This document summarizes Vinay and Darbelnet's classical taxonomy of translation procedures from 1958. It outlines seven categories of translation techniques: 1) Borrowing, 2) Calque (Loan Translation), 3) Literal Translation, 4) Transposition, 5) Modulation, 6) Adaptation. It provides examples for each category and notes that since the 1960s, additional techniques have been established such as explicitation, collocation, and compensation.

1. Lecture 8

2. The classical taxonomy of translation procedures dates back to 1958 and is the
work of J. P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet. It consists of seven categories:
1. BORROWING
Borrowing is a translation technique that involves using the same word or
expression in original text in the target text. The word or expression borrowed is
usually written in italics. This is about reproducing an expression in the original
text as it is. In this sense, it is a translation technique that does not actually
translate…
Example: I like pizza so much.
Jihad is a holy war fought by Muslims.
I met sheikh Al-Amrani in the mosque.

3. Cont…
2. CALQUE (LOAN TRANSLATION)
A calque /kælk/ or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from
another language by literal, word-for-word translation.
Example: Fish in troubled water = Try to take advantage of a confused situation.
This term, first recorded in 1568, expresses the even older notion that fish bite more
readily when seas are rough.
- Storm in a tea cup=a situation in which people are very angry or upset about
something that is not important.
- Behind the scenes=out of sight of the public at a theater or organization.
- Food for thought= something that should be thought about or considered
carefully.

4. Cont.
3. LITERAL TRANSLATION
Usually this is called a literal translation or metaphrase. This means a word-for-
word translation. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, a literal translation can only
be applied with languages which are extremely close in cultural terms. It is
acceptable only if the translated text retains the same syntax, the same meaning
and the same style as the original text.
Example: ‫ذهب‬
‫زيد‬
‫الى‬
‫عدن‬ Went Zaid to Aden
‫لسان‬
‫طويل‬ - Long tongue (i.e. abusive)
‫احب‬
‫ابني‬
‫كثيرا‬ - I love my son a lot.

5. Cont.
A- Word-for-Word Translation: A word-for-word translation is the way of
transferring meaning of each and every word of the source language into the
target language with its equivalent words.
Example: ‫ذهب‬
‫زيد‬
‫الى‬
‫عدن‬
Went Zaid to Aden
B- One-to-One Literal Translation: It is a broader form of translation. In this
method, we consider the collocation meanings and translate each SL word or
phrase into an identical word or phrase in the TL with the same number,
grammatical class and type of language.
‫لسان‬
‫طويل‬
Long tongue (i.e. abusive)

6. Cont.
C- Literal Translation of Meaning: It is the translation of meaning as closely,
accurately and completely as possible. This is why sometimes it is called Close,
or Direct Translation. It takes into account the TL grammar and word order.
‫احب‬
‫ابني‬
‫كثيرا‬
I love my son a lot.

7. Cont..
4. TRANSPOSITION
Transposition involves moving from one grammatical category to another
without altering the meaning of the text. This translation technique introduces a
change in grammatical structure.
Example:
This made me feel shocked and embarrassed.

8. Cont..
5. MODULATION
This technique refers to the use of a phrase that is dissimilar in the source and
target languages to convey the same idea.
Example:
He cleared his throat.

9. Cont..
6. ADAPTATION
Adaptation, also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, is a cultural
element which replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture
of the target language. This achieves a more familiar and comprehensive text.
Example: I welcomed my guests and gave them a glass of whiskey.

10. Cont..
Since the sixties, several authors (Michel Ballard, Hélène Chuquet, Michel Paillard,
etc.) have established other methods of translation, such as explicitation
(introducing specific details in the text of the target language), collocation (using a
sequence of words that usually go together in the target language) and
compensation (where an allusion or reference does not appear in one part of the
text as in the source version, but later in the target text).