The document discusses three key concepts of Universal Grammar:
1. Structure dependency, which asserts that language relies on structural relationships rather than word order. Passive sentences in English demonstrate this by moving elements based on their structure, not position.
2. The language faculty, which proposes the mind has a separate, autonomous module for language that is distinct from other domains like logic or mathematics.
3. The head parameter, which specifies whether a language's phrases are head-first or head-last, with the head (e.g. verb, noun) appearing before or after complements within the phrase. This variation between languages is captured by the head parameter.
SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, POLYSEMY, HOMONYM, AND HOMOGRAPHLili Lulu
definition and examlple SYNONYMS,
defintion and example ANTONYMS,
Definition and example POLYSEMY,
Definition and example HOMONYM, AND Definition and example HOMOGRAPH
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdf
Principles And Parameter Of Universal Grammar
1. PRINCIPLES AND PARAMETERS
OF UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
Presented To:
RESPECTED SIR IRFAN LODHI
Presented By:
SADIA QAMAR
Roll No. 1
M.Phil
1st Semester
ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY,
BAHAWALPUR
PRINCIPLES AND PARAMETERS OF
UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
2. Universal Grammar (UG)
“The system of principle,.
Conditions and rules that are properties of all human languages ………….
the essence of human language”.
(Chomsky 1976)
The term principles and parameters theory has, however become more
popular in recent years as it conveys that unique central claim of the
theory that language knowledge consists of principles universal to all
languages and parameters that vary from one language to another.
The combination of Universal Grammar with principles and parameters
theory inevitably leads to a complex overall theory involving several sub
– theories, but at the same time it creates a new simplify: knowledge of
language comes down to variations in a small number of properties.
UG is a theory of knowledge, not of behaviour, its concern is with the
internal structure of human mind.
UG theory holds that the speaker knows a set of principles that apply to
all languages, and parameters that vary within clearly defined limits from
one language to another.
UG theory is not making vague or unverifiable suggestions about
properties of the mind but precise statements based on specific evidence.
2
3. The general concepts of the theory are inextricably connected with the
specific details.
The importance of UG theory is its attempt to integrate.
PRINCIPLES AND PARAMETERS OF UG
1. Structure Dependency
Structure – dependency asserts that knowledge of language relies on the
structural relationship in the sentence rather than on the sequence of words.
To understand this, we first need to establish the concept of phrase structure.
A major assumption in linguistics since the 1930s has been that sentences
consist of phrases structural groupings of words: sentences have phrase
structure.
For example:
The child drew an elephant.
It breaks up into
Noun Phrase (NP) the child
Verb Phrase (VP) drew an elephant the VP further breaks up into a verb (V)
Sentence
drew
Noun phrase (NP) an elephant.
Tree Diagram
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase
the child
Verb Noun
3
Phrase Phrase
an elephant
4. These phrases also break up into smaller constituents. The (NP) ‘the child’
consists of a determiner (Det or D) ‘the’ and an Noun (N) child, while the
NP ‘an elephant’ consists of a Determiner ‘an’ and a Noun ‘elephant’.
Sentence
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase
Determiner Noun Verb Noun Phrase
the child drew Determiner Noun
an elephant
4
5. Labeled bracketing
[S [NP The child] [vp drew [NP an elephant]]]
Rewrite rule (Chomsky 1957)
S NP VP
VP VNP
( ) Consist of
Principle of structure-dependency through the relationship of
active and passive sentences in English:
Passive sentences are formed from active sentences by moving various
elements of the sentence around.
The passive sentences:
Barnes was fired by the manager, is taken to be related to the active
sentence.
The manager fired Barnes
The object (Barnes) in the active sentence moved to be the subject of
passive.
The active subject the manager moves after the verb in the passive and
gains a preposition ‘by’ [thus becoming a prepositional phrase (PP)].
The verb changes from the active form ‘fired’ to the passive form ‘was
fired’.
5
6. The manager, fired the Barnes
Barnes was fired by the manager.
One possibility is that it is the word that occurs in a particular place in the
sentence say the fourth word.
The manager fired Barnes.
1 2 3 4
But this is not for other passive sentence.
