The Arum Family“ The diversity of Aroids” Dr DON J SCOTT BERIN G BHMS(MD) DEPARTMENT OF MATERIA MEDICA WHITE MEMORIAL HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL VEEYANOOR, ATTOOR, K K DIST.

1. Dr DON J SCOTT BERIN G BHMS(MD)
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIA MEDICA
WHITE MEMORIAL HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE VEEYANOOR, ATTOOR, K K DIST.

2. THIRUKURAL
“மருந்தென வேண்டாோம் யாக்கைக்கு அருந்ெியது
அற்றது வ ாற்றி உணின். ( 942) ”
The body needs no medicine, if one eats after ensuring the
earlier intake is digested. After digestion, eat in right
measure.
முன் உண்டது தெரித்ெகெத் தெளிோை அறிந்து,
அென் ின்னவே உண் ானானால், அேனுகடய
உடலுக்கு ‘மருந்து’ என்னும் எதுவுவம
வேண்டாம்.

4. ARISTOTLE FATHER OF BIOLOGY

7. AESCULAPIUS
GOD OF MEDICINE

12. THIS POWER POINT
IS
DEDICATED TO
MY LIVING GOD
MOST RESPECTED
MOM
DAD
GURU

13. “Homeopathy is the safest and
most reliable approach to
ailments and has withstood
the assaults of established
medical practice for over 100
years”
Daily Telegraph , August 12, 1989

14. AN OUTLINE

15. The Araceae are a family of
monocotyledonous flowering plants in
which flowers are borne on a type of
inflorescence called a spadix. The
spadix is usually accompanied by, and
sometimes partially enclosed in, a
spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as
the arum family, members are often
colloquially known as aroids.

16. Characters of
Araceae

17. Systematic Position
of Family in
Different Systems
of Classifications:

19. Plants rhizomatous or tuberous large
herb; root-climbers in damp forests;
leaves large, lamina incised or
perforated, leaf-base sheathing; spadix
subtented by spathe; spathe of bright
colour; flowers di- or trimerous,
unisexual (rarely bisexual), perianth
absent or 6 tepals, stamens generally
forming synandrium, fruit berry.

20. Vegetative
characters

21. Habit
 Usually perennial herb, highly variable as rhizomatous
or tuberous herbs Arum climber (Pothos) or tree-like
(Philodendron), aquatic (Pistia), epiphytic
(Anthurium), marshy (Acorus).
Root
 Adventitious, fibrous, usually of two-aerial or
epiphytic in climbing plants, (Pothos, Monstera),
absorbing and clasping. In the aerial roots, the
velamen are also present.

22. Stem
Underground or subterranean, in the
form of tubers (Arum), corms
(Colocasia) rhizome (Acorus), aerial
(Pothos) with often have a pungent
taste, aerial showing monopodial or
sympodial branching, accessory buds
often develop in leaf-axil.

23. Leaf
Generally large, measuring 3 metre
(Amorphophallus companulatus) radical or
cauline, shape and size variable, alternate,
simple or compound, petiolate or sessile
(Pistia), usually parallel-veined (Acorus) but
rarely reticulate (Arisaema), cordate,
sagittute or hastate, entire or lobed.

24. Floral
characters

25. Inflorescence
Spadix, subtended by a bract or spathe, it may be
more than 1 m long Amorphophallus rivieria,
coloured, the upper portion of spadix is usually
naked and lower portion bears flower, usually
some sterile flowers are present close to male and
female flowers i.e. the flowers of both sexes are in
distinct zones separated by zone of sterile hair.

26.  Flower
Small, sessile, actinomorphic, di- or trimerous, unisexual
rarely bisexual (Acorus, Pothos, Mostera), hypogynous or
epigynous, often bad-smelling.
 Perianth
 Absent (Calla, Colocasia) in unisexual flowers and present
in bisexual flowers, 1 (Acorus) or 4 (Anthurium) to 6
(Acorus), perianth lobes small, scale-like, free or rarely
connate.
 Androecium
 Stamens many or reduced to 4-10, even 1 (Arisaema) in two
or one whorl; situated opposite to perianth lobes; free or
united into a synandrium (Colocasia, Alocasia) dithecous,
introrse, female flowers bear staminodes.

