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Araceae family

The document discusses the Araceae family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, also known as aroids, detailing their features, classification, and ecological significance. It covers their unique reproduction methods, morphological characteristics, and uses in food, medicine, and ornamental applications. Additionally, it highlights their role in traditional medicine, particularly their antimalarial properties and toxicity issues related to calcium oxalate crystals present in some species.

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Dr DON J SCOTT BERIN G BHMS(MD) DEPARTMENT OF MATERIA MEDICA WHITE MEMORIAL HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE VEEYANOOR, ATTOOR, K K DIST.
THIRUKURAL “மருந்தென வேண்டாோம் யாக்கைக்கு அருந்ெியது அற்றது வ ாற்றி உணின். ( 942) ” The body needs no medicine, if one eats after ensuring the earlier intake is digested. After digestion, eat in right measure. முன் உண்டது தெரித்ெகெத் தெளிோை அறிந்து, அென் ின்னவே உண் ானானால், அேனுகடய உடலுக்கு ‘மருந்து’ என்னும் எதுவுவம வேண்டாம்.
ARISTOTLE FATHER OF BIOLOGY
AESCULAPIUS GOD OF MEDICINE
THIS POWER POINT IS DEDICATED TO MY LIVING GOD MOST RESPECTED MOM DAD GURU
“Homeopathy is the safest and most reliable approach to ailments and has withstood the assaults of established medical practice for over 100 years” Daily Telegraph , August 12, 1989
AN OUTLINE
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids.
Characters of Araceae
Systematic Position of Family in Different Systems of Classifications:
Plants rhizomatous or tuberous large herb; root-climbers in damp forests; leaves large, lamina incised or perforated, leaf-base sheathing; spadix subtented by spathe; spathe of bright colour; flowers di- or trimerous, unisexual (rarely bisexual), perianth absent or 6 tepals, stamens generally forming synandrium, fruit berry.
Vegetative characters
Habit  Usually perennial herb, highly variable as rhizomatous or tuberous herbs Arum climber (Pothos) or tree-like (Philodendron), aquatic (Pistia), epiphytic (Anthurium), marshy (Acorus). Root  Adventitious, fibrous, usually of two-aerial or epiphytic in climbing plants, (Pothos, Monstera), absorbing and clasping. In the aerial roots, the velamen are also present.
Stem Underground or subterranean, in the form of tubers (Arum), corms (Colocasia) rhizome (Acorus), aerial (Pothos) with often have a pungent taste, aerial showing monopodial or sympodial branching, accessory buds often develop in leaf-axil.
Leaf Generally large, measuring 3 metre (Amorphophallus companulatus) radical or cauline, shape and size variable, alternate, simple or compound, petiolate or sessile (Pistia), usually parallel-veined (Acorus) but rarely reticulate (Arisaema), cordate, sagittute or hastate, entire or lobed.
Floral characters
Inflorescence Spadix, subtended by a bract or spathe, it may be more than 1 m long Amorphophallus rivieria, coloured, the upper portion of spadix is usually naked and lower portion bears flower, usually some sterile flowers are present close to male and female flowers i.e. the flowers of both sexes are in distinct zones separated by zone of sterile hair.
 Flower Small, sessile, actinomorphic, di- or trimerous, unisexual rarely bisexual (Acorus, Pothos, Mostera), hypogynous or epigynous, often bad-smelling.  Perianth  Absent (Calla, Colocasia) in unisexual flowers and present in bisexual flowers, 1 (Acorus) or 4 (Anthurium) to 6 (Acorus), perianth lobes small, scale-like, free or rarely connate.  Androecium  Stamens many or reduced to 4-10, even 1 (Arisaema) in two or one whorl; situated opposite to perianth lobes; free or united into a synandrium (Colocasia, Alocasia) dithecous, introrse, female flowers bear staminodes.
 Gynoecium  Carpels varied in number, but often reduced to single carpel, ovary superior, 1 to 3-celled, ovules one or more in each cell; placentation may be axile (Pothos) or parietal (Arum) or basal (Typhonium); style short, stigma one or more.  Fruit  A berry, the cluster densely grouped on the fruiting spadix, looking as a multiple-fruit.  Seed  Albuminous, embedded in mucilaginous pulp or exalbuminous.  Pollination  Entomophillous due to coloured – spathe, rarely self- pollinated (species of Arisaema).
Distribution of Araceae It is commonly called Arum family, contain 115 genera and 2000 species. About 25 genera and over 140 species have been reported from India. The members tend to be aquatic but some are epiphytic.
Characteristics  110 genera and 1800 species  Herbs; monocots  Usually have calcium oxalate crystals  Leaves are alternate, simple or compound, can be large, and usually have a sheathing base
Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum  Herbaceous perennial  1 to 2 leaves each divided into 3 leaflets  Flowers are small, inconspicuous, and in an erect spadix surrounded by a green to purple spathe  Fruit are berries  Found in moist woods
Wild calla Calla palustris  Semi-aquatic perennial 5-10 in. tall, found in bogs  Flowers are tiny, and green to white with 6 stamens  Inflorescence is a 1-2 in. spadix beside a 2 in. white, open, flat, oval spathe  Fruit is a cluster of red berries  Leaves are broadly oval with pointed tip and on a 2-6 in. long stalk
Skunk cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus  Perennial, up to 3 ft. tall forb with a skunk odor when crushed (foetidus means evil-smelling)  Blooms March-May  Flowers are green and tiny with 4 stamens  Inflorescence are roundish, 3-6 in., green to purple spadix inside a pointed, hood-like, purple spathe  Fruit is a cluster of brown-black berries  Leaves are round, simple, basal, don’t appear until after flowering
Economic Importance of Araceae
Food  The plants cultivated for vegetables are Colocasia esculenta (Arvi, Kachalu or Colocasia); Alocasia indica (Mankand), Amorphophallus campanulatus (Zimikand or elephant foot).  Leaves of Lasia spinosa are eaten as food.  The large fruits of Mostera are eaten in many tropical regions. From the tubers of Colocasia esculenta, the starchy baby foods and alcohol are also prepared.