For example, if the prepositional phrase ‘on Tuesday’ came in the sentence:
On Tuesday the manager fired Barnes
1 2 3 4 5 6
Moving the fourth word yield a nonsense passive.
Manager on Tuesday the was fired Barnes.
English passives do not depend on moving the fourth word, or the fifth word
or indeed any other word in a particular numbered place in the sequence of
the sentence.
6
7. Major aspect of the principle of structure dependency
Movement in the sentence is not just a matter of recognizing phrases and
then of moving them around but of moving the right element in the right
phrase.
Structure dependency can therefore be put forward as a universal
principle of language: whenever elements of the sentence are moved to
form passives, questions, or whatever, such movement takes account of
the structural relationships of the sentence rather than the linear order of
the words; all known formal operations in the grammar of English, or of
any other language are structure dependent.
2. The Language Faculty
Chomsky says:
Human mind has separate part for language acquisition and it differs with
the learning of other things.
The Principle of structure dependency does not necessarily apply to all
aspects of human thinking, it is not at all clear that such UG Principles
could operate in areas of the mind other than language.
‘Language faculty’ separates from other language faculties such as
mathematics, vision, logic and soon.
7
8. Language knowledge is separate from other forms of representation in
the mind; it is not the same as knowing mathematical concepts, for
example.
Thus the theory divides the mind into separate compartments separate
modules, each responsible for some aspect of mental life.
UG is a theory only of the language module, which has its own set of
principles distinct from other modules and doesn’t inter relate with them.
This contrasts with cognitive theories that assume the mind is a single
unitary system, for example connectionism.
In some ways this resembles the nineteenth century tradition of ‘faculty
psychology’ which also divided the mind into autonomous areas (Foder,
1983).
We speak of the body in terms of organs the heart, the lungs, the liver etc.
why not talk about mind in terms of mental organs the logic organ, the
mathematics organ, the common sense organ, the language organ?
“We may usefully think of the language faculty, the number faculty, and
others as “mental organs”, analogous to the heart or the visual system or
the system of motor coordination and planning”
(Chomsky 1980)
The language faculty is concerned with an attribute that all people posses.
8
9. So Chomsky asserts that language knowledge is independent of the other
aspects of mind.
3. The Head Parameter
It specifies the order of certain elements in a language.
One distinctive claim is that the essential element is each phrase is its
head.
Thus the verb phrase
Drew an elephant has a head verb (drew)
Noun phrase
The child has a head noun (child)
Prepositional phrase
By the manager has a head preposition (by).
Complements
An important way in which language very concerns where the head occurs
in relationship to other elements of the phrase, called complements.
The head of the phrase can occur on the left of the complements or on
their right.
In the NP:
“Education for life”
the head noun education appears on the left of the complement ‘for life’.
9
10. In the VP:
Showed her the way.
One head verb ‘showed’ appears on the left of the complement ‘her’ and ‘the
way’.
In the PP:
In the car
The head preposition ‘in’ appears and the left of the ‘complement the car’.
There are two possibilities for the structure in human languages.
Head-left
Head-right
Chomsky (1970) suggested that the relative position of heads and
complements needs to be specified only once for all the phrases in a
given language.
Human beings know that phrases can be either head-first or head-last; an
English speaker has learnt that English is head-first; a speaker of
Japanese that Japanese is head-last and soon.
The variation between languages can now be expressed in terms of heads
occur first or last in the phrase. This is head parameter, the variation in
order of elements between languages amounts to a single choice between
head first or head last.
4. The Projection Principle
10
11. Speaker of a language knows
1) What do words in language means?
2) How they can be combined to make sentences?
The theory integrates the syntactic description of the sentence with the
properties of lexical items via the projection principle, which requires the
syntax to accommodate the characteristic of each lexical item.
It has always been recognized that there are restrictions on which words
can occur in which constructions.
Some verbs are followed by object NP.
Ayesha prefers could drink but not Ayesha prefers.
Other verbs are not followed by NP, for instance peter fainted.
Not:
Peter fainted the cat.
The linguistics description expresses this through the lexical entry that
each item has in the lexicon.