27.  Gynoecium
 Carpels varied in number, but often reduced to single
carpel, ovary superior, 1 to 3-celled, ovules one or more in
each cell; placentation may be axile (Pothos) or parietal
(Arum) or basal (Typhonium); style short, stigma one or
more.
 Fruit
 A berry, the cluster densely grouped on the fruiting spadix,
looking as a multiple-fruit.
 Seed
 Albuminous, embedded in mucilaginous pulp or
exalbuminous.
 Pollination
 Entomophillous due to coloured – spathe, rarely self-
pollinated (species of Arisaema).

28. Distribution of Araceae
It is commonly called Arum
family, contain 115 genera and
2000 species. About 25 genera
and over 140 species have been
reported from India. The
members tend to be aquatic but
some are epiphytic.

29. Characteristics
 110 genera and 1800 species
 Herbs; monocots
 Usually have calcium oxalate crystals
 Leaves are alternate, simple or compound, can be
large, and usually have a sheathing base

30. Jack-in-the-pulpit
Arisaema triphyllum
 Herbaceous perennial
 1 to 2 leaves each divided into 3 leaflets
 Flowers are small, inconspicuous, and in an erect spadix
surrounded by a green to purple spathe
 Fruit are berries
 Found in moist woods

31. Wild calla
Calla palustris
 Semi-aquatic perennial 5-10 in. tall, found in bogs
 Flowers are tiny, and green to white with 6 stamens
 Inflorescence is a 1-2 in. spadix beside a 2 in. white, open, flat,
oval spathe
 Fruit is a cluster of red berries
 Leaves are broadly oval with pointed tip and on a 2-6 in. long
stalk

32. Skunk cabbage
Symplocarpus foetidus
 Perennial, up to 3 ft. tall forb with a skunk odor when crushed (foetidus
means evil-smelling)
 Blooms March-May
 Flowers are green and tiny with 4 stamens
 Inflorescence are roundish, 3-6 in., green to purple spadix inside a
pointed, hood-like, purple spathe
 Fruit is a cluster of brown-black berries
 Leaves are round, simple, basal, don’t appear until after flowering

33. Economic
Importance of
Araceae

34. Food
 The plants cultivated for vegetables are Colocasia
esculenta (Arvi, Kachalu or Colocasia); Alocasia indica
(Mankand), Amorphophallus campanulatus
(Zimikand or elephant foot).
 Leaves of Lasia spinosa are eaten as food.
 The large fruits of Mostera are eaten in many tropical
regions. From the tubers of Colocasia esculenta, the
starchy baby foods and alcohol are also prepared.

35. Medicinal
The rhizomes of Acorus calamus are
used in diarrhoea and dyspepsia. The
stem juice of Alocasia macrorrhiza is
used to relieve pain in scorpion bite.
The corns of Amorphophallus
campanulatus are used in treating piles
and dysentry.

36. Poison
 Arisaema spp. are poisonous.
 Ornamentals
 The plants of this family are commonly grown in
gardens and green houses for their variegated and
handsome leaves. The plants are Pothos aureus
(Money plant), Monstera deliciosa, Alocasia indica var.
metallica, Caladium picturatum, C. bicolor, Colocasia
esculenta, Scindapsus officinalis, Anthurium and
Pistia spp. in aquaria.

37. Affinities of Araceae
Bentham and Hooker placed the Araceae in
their fifth series Nudiflorae for the perianth
being absent in many genera of the family.
Engler treated the family along with the
Lemnaceae, on account of the universal
presence of spathe. Rendle included the
family in order spadiciflorae on the basis of
spadix inflorescence and unisexual flowers.
In Hutchinson’s arrangement, the family
appeared under order Arales.