Medicinal The rhizomes of Acorus calamus are used in diarrhoea and dyspepsia. The stem juice of Alocasia macrorrhiza is used to relieve pain in scorpion bite. The corns of Amorphophallus campanulatus are used in treating piles and dysentry.
Poison  Arisaema spp. are poisonous.  Ornamentals  The plants of this family are commonly grown in gardens and green houses for their variegated and handsome leaves. The plants are Pothos aureus (Money plant), Monstera deliciosa, Alocasia indica var. metallica, Caladium picturatum, C. bicolor, Colocasia esculenta, Scindapsus officinalis, Anthurium and Pistia spp. in aquaria.
Affinities of Araceae Bentham and Hooker placed the Araceae in their fifth series Nudiflorae for the perianth being absent in many genera of the family. Engler treated the family along with the Lemnaceae, on account of the universal presence of spathe. Rendle included the family in order spadiciflorae on the basis of spadix inflorescence and unisexual flowers. In Hutchinson’s arrangement, the family appeared under order Arales.
 The Araceae is closely related to the Palmaceae on such grounds as small flowers arranged in a spadix and subtended by a spathe as well as the relative size of the embryo and endosperm. It is also akin to the Lemnaceae which is a replica of the aroids, though an extremely reduced one.  The origin of the Araceae has been a subject of much dispute. Lotsy suggested that the family, together with the Arecaceae (Palmae) and Pandonaceae, arose from the Piperales. Engler felt that the family was a derivative of the Palmaceae via the Cyclanthaceae.
Wettstein regarded the family to the more advanced than the Orchidaceae and to be originating from the Helobiae- Liliiflorae stocks. Hutchinson expressed the idea that the family developed directly from the Liliaceae through the tribe Aspidistreae.
Common plants of the family
 1. Amorphophallus campanulatus (Teligo patato) is a terrestrial herb with roundish, watery thick corms.  2. Arisaema tortuosum (Snake plant) seen in Darjeeling and Shillong, is characterised by a greenish-purple spathe which expands over the spadix like the hood of a snake.  3. Caladium bicolor – Leaves variegated, multicoloured, ornamental garden plant.  4. Pistia stratiotes L. (Water Cabbage) is a floating stoloniferous herb bearing rosettes of sessile obcordate cuneate leaves.  5. Pothos aureus L, (Money plant), a climbing herb without latex. The leaves may be variegated, cultivated.  6. Acorus calamus L. (Sweet flag) is an erect aromatic marshy herb.  7. Monstera deliciosa (“Amarphal”) an ornamental herb or shrub with leaves perforated.
Division of the family and chief genera The Araceae is divided into eight sub-families
 Sub-family I. Arodeae:  Latex sacs straight, flowers with or without perianth. Stamens free or in synandria.  Examples:  Arum, Typhonium, etc.  Sub-family II. Calloideae:  Leaves fever sagittate, Latex sacs present, Flowers bisexual, naked.  Example:  Calla.
 Sub-family III. Colocasioideae:  Leaves always net-veinned. Latex sacs branched, Flowers unisexual, naked, Stamens in synandria.  Examples:  Alocasia, Colocasia etc.  Sub-family IV. Lasioideae:  Leaves sagittate, Latex sacs present. Flowers bisexual or unisexual.  Examples:  Amorphophallus, Lasia, etc.  Sub-family V. Monsteroideae:  Latex sacs absent, but spicular cells present. Flowers bisexual, naked.  Examples:  Monestera, Scindapsus etc.
 Sub-family VI. Philodendroideae:  Leaves always parallel-veined. Flowers bisexual or unisexual.  Examples:  Philodendron, Richardia etc.  Sub-family VII. Pistioideae:  Aquatic herbs. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers extremely reduced.  Example:  Pistia.  Sub-family VIII. Pothoideae:  Latex sacs and spicular cells absent, flowers bisexual.  Examples:  Acorus, Pothos etc.
Araceae Toxicity
Diffenbachia
Background  Araceae family of plants  Genera include Alocasia, Arisaema, Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron  Broad firm and shiny leaves  Examples  Mother-In-Law's Tongue (Dracaena trifasciata)  Elephant Ears (genera Colocasia, Alocasia, and Xanthosoma)
Mechanism  Plant is coated in sharp, lancinating Calcium oxalate crystals (raphides)  When the plant is bitten (most often by a child), the crystals lance the mucosa causing localized symptoms Symptoms  Pain and swelling of mucosa on biting leaf Signs  Crying due to pain  Drooling  Anterior oropharyngeal swelling (esp. lips, Tongue)  Tongue Pain may interfere with speaking
Differential Diagnosis  Anaphylaxis  Angioedema  Management  Airway Management as needed  Case reports of posterior oropharyngeal involvement and need for Endotracheal Intubation  Typically self limited and resolves in 20-30 minutes  Treated symptomatically  Cold milk  Popsicles( Ice)
SPECIES OF ARACEAE USED IN THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA
 Forty-three bibliographic sources were found on plants used to treat malaria and symptoms of malaria in the Araceae family. These works describe 38 species in 22 genera . Philodendron Schott was the most cited genus with seven uses registered by communities in South American countries, including Brazil, Colombia, Equador, Peru and French Guyana. Antimalarial plants of the Araceae family are also found in Central America, Africa, Western Europe, Asia and Southeast Asia. Twenty-one species of Araceae are specifically used to treat malaria and many are from South America.
 Thus, the aerial part of folha cheirosa, yeuri cumare (Anthurium oxycarpum Poepp.) is used by the Tacana Amerindians of Bolivia (Deharo et al. 2001) and macerates and decoctions of cipo de tara or tracua (Philodendron cf. linnaei Kunth) are indicated by the Tirios Amerindians of Suriname (Lopéz et al. 2006). Also, taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) is a widely cultivated tuber that is a foodstuff and foodstock for animals (Aiyeloja et al. 2006) and is used as an antimalarial along the Manso River in Minas Gerais, Brazil (Reskalla 2001). In northern Brazil, an antimalarial aerial root infusion of a species of Philodendron is prepared by the native Watorik Yanomami (Milliken 1997). In Togo, Africa, whole plant decoctions of tonflo (Pistia stratiotes L.) are used as antimalarials (Kyei et al. 2012).