The lexical entry for each verb in the dictionary has to show whether or
not it is followed by a NP, i.e. whether it is transitive or intransitive.
A particular verb has it sown combination of possibilities.
The verb ‘want’ for example can be followed by an object ND.
I want some money
or a phrase starting with to:
11
12. I want to leave but it may not be followed by a phrase starting with ‘that’
I want that bill leaves. Unlike for instance, believe I believe that bill left.
Hence the entry of ‘want’ is something like:
Want verb (-NP/To-phrase) where the slash ‘/’ shows either / or the
projection principle is a further universal of human language integrate their
syntactic rules with their lexical entries in this fashion.
There is no logical necessity for language to be this way and no obvious
means by which a child could acquire it, the projection principle also
seems a built in feature of the mind.
5. The Government Theory
This refers to a syntactic relationship of high abstraction between ‘a
governor’ and an element that it governs.
A verb governs its object NP as in:
Kate likes me
Verb NP
Where the verb ‘likes’ governs the NP ‘me’.
A preposition also governs its NP the traffic warden spoke to her
P NP
The preposition ‘to’ governs the NP ‘her’
12
13. The possible governors are the categories Noun, verb, adjective and
prepositions.
If the relationship of government obtains between two elements in the
sentence, there is one-way flow of influence from the governor to the
governed.
So the fact that the preposition ‘to’ governs the NP means that the pronoun
has the form ‘her’ rather than ‘she’.
To her not
To she
In more technical terms, the object of the preposition appears in the
accusative case (her) rather than in the nominative case (she)
Similarly the objects of verbs also appear in the accusative rather than
nominative case.
Kate likes me
Versus
Kate likes I
The verb likes governess the NP object and thus determines that it appears
as the accusative form ‘me’ rather than the nominative for I
Inflection (INFL)
The element INFL represents inter alia the grammatical elements tense and
agreement.
13
14. Tense is associated with time reference such as past or present and mostly
concerns the verb.
1. You play the piano very well.
2. You played the piano very well.
The (1) sentence is present and has no inflection.
The (2) sentence is past and requires an inflection (ed).
Agreement
Agreement concerns whether the subject is a singular or plural.
1) He plays the piano.
2) They play the piano.
In the (1) example where the subject is singular the verb has the inflection.
In the (2) example where the subject is plural there is no inflection.
Sentences with tense and AGR are called finite clauses.
For example
Azhar plays the piano very well. It is a finite clause because it contains the
ending –s to show both present tense and singular AGR.
Sentences which do not have tense and agreement are called non-finite
clauses.
For example:
(He considers) Azhar to
play the piano very well.
14
15. Non – finite clauses such as Azhar to play to piano very well appears only
inside other clauses such as he considers’.
To sum up, INFL is a separate and independent element in the sentence
which comes between the subjects on NP.
- It can be either finite or non – finite.
6. Relating Sound and Meaning
One of Chomsky’s insight is that ‘each language can be regarded as a
particular relationship between sounds and meaning.
(Chomsky 1972)
The sentence:
The moon shone though the trees consists on the one hand of a sequence of
sounds, on the other of a set of meanings about an entity called ‘the moon’
and the past relationship of its light to some entities called ‘trees’.
The meanings are the internal face of language, it contact with the mind;
they are abstract mental representations, independent of physical forms.
Relationship between the external sounds and the internal meanings.
Sounds ↔ meanings
The difficulty of the task is due to the complex links between them.
Gill teaches physics
15
16. the grammar must know how the sentence is pronounced – the sequence of
sounds, the stress patterns, the intonation and so on.
It needs a way of describing actual sounds – a phonetic representation.
It needs a way of representing meaning – a semantic representation.
It needs a way of describing the syntactic structures that connects them –
a syntactic level of representation.
Syntactic structure plays a central mediating role between physical form
and abstract meaning.
The sound – meaning bridge:
Syntax
Phonetic Semantic
representation representation
sounds meanings
Principles and parameters theory captures this bridge between sound and
meaning through the phonetic form and logical form.
Syntax
Phonetic Logical
Form (PF) Form (LF
16