38.  The Araceae is closely related to the Palmaceae on
such grounds as small flowers arranged in a spadix
and subtended by a spathe as well as the relative
size of the embryo and endosperm. It is also akin
to the Lemnaceae which is a replica of the aroids,
though an extremely reduced one.
 The origin of the Araceae has been a subject of
much dispute. Lotsy suggested that the family,
together with the Arecaceae (Palmae) and
Pandonaceae, arose from the Piperales. Engler felt
that the family was a derivative of the Palmaceae
via the Cyclanthaceae.

39. Wettstein regarded the family
to the more advanced than the
Orchidaceae and to be
originating from the Helobiae-
Liliiflorae stocks. Hutchinson
expressed the idea that the
family developed directly from
the Liliaceae through the tribe
Aspidistreae.

40. Common plants of the family

41.  1. Amorphophallus campanulatus (Teligo patato) is a
terrestrial herb with roundish, watery thick corms.
 2. Arisaema tortuosum (Snake plant) seen in Darjeeling
and Shillong, is characterised by a greenish-purple spathe
which expands over the spadix like the hood of a snake.
 3. Caladium bicolor – Leaves variegated, multicoloured,
ornamental garden plant.
 4. Pistia stratiotes L. (Water Cabbage) is a floating
stoloniferous herb bearing rosettes of sessile obcordate
cuneate leaves.
 5. Pothos aureus L, (Money plant), a climbing herb
without latex. The leaves may be variegated, cultivated.
 6. Acorus calamus L. (Sweet flag) is an erect aromatic
marshy herb.
 7. Monstera deliciosa (“Amarphal”) an ornamental herb
or shrub with leaves perforated.

42. Division of the family
and chief genera
The Araceae is divided
into eight sub-families

43.  Sub-family I. Arodeae:
 Latex sacs straight, flowers with or without perianth.
Stamens free or in synandria.
 Examples:
 Arum, Typhonium, etc.
 Sub-family II. Calloideae:
 Leaves fever sagittate, Latex sacs present, Flowers
bisexual, naked.
 Example:
 Calla.

44.  Sub-family III. Colocasioideae:
 Leaves always net-veinned. Latex sacs branched, Flowers
unisexual, naked, Stamens in synandria.
 Examples:
 Alocasia, Colocasia etc.
 Sub-family IV. Lasioideae:
 Leaves sagittate, Latex sacs present. Flowers bisexual or
unisexual.
 Examples:
 Amorphophallus, Lasia, etc.
 Sub-family V. Monsteroideae:
 Latex sacs absent, but spicular cells present. Flowers
bisexual, naked.
 Examples:
 Monestera, Scindapsus etc.

45.  Sub-family VI. Philodendroideae:
 Leaves always parallel-veined. Flowers bisexual or
unisexual.
 Examples:
 Philodendron, Richardia etc.
 Sub-family VII. Pistioideae:
 Aquatic herbs. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers extremely
reduced.
 Example:
 Pistia.
 Sub-family VIII. Pothoideae:
 Latex sacs and spicular cells absent, flowers bisexual.
 Examples:
 Acorus, Pothos etc.

46. Araceae Toxicity

47. Diffenbachia

48. Background
 Araceae family of plants
 Genera include Alocasia, Arisaema, Caladium,
Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron
 Broad firm and shiny leaves
 Examples
 Mother-In-Law's Tongue (Dracaena trifasciata)
 Elephant Ears (genera Colocasia, Alocasia, and
Xanthosoma)

49. Mechanism
 Plant is coated in sharp, lancinating Calcium oxalate
crystals (raphides)
 When the plant is bitten (most often by a child), the
crystals lance the mucosa causing localized symptoms
Symptoms
 Pain and swelling of mucosa on biting leaf
Signs
 Crying due to pain
 Drooling
 Anterior oropharyngeal swelling (esp. lips, Tongue)
 Tongue Pain may interfere with speaking