CHEMISTRY OF ANTIMALARIAL SPECIES OF ARACEAE
 Oxalic acid is frequently deposited as crystals of calcium oxalate (Figure 2) in plants of the Araceae and is responsible for the toxicity of some genera (e.g. Dieffenbachia Schott). A large variety of anthocyanines have been identified in the flowers, fruit, leaves and leaf stems of 59 species of Araceae (Williams et al. 1981). The most commonly occurring pigment in these species was cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, however, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside is also regularly found in the Araceae.
 Leaves and branches of guaimbê-sulcado (Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott) were extracted with methanol. The dry extract was defatted with hexanes. The chloroform soluble fraction of this extract was evaporated and chromatographed on silica gel using and acetone-chloroform gradient. Further normal phase, flash or reverse-phase chromatographies on the resulting fractions provided 14 compounds.
 Six of these compounds exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity (Zhang et al. 2001). The most active against P. falciparum D6 and W2 strains were the neolignan threo-polysyphorin (IC50 = 404 and 368 ng/mL, respectively) and the benzoperoxide rhaphidecurperoxin (IC50 = 540 and 420 ng/mL, respectively). The neolignans rhaphidecursinol A and B and lignans grandisin and epigrandisin were less active. To our knowledge, the above is the only report on antimalarial components from the Araceae.
ARACEAE FAMILY IN HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA
Introduction
 The Araceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix.  The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the Arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. It is a very small family, including approximately nine drugs. Though it is a small family still it has its own general features. This group contains the juice, an acrid principle in more or less quantity. All plants contain irritant poison, causing inflammation of mucus membrane and destruction of tissues.
Morphology
 Species in the Araceae are often rhizomatous or tuberous and are often found to contain calcium oxalate crystals or raphides.  The leaves can vary considerably from species to species. Herbs are usually smooth with watery acrid or milky juice stem with short stock or corm or tubes or shrubs with sympodial branches climbing by aerial roots, leaves in shrubby species alternates distichous or spirally herbaceous species
 Few alternate on solitary, radical some times appearing without or after the flowers. Petiole with a sheathing base blade entire or lobbed or pinnate or perforate after with lataphyllaries hermaphrodite, sessile on spadix, which is more or less completely enclosed in green'colour spathe, with one sexual, usually monoecious with male, towards the apex and the female at the base of spadix.
 Fruits are many, small, free or connate berries or drupes adhering‘ to the spadix. Seeds in each drupe are berry, few small or large usually embedded in mucilaginous pulp albumin, copious or scanty.  Embryoaxile are in exalbuminous genera thick with plumule in a lateral slit.  There are 114 genera and about 3750 known species are most diverse and distributed in the World tropics and northern temperate regions. Amylacous, after acrid and purgative, more or less stimulent or poisonous acrid juices contain in various species of the Anthurium. Arum, Philo-dendron.
 Many plants in this family are thermogenic. Their flowers can reach up to 45 °C even when the surrounding air temperature is much lower.  One reason for this unusually high temperature is to attract insects to pollinate the plant, rewarding the beetles with heat energy. Another reason is to prevent tissue damage in cold regions.
Toxicity
 Within the Aracae, genera such as Alocasia, Arisaema, Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron contain calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides.  When consumed, these may cause oedema, vesicle formation, and dysphagia accompanied by painful stinging and burning of the mouth and throat, with the symptoms occurring upto two weeks.
Description
The Araceae were not recognised as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu classified all climbing aroids as Pothos and all terrestrial aroids as either Dracontium in his book Families des Plantes.
 The first major system of classification for the family was produced by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, who published Genera Aroidearum in and Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum in 1860.  Schott’s system was based on floral characteristics and used a narrow conception of a genus. Adolf Engler produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920.
His system was significantly different from Schott’s, being based on vegetative characters and anatomy. To some extent, the two systems were rivals with Engler’s system having more adherents, before the advent of molecular phylogenetics brought new approaches.
Modem studies based on gene sequences, show the Araceae to be monophyletic, and the first diverging group within the Alismatales. The sinking of the Lemnaceae into the Araceae is not universally accepted.
Classification
 Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)  Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)  Super division: Spermatophyta (Seed plants)  Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)  Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)  Subclass: Arecidae  Order: Arales  Family: Araceae (Arum family)
Important Remedies
Acorus calamus Arum dracontium Arum dracunculus Arum italicum Arum maculatum Arum triphyllum Caladium Diffenbachia Pothos foetidus
Theme
Picking lips Nose feels stopped Constant picking at nose
General Features
Constitution
Best suited to lax phlegmatic persons
Temperament
Leucophlegmatic
Thermal cleavage
Chilly
Miasms
Psora Syphilis Sycosis
Side affinity
Predominantly right sided
Active principle
Calcium oxalate and other toxins
Active Principle
Flavinoids Lectins Phenols Saponins
Ailments from
Sudden noise Over use of voice Tobacco smoking Sexual excess Exposure to cold
Sphere of Action
Eyes Larynx Extremities Mucous membranes Nose Rectum Urinary organs
Patho- physiology
Plants of this group contain an acrid principle that causes an irritating effect on mucus membranes and skin. They produce impotency with complete loss of sexual desire
Characteristic Mental Symptoms
 Forgetful, absent minded, restlessness or irritability imbalance disposition.  Great delirium, bores head into pillow, apprehension about anything.  Picking of that of the ends of fingers, unconscious about what he is doing.  Great depression during asthma at night. Children excessively cross, stubborn and nervous.
Characteristic Physical Symptoms
 Sleepless due to vivid dreams. Sensitive to noise, startles from slightest noise. Sleep disturbed due to itching of skin.  Heavy sensation, shooting pain in head. Headache with dull heavy sensation from least intellectual effort.  Discharges excoriating, makes the nostril raw and lips sour, swollen. Dryness of mouth, drink little at a time.  Desire for sour things and pickles. Constant desire to swallow.  Burning, stinging pain in mouth and lips.
 Offensive urine, burning of urethra after micturation.  Both hands feel stiff and more swollen. Cramps in right leg, worse while walking.  Tongue and buccal cavity raw and bleed with profuse acrid salivation. Fluent coryza with raw nostrils.  Complete aphonia after exposure to northwest winds and from Singing. Laryngismus between 12-2 a.m.  Discharges excoriate the mucosal surface. Metallic taste at the back of mouth. Disposition to clear the throat by hawking and coughing.
