI is the only message passing library which can be
considered a standard. It is supported on virtually all HPC
platforms. Practically, it has replaced all previous message
passing libraries.
Portability
There is no need to modify your source code when you port
your application to a different platform that supports the MPI
standard
12. Message-Passing Interface – MPI
Performance Opportunities
Vendor implementations should be able to exploit native hardware
features to optimize performance.
Functionality
Over 115 routines are defined.
Availability
A variety of implementations are available, both vendor and public
domain.
13. MPI basics
Start Processes
Send Messages
Receive Messages
Synchronize
With these four capabilities, you can construct any program.
MPI offers over 125 functions.
15. Introduction
Processors communicate with shared address space
Easy on small-scale machines
Shared memory allows multiple processes to share virtual memory
space.
This is the fastest but not necessarily the easiest (synchronization-
wise) way for processes to communicate with one another.
In general, one process creates or allocates the shared memory
segment.
The size and access permissions for the segment are set when it is
created.
16.
17. Uniform Memory Access (UMA)
Most commonly represented today by Symmetric Multiprocessor
(SMP) machines
Identical processors
Equal access and access times to memory
Sometimes called CC-UMA - Cache Coherent UMA. Cache
coherent means if one processor updates a location in shared
memory, all the other processors know about the update. Cache
coherency is accomplished at the hardware level.
19. Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)
Often made by physically linking two or more SMPs
One SMP can directly access memory of another SMP
Not all processors have equal access time to all memories
Memory access across link is slower
If cache coherency is maintained, then may also be called CC-
NUMA - Cache Coherent NUMA
21. Advantages
Global address space provides a user-friendly programming
perspective to memory
Model of choice for uniprocessors, small-scale MPs
Ease of programming
Lower latency
Easier to use hardware controlled caching
Data sharing between tasks is both fast and uniform due to the
proximity of memory to CPUs
22. Disadvantages
Primary disadvantage is the lack of scalability between memory
and CPUs. Adding more CPUs can geometrically increases traffic
on the shared memory-CPU path, and for cache coherent
systems, geometrically increase traffic associated with
cache/memory management.
Programmer responsibility for synchronization constructs that
ensure "correct" access of global memory.
Expense: it becomes increasingly difficult and expensive to design
and produce shared memory machines with ever increasing
numbers of processors.
24. Message Passing vs. Shared Memory
• Difference: how communication is achieved between tasks
Message passing programming model
– Explicit communication via messages
– Loose coupling of program components
– Analogy: telephone call or letter, no shared location accessible to all
Shared memory programming model
– Implicit communication via memory operations (load/store)
– Tight coupling of program components
– Analogy: bulletin board, post information at a shared space
• Suitability of the programming model depends on the problem to be solved.
Issues affected by the model include:
Overhead, scalability, ease of programming
25. Message Passing vs. Shared Memory Hardware
• Difference: how task communication is supported in hardware
Shared memory hardware (or machine model)
– All processors see a global shared address space
• Ability to access all memory from each processor
– A write to a location is visible to the reads of other processors
Message passing hardware (machine model)
– No global shared address space
– Send and receive variants are the only method of communication between
processors (much like networks of workstations today, i.e. clusters)
• Suitability of the hardware depends on the problem to be solved as well as the
programming model.
26. Programming Model vs. Architecture
• Machine Programming Model
– Join at network, so program with message passing model
– Join at memory, so program with shared memory model
– Join at processor, so program with SIMD or data parallel
• Programming Model Machine
– Message-passing programs on message-passing machine
– Shared-memory programs on shared-memory machine
– SIMD/data-parallel programs on SIMD/data-parallel machine
27. Separation of Model and Architecture
Shared Memory
– Single shared address space
– Communicate, synchronize using load / store
– Can support message passing
Message Passing
– Send / Receive
– Communication + synchronization
– Can support shared memory