50. Differential Diagnosis
 Anaphylaxis
 Angioedema
 Management
 Airway Management as needed
 Case reports of posterior oropharyngeal involvement
and need for Endotracheal Intubation
 Typically self limited and resolves in 20-30 minutes
 Treated symptomatically
 Cold milk
 Popsicles( Ice)

51. SPECIES OF ARACEAE
USED IN THE
TREATMENT OF
MALARIA

52.  Forty-three bibliographic sources were found on plants
used to treat malaria and symptoms of malaria in the
Araceae family. These works describe 38 species in 22
genera . Philodendron Schott was the most cited genus
with seven uses registered by communities in South
American countries, including Brazil, Colombia,
Equador, Peru and French Guyana. Antimalarial plants
of the Araceae family are also found in Central
America, Africa, Western Europe, Asia and Southeast
Asia. Twenty-one species of Araceae are specifically
used to treat malaria and many are from South
America.

53.  Thus, the aerial part of folha cheirosa, yeuri cumare
(Anthurium oxycarpum Poepp.) is used by the Tacana
Amerindians of Bolivia (Deharo et al. 2001) and macerates
and decoctions of cipo de tara or tracua (Philodendron cf.
linnaei Kunth) are indicated by the Tirios Amerindians of
Suriname (Lopéz et al. 2006). Also, taioba (Xanthosoma
sagittifolium (L.) Schott) is a widely cultivated tuber that is
a foodstuff and foodstock for animals (Aiyeloja et al. 2006)
and is used as an antimalarial along the Manso River in
Minas Gerais, Brazil (Reskalla 2001). In northern Brazil, an
antimalarial aerial root infusion of a species of
Philodendron is prepared by the native Watorik Yanomami
(Milliken 1997). In Togo, Africa, whole plant decoctions of
tonflo (Pistia stratiotes L.) are used as antimalarials (Kyei et
al. 2012).

54. CHEMISTRY OF
ANTIMALARIAL
SPECIES OF ARACEAE

55.  Oxalic acid is frequently deposited as
crystals of calcium oxalate (Figure 2) in
plants of the Araceae and is responsible for
the toxicity of some genera (e.g.
Dieffenbachia Schott). A large variety of
anthocyanines have been identified in the
flowers, fruit, leaves and leaf stems of 59
species of Araceae (Williams et al. 1981). The
most commonly occurring pigment in these
species was cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside,
however, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside is also
regularly found in the Araceae.

56.  Leaves and branches of guaimbê-sulcado
(Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott)
were extracted with methanol. The dry
extract was defatted with hexanes. The
chloroform soluble fraction of this extract
was evaporated and chromatographed on
silica gel using and acetone-chloroform
gradient. Further normal phase, flash or
reverse-phase chromatographies on the
resulting fractions provided 14 compounds.

57.  Six of these compounds exhibited in vitro
antiplasmodial activity (Zhang et al. 2001). The
most active against P. falciparum D6 and W2
strains were the neolignan threo-polysyphorin
(IC50 = 404 and 368 ng/mL, respectively) and the
benzoperoxide rhaphidecurperoxin (IC50 = 540
and 420 ng/mL, respectively). The neolignans
rhaphidecursinol A and B and lignans grandisin
and epigrandisin were less active. To our
knowledge, the above is the only report on
antimalarial components from the Araceae.

58. ARACEAE FAMILY
IN
HOMOEOPATHIC
MATERIA MEDICA

60. Introduction

61.  The Araceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering
plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence
called a spadix.
 The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes
partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also
known as the Arum family, members are often colloquially
known as aroids. It is a very small family, including
approximately nine drugs. Though it is a small family still it
has its own general features. This group contains
the juice, an acrid principle in more or less quantity. All
plants contain irritant poison, causing inflammation of
mucus membrane and destruction of tissues.