 On rubbing fingers together, sensation as if a vast number of Stings were driven perpendicularly into them.  Turitus vagina inducing onanism. Chronic pruritus scrota, nocturnal micturation.  Hemorrhagic tendency, tongue cracked and bleed. Hoarseness on waking in morning.
General Modalities
Aggravation
Over use of eyes Talking By motion Night Warmth
Sleep Morning Itching  After sweating
Therapeutic Value
Encephalitis, Glandular swelling, Delirium, Diphtheria, Scarlatina, Typhoid fever, Nettle rash, Colic, Hoarseness, Itching, Brain fag, Asthma, Laryngismus stridulus, Pruritus, Sore throat, Gleet, Impotence, Spermatorrhoea, Worm infestation, Insomnia, Headache, Urinary tract infection, Hoarseness of voice, Diarrhoea.
Individual study of medicines in Araceae family
Acorus calamus
 It is also known by the name Sweet flag.  It is a marshy herb found throughout India with much branched aromatic rhizomes. It is common in Manipur and Naga hills. It contains acorin (bitter principle) acoretin (choline) and calamine. Volatile oil content may vary from 0.5 to 5%.A homoeopathic tincture is made from the rhizomes. It is covered by German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia.  In material doses, it is emetic, antispasmodic and carminative.
 It is reported useful in dysentery.  The drug has been recently studied in depth and finds application in dyspepsia, flatulence, loss of appetite, atonic and choleric diarrhoea of children, and as antiperiodic in tertian fevers.  There are reports of useful results in hysteria and neuralgia. Rhizome has insecticidal property and is used to various purposes like bed-bugs, and moths etc.
Research reports indicate that alcoholic plant extract has sedative analgesic effects with moderate depression of blood pressure and respiration. Mother tincture in 10-20 drops thrice daily. Externally, it is used for lice.
Since no proving was conducted nothing is known of this medicine according to E.A. Farrington.
Arum dracontium
 Common name: Green dragon  Part used: Tincture of root  It is indicated in pharyngitis and Laryngismus stridulus with rawness, dryness and tenderness of throat aggravated by swallowing. There is continual disposition to clear throat by hawking and coughing. Sore throat is associated with croupy, hoarse cough and expectoration of thick, heavy, yellowish pus. Hoarseness on awakening in morning. Asthma aggravated at night.
 In the sexual sphere there is impotency with complete absence of sexual desire and flaccid, relaxed penis.  Irresistible desire to pass urine, which burn and smart.  Symptoms have a tendency to move from right to left.
Arum dracunculus
Part used: tincture of root Metallic taste at the back of mouth. Pricking mingled with itching of fingers as if hand plunged among nettles. On rubbing the fingers together sensation as if a vast number of stings were driven perpendicularly into them.
Arum italicum
 Part used: Tincture of root  Occipital headache aggravated in damp weather. Dull pain in brain from least intellectual effort.  Colic in umbilical region with diarrhoea. Drinking coffee, brandy and wine aggravates colic.  Pricking and Formication as from hundreds of needles on tips of fingers.  Copious night sweats especially on chest smelling ivy.
Arum maculatum
 Common name: Cuckoo – pint  Part used: Tincture of fresh tuber or cor  Inflammation and ulceration of mucus membrane with bleeding.  Violent irritation of nose and eyes.  Nasal polyps.  Needle like sensation in mouth and lips.  Tickling and burning in throat. Pain in throat with difficulty in deglutition but there is constant inclination to swallow.
 Obstinate hoarseness.  Oppression of chest with hot breath. Asthma with yellow – sanguineous expectoration.  Burning constricting pain in stomach.  It is indicated for Ascarides infection  Prolapse ani.  Urine has the smell of burnt horn, depositing a cloudy sediment.
Arum triphyllum
 Common name: Jack- in- the pulpit or Indian turnip  Part used: Tincture of the fresh tuber or corm  It is a left-sided medicine.  Bores the head into the pillow in brain troubles.  Almost all discharges are acrid and it causes irritation of orifices.  Raw bloody surfaces appear on lips, mouth, throat and nose. Itching accompanies this rawness.
 Patient picks the lip till they bleed. Corners of mouth are sore and cracked.  Hoarseness in public speakers. Aphonia after exposure to north west wind. Constricted and swollen sensation in throat with constant hawking.  Obstructed nose must breathe through the mouth.  Constant picking at the nose.  Bites the nails until the finger bleed.
Diffenbachia
Stomachache. Mouth covered with yellowish white membrane. Ulcers on the lips, tongue and fauces.
Caladium
 Common name: American arum  Part used: Tincture of whole fresh plant.  Always wants to lie down.  General amelioration from perspiration, short sleep and warmth.  Motion aggravates most of the symptoms.  Aversion to cold water, but bathing with cold water ameliorates itching.  Perspiration attracts flies. Sweet smell of sweat.  Frequent eructation of very little wind as if stomach were full of dry food.
 Pruritus vulvae caused by intestinal worms, finding their way into the vagina and they may cause masturbation and even nymphomania.  Nocturnal emission without dreams or with non- sexual dreams. Spermatorrhoea. Imperfect erections and premature ejaculation.  No orgasms during an embrace.  Catarrhal asthma. Asthma alternating with itching.  Falls asleep during evening fever and wakes when its stops.  Sensitive to noise, slightest noise startles from sleep.
Pothos foetidus or Ictodes foetida
 Natural order: Orontiacea (allied to Aracea)  Spasmodic asthma worse from inhalation of dust. Asthma ameliorated by stool.  Violent sneezing with pain in palate and fauces.  Absent-mindedness.  Hysteria and hysterical paroxysms resembling Tetanus with enormous bloating of abdomen.  General aggravation from motion and amelioration in open air.
“An enormous mass of experience, both of homeopathic doctors and their patients, is invoked in favor of the efficacy of these remedies and doses” Banner of Light , March 12, 1898

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Araceae family

  • 1.
    Dr DON JSCOTT BERIN G BHMS(MD) DEPARTMENT OF MATERIA MEDICA WHITE MEMORIAL HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE VEEYANOOR, ATTOOR, K K DIST.
  • 2.
    THIRUKURAL “மருந்தென வேண்டாோம் யாக்கைக்குஅருந்ெியது அற்றது வ ாற்றி உணின். ( 942) ” The body needs no medicine, if one eats after ensuring the earlier intake is digested. After digestion, eat in right measure. முன் உண்டது தெரித்ெகெத் தெளிோை அறிந்து, அென் ின்னவே உண் ானானால், அேனுகடய உடலுக்கு ‘மருந்து’ என்னும் எதுவுவம வேண்டாம்.
  • 4.
  • 7.
  • 12.
    THIS POWER POINT IS DEDICATEDTO MY LIVING GOD MOST RESPECTED MOM DAD GURU
  • 13.
    “Homeopathy is thesafest and most reliable approach to ailments and has withstood the assaults of established medical practice for over 100 years” Daily Telegraph , August 12, 1989
  • 14.
  • 15.
    The Araceae area family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids.
  • 16.
  • 17.
    Systematic Position of Familyin Different Systems of Classifications:
  • 19.
    Plants rhizomatous ortuberous large herb; root-climbers in damp forests; leaves large, lamina incised or perforated, leaf-base sheathing; spadix subtented by spathe; spathe of bright colour; flowers di- or trimerous, unisexual (rarely bisexual), perianth absent or 6 tepals, stamens generally forming synandrium, fruit berry.
  • 20.
  • 21.
    Habit  Usually perennialherb, highly variable as rhizomatous or tuberous herbs Arum climber (Pothos) or tree-like (Philodendron), aquatic (Pistia), epiphytic (Anthurium), marshy (Acorus). Root  Adventitious, fibrous, usually of two-aerial or epiphytic in climbing plants, (Pothos, Monstera), absorbing and clasping. In the aerial roots, the velamen are also present.
  • 22.
    Stem Underground or subterranean,in the form of tubers (Arum), corms (Colocasia) rhizome (Acorus), aerial (Pothos) with often have a pungent taste, aerial showing monopodial or sympodial branching, accessory buds often develop in leaf-axil.
  • 23.
    Leaf Generally large, measuring3 metre (Amorphophallus companulatus) radical or cauline, shape and size variable, alternate, simple or compound, petiolate or sessile (Pistia), usually parallel-veined (Acorus) but rarely reticulate (Arisaema), cordate, sagittute or hastate, entire or lobed.
  • 24.
  • 25.
    Inflorescence Spadix, subtended bya bract or spathe, it may be more than 1 m long Amorphophallus rivieria, coloured, the upper portion of spadix is usually naked and lower portion bears flower, usually some sterile flowers are present close to male and female flowers i.e. the flowers of both sexes are in distinct zones separated by zone of sterile hair.
  • 26.
     Flower Small, sessile,actinomorphic, di- or trimerous, unisexual rarely bisexual (Acorus, Pothos, Mostera), hypogynous or epigynous, often bad-smelling.  Perianth  Absent (Calla, Colocasia) in unisexual flowers and present in bisexual flowers, 1 (Acorus) or 4 (Anthurium) to 6 (Acorus), perianth lobes small, scale-like, free or rarely connate.  Androecium  Stamens many or reduced to 4-10, even 1 (Arisaema) in two or one whorl; situated opposite to perianth lobes; free or united into a synandrium (Colocasia, Alocasia) dithecous, introrse, female flowers bear staminodes.
  • 27.
     Gynoecium  Carpelsvaried in number, but often reduced to single carpel, ovary superior, 1 to 3-celled, ovules one or more in each cell; placentation may be axile (Pothos) or parietal (Arum) or basal (Typhonium); style short, stigma one or more.  Fruit  A berry, the cluster densely grouped on the fruiting spadix, looking as a multiple-fruit.  Seed  Albuminous, embedded in mucilaginous pulp or exalbuminous.  Pollination  Entomophillous due to coloured – spathe, rarely self- pollinated (species of Arisaema).
  • 28.
    Distribution of Araceae Itis commonly called Arum family, contain 115 genera and 2000 species. About 25 genera and over 140 species have been reported from India. The members tend to be aquatic but some are epiphytic.
  • 29.
    Characteristics  110 generaand 1800 species  Herbs; monocots  Usually have calcium oxalate crystals  Leaves are alternate, simple or compound, can be large, and usually have a sheathing base
  • 30.
    Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum  Herbaceousperennial  1 to 2 leaves each divided into 3 leaflets  Flowers are small, inconspicuous, and in an erect spadix surrounded by a green to purple spathe  Fruit are berries  Found in moist woods
  • 31.
    Wild calla Calla palustris Semi-aquatic perennial 5-10 in. tall, found in bogs  Flowers are tiny, and green to white with 6 stamens  Inflorescence is a 1-2 in. spadix beside a 2 in. white, open, flat, oval spathe  Fruit is a cluster of red berries  Leaves are broadly oval with pointed tip and on a 2-6 in. long stalk
  • 32.
    Skunk cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus Perennial, up to 3 ft. tall forb with a skunk odor when crushed (foetidus means evil-smelling)  Blooms March-May  Flowers are green and tiny with 4 stamens  Inflorescence are roundish, 3-6 in., green to purple spadix inside a pointed, hood-like, purple spathe  Fruit is a cluster of brown-black berries  Leaves are round, simple, basal, don’t appear until after flowering
  • 33.
  • 34.
    Food  The plantscultivated for vegetables are Colocasia esculenta (Arvi, Kachalu or Colocasia); Alocasia indica (Mankand), Amorphophallus campanulatus (Zimikand or elephant foot).  Leaves of Lasia spinosa are eaten as food.  The large fruits of Mostera are eaten in many tropical regions. From the tubers of Colocasia esculenta, the starchy baby foods and alcohol are also prepared.
  • 35.
    Medicinal The rhizomes ofAcorus calamus are used in diarrhoea and dyspepsia. The stem juice of Alocasia macrorrhiza is used to relieve pain in scorpion bite. The corns of Amorphophallus campanulatus are used in treating piles and dysentry.
  • 36.