62. Morphology

63.  Species in the Araceae are often rhizomatous or
tuberous and are often found to contain calcium
oxalate crystals or raphides.
 The leaves can vary considerably from species to
species. Herbs are usually smooth with watery acrid or
milky juice stem with short stock or corm or tubes
or shrubs with sympodial branches climbing by aerial
roots, leaves in shrubby species alternates distichous
or spirally herbaceous species

64.  Few alternate on solitary, radical some times
appearing without or after the flowers.
Petiole with a sheathing base blade entire or
lobbed or pinnate or perforate after with
lataphyllaries hermaphrodite, sessile on
spadix, which is more or less completely
enclosed in green'colour spathe, with one
sexual, usually monoecious with male,
towards the apex and the female at the base
of spadix.

65.  Fruits are many, small, free or connate berries or drupes
adhering‘ to the spadix. Seeds in each drupe are berry,
few small or large usually embedded in mucilaginous
pulp albumin, copious or scanty.
 Embryoaxile are in exalbuminous genera thick with
plumule in a lateral slit.
 There are 114 genera and about 3750 known species are
most diverse and distributed in the World tropics and
northern temperate regions. Amylacous, after acrid and
purgative, more or less stimulent or poisonous acrid
juices contain in various species of the Anthurium.
Arum, Philo-dendron.

66.  Many plants in this family are thermogenic.
Their flowers can reach up to 45 °C even when
the surrounding air temperature is much
lower.
 One reason for this unusually high
temperature is to attract insects to pollinate
the plant, rewarding the beetles with heat
energy. Another reason is to prevent tissue
damage in cold regions.

67. Toxicity

68.  Within the Aracae, genera such as Alocasia,
Arisaema, Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia,
and Philodendron contain calcium oxalate
crystals in the form of raphides.
 When consumed, these may cause oedema,
vesicle formation, and dysphagia accompanied
by painful stinging and burning of the mouth
and throat, with the symptoms occurring upto
two weeks.

69. Description

70. The Araceae were not recognised as a
distinct group of plants until the 16th
century. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de
Jussieu classified all climbing aroids as
Pothos and all terrestrial aroids as
either Dracontium in his book Families
des Plantes.

71.  The first major system of classification for
the family was produced by Heinrich
Wilhelm Schott, who published Genera
Aroidearum in and Prodromus Systematis
Aroidearum in 1860.
 Schott’s system was based on floral
characteristics and used a narrow
conception of a genus. Adolf Engler
produced a classification in 1876, which was
steadily refined up to 1920.

72. His system was significantly different
from Schott’s, being based on
vegetative characters and anatomy.
To some extent, the two systems were
rivals with Engler’s system having more
adherents, before the advent of
molecular phylogenetics brought new
approaches.

73. Modem studies based on gene
sequences, show the Araceae to be
monophyletic, and the first
diverging group within the
Alismatales.
The sinking of the Lemnaceae into
the Araceae is not universally
accepted.

74. Classification

75.  Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
 Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
 Super division: Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
 Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
 Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)
 Subclass: Arecidae
 Order: Arales
 Family: Araceae (Arum family)

76. Important
Remedies

77. Acorus calamus
Arum dracontium
Arum dracunculus
Arum italicum
Arum maculatum
Arum triphyllum
Caladium
Diffenbachia
Pothos foetidus

78. Theme

79. Picking lips
Nose feels stopped
Constant picking at nose

80. General
Features

81. Constitution

82. Best suited to lax
phlegmatic persons

83. Temperament

84. Leucophlegmatic

85. Thermal
cleavage

86. Chilly

87. Miasms

88. Psora
Syphilis
Sycosis

89. Side affinity

90. Predominantly right
sided

91. Active principle

92. Calcium oxalate
and other toxins

93. Active Principle

94. Flavinoids
Lectins
Phenols
Saponins

95. Ailments from

96. Sudden noise
Over use of voice
Tobacco smoking
Sexual excess
Exposure to cold

97. Sphere of Action

98. Eyes
Larynx
Extremities
Mucous membranes
Nose
Rectum
Urinary organs

99. Patho-
physiology

100. Plants of this group contain an
acrid principle that causes an
irritating effect on mucus
membranes and skin.
They produce impotency with
complete loss of sexual desire

101. Characteristic
Mental
Symptoms

102.  Forgetful, absent minded, restlessness or
irritability imbalance disposition.
 Great delirium, bores head into pillow,
apprehension about anything.
 Picking of that of the ends of fingers, unconscious
about what he is doing.
 Great depression during asthma at night. Children
excessively cross, stubborn and nervous.