    Poison  Arisaema spp.are poisonous.  Ornamentals  The plants of this family are commonly grown in gardens and green houses for their variegated and handsome leaves. The plants are Pothos aureus (Money plant), Monstera deliciosa, Alocasia indica var. metallica, Caladium picturatum, C. bicolor, Colocasia esculenta, Scindapsus officinalis, Anthurium and Pistia spp. in aquaria.
  • 37.
    Affinities of Araceae Benthamand Hooker placed the Araceae in their fifth series Nudiflorae for the perianth being absent in many genera of the family. Engler treated the family along with the Lemnaceae, on account of the universal presence of spathe. Rendle included the family in order spadiciflorae on the basis of spadix inflorescence and unisexual flowers. In Hutchinson’s arrangement, the family appeared under order Arales.
  • 38.
     The Araceaeis closely related to the Palmaceae on such grounds as small flowers arranged in a spadix and subtended by a spathe as well as the relative size of the embryo and endosperm. It is also akin to the Lemnaceae which is a replica of the aroids, though an extremely reduced one.  The origin of the Araceae has been a subject of much dispute. Lotsy suggested that the family, together with the Arecaceae (Palmae) and Pandonaceae, arose from the Piperales. Engler felt that the family was a derivative of the Palmaceae via the Cyclanthaceae.
  • 39.
    Wettstein regarded thefamily to the more advanced than the Orchidaceae and to be originating from the Helobiae- Liliiflorae stocks. Hutchinson expressed the idea that the family developed directly from the Liliaceae through the tribe Aspidistreae.
  • 40.
    Common plants ofthe family
  • 41.
     1. Amorphophalluscampanulatus (Teligo patato) is a terrestrial herb with roundish, watery thick corms.  2. Arisaema tortuosum (Snake plant) seen in Darjeeling and Shillong, is characterised by a greenish-purple spathe which expands over the spadix like the hood of a snake.  3. Caladium bicolor – Leaves variegated, multicoloured, ornamental garden plant.  4. Pistia stratiotes L. (Water Cabbage) is a floating stoloniferous herb bearing rosettes of sessile obcordate cuneate leaves.  5. Pothos aureus L, (Money plant), a climbing herb without latex. The leaves may be variegated, cultivated.  6. Acorus calamus L. (Sweet flag) is an erect aromatic marshy herb.  7. Monstera deliciosa (“Amarphal”) an ornamental herb or shrub with leaves perforated.
  • 42.
    Division of thefamily and chief genera The Araceae is divided into eight sub-families
  • 43.
     Sub-family I.Arodeae:  Latex sacs straight, flowers with or without perianth. Stamens free or in synandria.  Examples:  Arum, Typhonium, etc.  Sub-family II. Calloideae:  Leaves fever sagittate, Latex sacs present, Flowers bisexual, naked.  Example:  Calla.
  • 44.
     Sub-family III.Colocasioideae:  Leaves always net-veinned. Latex sacs branched, Flowers unisexual, naked, Stamens in synandria.  Examples:  Alocasia, Colocasia etc.  Sub-family IV. Lasioideae:  Leaves sagittate, Latex sacs present. Flowers bisexual or unisexual.  Examples:  Amorphophallus, Lasia, etc.  Sub-family V. Monsteroideae:  Latex sacs absent, but spicular cells present. Flowers bisexual, naked.  Examples:  Monestera, Scindapsus etc.
  • 45.
     Sub-family VI.Philodendroideae:  Leaves always parallel-veined. Flowers bisexual or unisexual.  Examples:  Philodendron, Richardia etc.  Sub-family VII. Pistioideae:  Aquatic herbs. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers extremely reduced.  Example:  Pistia.  Sub-family VIII. Pothoideae:  Latex sacs and spicular cells absent, flowers bisexual.  Examples:  Acorus, Pothos etc.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
    Background  Araceae familyof plants  Genera include Alocasia, Arisaema, Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron  Broad firm and shiny leaves  Examples  Mother-In-Law's Tongue (Dracaena trifasciata)  Elephant Ears (genera Colocasia, Alocasia, and Xanthosoma)
  • 49.
    Mechanism  Plant iscoated in sharp, lancinating Calcium oxalate crystals (raphides)  When the plant is bitten (most often by a child), the crystals lance the mucosa causing localized symptoms Symptoms  Pain and swelling of mucosa on biting leaf Signs  Crying due to pain  Drooling  Anterior oropharyngeal swelling (esp. lips, Tongue)  Tongue Pain may interfere with speaking
  • 50.
    Differential Diagnosis  Anaphylaxis Angioedema  Management  Airway Management as needed  Case reports of posterior oropharyngeal involvement and need for Endotracheal Intubation  Typically self limited and resolves in 20-30 minutes  Treated symptomatically  Cold milk  Popsicles( Ice)
  • 51.
    SPECIES OF ARACEAE USEDIN THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA
  • 52.
     Forty-three bibliographicsources were found on plants used to treat malaria and symptoms of malaria in the Araceae family. These works describe 38 species in 22 genera . Philodendron Schott was the most cited genus with seven uses registered by communities in South American countries, including Brazil, Colombia, Equador, Peru and French Guyana. Antimalarial plants of the Araceae family are also found in Central America, Africa, Western Europe, Asia and Southeast Asia. Twenty-one species of Araceae are specifically used to treat malaria and many are from South America.
  • 53.
     Thus, theaerial part of folha cheirosa, yeuri cumare (Anthurium oxycarpum Poepp.) is used by the Tacana Amerindians of Bolivia (Deharo et al. 2001) and macerates and decoctions of cipo de tara or tracua (Philodendron cf. linnaei Kunth) are indicated by the Tirios Amerindians of Suriname (Lopéz et al. 2006). Also, taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) is a widely cultivated tuber that is a foodstuff and foodstock for animals (Aiyeloja et al. 2006) and is used as an antimalarial along the Manso River in Minas Gerais, Brazil (Reskalla 2001). In northern Brazil, an antimalarial aerial root infusion of a species of Philodendron is prepared by the native Watorik Yanomami (Milliken 1997). In Togo, Africa, whole plant decoctions of tonflo (Pistia stratiotes L.) are used as antimalarials (Kyei et al. 2012).
  • 54.
  • 55.
     Oxalic acidis frequently deposited as crystals of calcium oxalate (Figure 2) in plants of the Araceae and is responsible for the toxicity of some genera (e.g. Dieffenbachia Schott). A large variety of anthocyanines have been identified in the flowers, fruit, leaves and leaf stems of 59 species of Araceae (Williams et al. 1981). The most commonly occurring pigment in these species was cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, however, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside is also regularly found in the Araceae.
  • 56.
     Leaves andbranches of guaimbê-sulcado (Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott) were extracted with methanol. The dry extract was defatted with hexanes. The chloroform soluble fraction of this extract was evaporated and chromatographed on silica gel using and acetone-chloroform gradient. Further normal phase, flash or reverse-phase chromatographies on the resulting fractions provided 14 compounds.
  • 57.
     Six ofthese compounds exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity (Zhang et al. 2001). The most active against P. falciparum D6 and W2 strains were the neolignan threo-polysyphorin (IC50 = 404 and 368 ng/mL, respectively) and the benzoperoxide rhaphidecurperoxin (IC50 = 540 and 420 ng/mL, respectively). The neolignans rhaphidecursinol A and B and lignans grandisin and epigrandisin were less active. To our knowledge, the above is the only report on antimalarial components from the Araceae.
  • 58.
  • 60.
  • 61.
     The Araceaeis a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix.  The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the Arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. It is a very small family, including approximately nine drugs. Though it is a small family still it has its own general features. This group contains the juice, an acrid principle in more or less quantity. All plants contain irritant poison, causing inflammation of mucus membrane and destruction of tissues.
  • 62.
  • 63.
     Species inthe Araceae are often rhizomatous or tuberous and are often found to contain calcium oxalate crystals or raphides.  The leaves can vary considerably from species to species. Herbs are usually smooth with watery acrid or milky juice stem with short stock or corm or tubes or shrubs with sympodial branches climbing by aerial roots, leaves in shrubby species alternates distichous or spirally herbaceous species
  • 64.
     Few alternateon solitary, radical some times appearing without or after the flowers. Petiole with a sheathing base blade entire or lobbed or pinnate or perforate after with lataphyllaries hermaphrodite, sessile on spadix, which is more or less completely enclosed in green'colour spathe, with one sexual, usually monoecious with male, towards the apex and the female at the base of spadix.
  • 65.
     Fruits aremany, small, free or connate berries or drupes adhering‘ to the spadix. Seeds in each drupe are berry, few small or large usually embedded in mucilaginous pulp albumin, copious or scanty.  Embryoaxile are in exalbuminous genera thick with plumule in a lateral slit.  There are 114 genera and about 3750 known species are most diverse and distributed in the World tropics and northern temperate regions. Amylacous, after acrid and purgative, more or less stimulent or poisonous acrid juices contain in various species of the Anthurium. Arum, Philo-dendron.
  • 66.
     Many plantsin this family are thermogenic. Their flowers can reach up to 45 °C even when the surrounding air temperature is much lower.  One reason for this unusually high temperature is to attract insects to pollinate the plant, rewarding the beetles with heat energy. Another reason is to prevent tissue damage in cold regions.
  • 67.
  • 68.
     Within theAracae, genera such as Alocasia, Arisaema, Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron contain calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides.  When consumed, these may cause oedema, vesicle formation, and dysphagia accompanied by painful stinging and burning of the mouth and throat, with the symptoms occurring upto two weeks.
  • 69.
  • 70.
    The Araceae werenot recognised as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu classified all climbing aroids as Pothos and all terrestrial aroids as either Dracontium in his book Families des Plantes.
  • 71.
     The firstmajor system of classification for the family was produced by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, who published Genera Aroidearum in and Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum in 1860.  Schott’s system was based on floral characteristics and used a narrow conception of a genus. Adolf Engler produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920.
  • 72.
    His system wassignificantly different from Schott’s, being based on vegetative characters and anatomy. To some extent, the two systems were rivals with Engler’s system having more adherents, before the advent of molecular phylogenetics brought new approaches.
  • 73.
    Modem studies basedon gene sequences, show the Araceae to be monophyletic, and the first diverging group within the Alismatales. The sinking of the Lemnaceae into the Araceae is not universally accepted.
  • 74.
  • 75.
     Kingdom: Plantae(Plants)  Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)  Super division: Spermatophyta (Seed plants)  Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)  Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)  Subclass: Arecidae  Order: Arales  Family: Araceae (Arum family)
  • 76.
  • 77.
    Acorus calamus Arum dracontium Arumdracunculus Arum italicum Arum maculatum Arum triphyllum Caladium Diffenbachia Pothos foetidus
  • 78.
  • 79.
    Picking lips Nose feelsstopped Constant picking at nose
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.
    Best suited tolax phlegmatic persons
  • 83.
  • 84.
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
  • 89.
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92.
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95.
  • 96.
    Sudden noise Over useof voice Tobacco smoking Sexual excess Exposure to cold
  • 97.
  • 98.
  • 99.
  • 100.
    Plants of thisgroup contain an acrid principle that causes an irritating effect on mucus membranes and skin. They produce impotency with complete loss of sexual desire
  • 101.
  • 102.
     Forgetful, absentminded, restlessness or irritability imbalance disposition.  Great delirium, bores head into pillow, apprehension about anything.  Picking of that of the ends of fingers, unconscious about what he is doing.  Great depression during asthma at night. Children excessively cross, stubborn and nervous.
  • 103.
  • 104.
     Sleepless dueto vivid dreams. Sensitive to noise, startles from slightest noise. Sleep disturbed due to itching of skin.  Heavy sensation, shooting pain in head. Headache with dull heavy sensation from least intellectual effort.  Discharges excoriating, makes the nostril raw and lips sour, swollen. Dryness of mouth, drink little at a time.  Desire for sour things and pickles. Constant desire to swallow.  Burning, stinging pain in mouth and lips.
  • 105.
     Offensive urine,burning of urethra after micturation.  Both hands feel stiff and more swollen. Cramps in right leg, worse while walking.  Tongue and buccal cavity raw and bleed with profuse acrid salivation. Fluent coryza with raw nostrils.  Complete aphonia after exposure to northwest winds and from Singing. Laryngismus between 12-2 a.m.  Discharges excoriate the mucosal surface. Metallic taste at the back of mouth. Disposition to clear the throat by hawking and coughing.