103. Characteristic
Physical
Symptoms

104.  Sleepless due to vivid dreams. Sensitive to noise, startles
from slightest noise. Sleep disturbed due to itching of skin.
 Heavy sensation, shooting pain in head. Headache with
dull heavy sensation from least intellectual effort.
 Discharges excoriating, makes the nostril raw and lips sour,
swollen. Dryness of mouth, drink little at a time.
 Desire for sour things and pickles. Constant desire to
swallow.
 Burning, stinging pain in mouth and lips.

105.  Offensive urine, burning of urethra after micturation.
 Both hands feel stiff and more swollen. Cramps in
right leg, worse while walking.
 Tongue and buccal cavity raw and bleed with profuse
acrid salivation. Fluent coryza with raw nostrils.
 Complete aphonia after exposure to northwest winds
and from Singing. Laryngismus between 12-2 a.m.
 Discharges excoriate the mucosal surface. Metallic
taste at the back of mouth. Disposition to clear the
throat by hawking and coughing.

106.  On rubbing fingers together, sensation as if
a vast number of Stings were driven
perpendicularly into them.
 Turitus vagina inducing onanism. Chronic
pruritus scrota, nocturnal micturation.
 Hemorrhagic tendency, tongue cracked and
bleed. Hoarseness on waking in morning.

107. General
Modalities

108. Aggravation

109. Over use of eyes
Talking
By motion
Night
Warmth

110. Sleep
Morning
Itching
 After sweating

111. Therapeutic
Value

112. Encephalitis, Glandular swelling,
Delirium, Diphtheria, Scarlatina,
Typhoid fever, Nettle rash, Colic,
Hoarseness, Itching, Brain fag, Asthma,
Laryngismus stridulus, Pruritus, Sore
throat, Gleet, Impotence,
Spermatorrhoea, Worm infestation,
Insomnia, Headache, Urinary tract
infection, Hoarseness of voice,
Diarrhoea.

113. Individual study of
medicines in Araceae
family

114. Acorus calamus

115.  It is also known by the name Sweet flag.
 It is a marshy herb found throughout India with much
branched aromatic rhizomes. It is common in Manipur
and Naga hills. It contains acorin (bitter principle)
acoretin (choline) and calamine. Volatile oil content
may vary from 0.5 to 5%.A homoeopathic tincture is
made from the rhizomes. It is covered by German
Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia.
 In material doses, it is emetic, antispasmodic and
carminative.

116.  It is reported useful in dysentery.
 The drug has been recently studied in depth and finds
application in dyspepsia, flatulence, loss of appetite,
atonic and choleric diarrhoea of children, and as
antiperiodic in tertian fevers.
 There are reports of useful results in hysteria and
neuralgia. Rhizome has insecticidal property and is
used to various purposes like bed-bugs, and moths
etc.

117. Research reports indicate that
alcoholic plant extract has sedative
analgesic effects with moderate
depression of blood pressure and
respiration.
Mother tincture in 10-20 drops
thrice daily. Externally, it is used for
lice.

118. Since no proving was
conducted nothing is
known of this medicine
according to E.A.
Farrington.

119. Arum dracontium

120.  Common name: Green dragon
 Part used: Tincture of root
 It is indicated in pharyngitis and Laryngismus
stridulus with rawness, dryness and tenderness of
throat aggravated by swallowing. There is
continual disposition to clear throat by hawking
and coughing. Sore throat is associated with
croupy, hoarse cough and expectoration of thick,
heavy, yellowish pus. Hoarseness on awakening in
morning. Asthma aggravated at night.