  • 106.
     On rubbingfingers together, sensation as if a vast number of Stings were driven perpendicularly into them.  Turitus vagina inducing onanism. Chronic pruritus scrota, nocturnal micturation.  Hemorrhagic tendency, tongue cracked and bleed. Hoarseness on waking in morning.
  • 107.
  • 108.
  • 109.
    Over use ofeyes Talking By motion Night Warmth
  • 110.
  • 111.
  • 112.
    Encephalitis, Glandular swelling, Delirium,Diphtheria, Scarlatina, Typhoid fever, Nettle rash, Colic, Hoarseness, Itching, Brain fag, Asthma, Laryngismus stridulus, Pruritus, Sore throat, Gleet, Impotence, Spermatorrhoea, Worm infestation, Insomnia, Headache, Urinary tract infection, Hoarseness of voice, Diarrhoea.
  • 113.
  • 114.
  • 115.
     It isalso known by the name Sweet flag.  It is a marshy herb found throughout India with much branched aromatic rhizomes. It is common in Manipur and Naga hills. It contains acorin (bitter principle) acoretin (choline) and calamine. Volatile oil content may vary from 0.5 to 5%.A homoeopathic tincture is made from the rhizomes. It is covered by German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia.  In material doses, it is emetic, antispasmodic and carminative.
  • 116.
     It isreported useful in dysentery.  The drug has been recently studied in depth and finds application in dyspepsia, flatulence, loss of appetite, atonic and choleric diarrhoea of children, and as antiperiodic in tertian fevers.  There are reports of useful results in hysteria and neuralgia. Rhizome has insecticidal property and is used to various purposes like bed-bugs, and moths etc.
  • 117.
    Research reports indicatethat alcoholic plant extract has sedative analgesic effects with moderate depression of blood pressure and respiration. Mother tincture in 10-20 drops thrice daily. Externally, it is used for lice.
  • 118.
    Since no provingwas conducted nothing is known of this medicine according to E.A. Farrington.
  • 119.
  • 120.
     Common name:Green dragon  Part used: Tincture of root  It is indicated in pharyngitis and Laryngismus stridulus with rawness, dryness and tenderness of throat aggravated by swallowing. There is continual disposition to clear throat by hawking and coughing. Sore throat is associated with croupy, hoarse cough and expectoration of thick, heavy, yellowish pus. Hoarseness on awakening in morning. Asthma aggravated at night.
  • 121.
     In thesexual sphere there is impotency with complete absence of sexual desire and flaccid, relaxed penis.  Irresistible desire to pass urine, which burn and smart.  Symptoms have a tendency to move from right to left.
  • 122.
  • 123.
    Part used: tinctureof root Metallic taste at the back of mouth. Pricking mingled with itching of fingers as if hand plunged among nettles. On rubbing the fingers together sensation as if a vast number of stings were driven perpendicularly into them.
  • 124.
  • 125.
     Part used:Tincture of root  Occipital headache aggravated in damp weather. Dull pain in brain from least intellectual effort.  Colic in umbilical region with diarrhoea. Drinking coffee, brandy and wine aggravates colic.  Pricking and Formication as from hundreds of needles on tips of fingers.  Copious night sweats especially on chest smelling ivy.
  • 126.
  • 127.
     Common name:Cuckoo – pint  Part used: Tincture of fresh tuber or cor  Inflammation and ulceration of mucus membrane with bleeding.  Violent irritation of nose and eyes.  Nasal polyps.  Needle like sensation in mouth and lips.  Tickling and burning in throat. Pain in throat with difficulty in deglutition but there is constant inclination to swallow.
  • 128.
     Obstinate hoarseness. Oppression of chest with hot breath. Asthma with yellow – sanguineous expectoration.  Burning constricting pain in stomach.  It is indicated for Ascarides infection  Prolapse ani.  Urine has the smell of burnt horn, depositing a cloudy sediment.
  • 129.
  • 130.
     Common name:Jack- in- the pulpit or Indian turnip  Part used: Tincture of the fresh tuber or corm  It is a left-sided medicine.  Bores the head into the pillow in brain troubles.  Almost all discharges are acrid and it causes irritation of orifices.  Raw bloody surfaces appear on lips, mouth, throat and nose. Itching accompanies this rawness.
  • 131.
     Patient picksthe lip till they bleed. Corners of mouth are sore and cracked.  Hoarseness in public speakers. Aphonia after exposure to north west wind. Constricted and swollen sensation in throat with constant hawking.  Obstructed nose must breathe through the mouth.  Constant picking at the nose.  Bites the nails until the finger bleed.
  • 132.
  • 133.
    Stomachache. Mouth covered with yellowishwhite membrane. Ulcers on the lips, tongue and fauces.
  • 134.
  • 135.
     Common name:American arum  Part used: Tincture of whole fresh plant.  Always wants to lie down.  General amelioration from perspiration, short sleep and warmth.  Motion aggravates most of the symptoms.  Aversion to cold water, but bathing with cold water ameliorates itching.  Perspiration attracts flies. Sweet smell of sweat.  Frequent eructation of very little wind as if stomach were full of dry food.
  • 136.
     Pruritus vulvaecaused by intestinal worms, finding their way into the vagina and they may cause masturbation and even nymphomania.  Nocturnal emission without dreams or with non- sexual dreams. Spermatorrhoea. Imperfect erections and premature ejaculation.  No orgasms during an embrace.  Catarrhal asthma. Asthma alternating with itching.  Falls asleep during evening fever and wakes when its stops.  Sensitive to noise, slightest noise startles from sleep.
  • 137.
  • 138.
     Natural order:Orontiacea (allied to Aracea)  Spasmodic asthma worse from inhalation of dust. Asthma ameliorated by stool.  Violent sneezing with pain in palate and fauces.  Absent-mindedness.  Hysteria and hysterical paroxysms resembling Tetanus with enormous bloating of abdomen.  General aggravation from motion and amelioration in open air.
  • 139.
    “An enormous massof experience, both of homeopathic doctors and their patients, is invoked in favor of the efficacy of these remedies and doses” Banner of Light , March 12, 1898