121.  In the sexual sphere there is impotency with
complete absence of sexual desire and
flaccid, relaxed penis.
 Irresistible desire to pass urine, which burn
and smart.
 Symptoms have a tendency to move from
right to left.

122. Arum dracunculus

123. Part used: tincture of root
Metallic taste at the back of mouth.
Pricking mingled with itching of
fingers as if hand plunged among
nettles.
On rubbing the fingers together
sensation as if a vast number of stings
were driven perpendicularly into them.

124. Arum italicum

125.  Part used: Tincture of root
 Occipital headache aggravated in damp weather.
Dull pain in brain from least intellectual effort.
 Colic in umbilical region with diarrhoea. Drinking
coffee, brandy and wine aggravates colic.
 Pricking and Formication as from hundreds of
needles on tips of fingers.
 Copious night sweats especially on chest smelling
ivy.

126. Arum maculatum

127.  Common name: Cuckoo – pint
 Part used: Tincture of fresh tuber or cor
 Inflammation and ulceration of mucus membrane
with bleeding.
 Violent irritation of nose and eyes.
 Nasal polyps.
 Needle like sensation in mouth and lips.
 Tickling and burning in throat. Pain in throat with
difficulty in deglutition but there is constant
inclination to swallow.

128.  Obstinate hoarseness.
 Oppression of chest with hot breath.
Asthma with yellow – sanguineous
expectoration.
 Burning constricting pain in stomach.
 It is indicated for Ascarides infection
 Prolapse ani.
 Urine has the smell of burnt horn,
depositing a cloudy sediment.

129. Arum triphyllum

130.  Common name: Jack- in- the pulpit or Indian
turnip
 Part used: Tincture of the fresh tuber or corm
 It is a left-sided medicine.
 Bores the head into the pillow in brain troubles.
 Almost all discharges are acrid and it causes
irritation of orifices.
 Raw bloody surfaces appear on lips, mouth, throat
and nose. Itching accompanies this rawness.

131.  Patient picks the lip till they bleed. Corners
of mouth are sore and cracked.
 Hoarseness in public speakers. Aphonia
after exposure to north west wind.
Constricted and swollen sensation in throat
with constant hawking.
 Obstructed nose must breathe through the
mouth.
 Constant picking at the nose.
 Bites the nails until the finger bleed.

132. Diffenbachia

133. Stomachache.
Mouth covered with
yellowish white
membrane. Ulcers on the
lips, tongue and fauces.

134. Caladium

135.  Common name: American arum
 Part used: Tincture of whole fresh plant.
 Always wants to lie down.
 General amelioration from perspiration, short sleep
and warmth.
 Motion aggravates most of the symptoms.
 Aversion to cold water, but bathing with cold water
ameliorates itching.
 Perspiration attracts flies. Sweet smell of sweat.
 Frequent eructation of very little wind as if stomach
were full of dry food.

136.  Pruritus vulvae caused by intestinal worms, finding
their way into the vagina and they may cause
masturbation and even nymphomania.
 Nocturnal emission without dreams or with non-
sexual dreams. Spermatorrhoea. Imperfect erections
and premature ejaculation.
 No orgasms during an embrace.
 Catarrhal asthma. Asthma alternating with itching.
 Falls asleep during evening fever and wakes when its
stops.
 Sensitive to noise, slightest noise startles from sleep.

137. Pothos foetidus
or
Ictodes foetida

138.  Natural order: Orontiacea (allied to Aracea)
 Spasmodic asthma worse from inhalation of dust.
Asthma ameliorated by stool.
 Violent sneezing with pain in palate and fauces.
 Absent-mindedness.
 Hysteria and hysterical paroxysms resembling
Tetanus with enormous bloating of abdomen.
 General aggravation from motion and
amelioration in open air.

139. “An enormous mass of experience, both of
homeopathic doctors and their patients, is
invoked in favor of the efficacy of these
remedies and doses”
Banner of Light , March 12, 1898