Cyanotic congenital heart diseases are those with decreased pulmonary blood flow leading to central cyanosis. Tetralogy of Fallot is the commonest cyanotic heart disease, accounting for 10% of congenital heart defects. It is characterized by four anatomical features - pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, and overriding of the aorta. Patients typically present with cyanosis, clubbing of fingers, and cyanotic spells which can be relieved by squatting. Investigations reveal findings like boot-shaped heart on chest X-ray and right axis deviation on ECG. Without intervention, patients experience complications like infections, stroke, and delayed growth and development.
This presentation is a simplified version of the various types of cardiac arrythmias seen in pediatric age groups. We have discussed supraventricular tachycarsias and prolonged QT syndrome in details here. Hope everyone finds it useful.
This presentation is a simplified version of the various types of cardiac arrythmias seen in pediatric age groups. We have discussed supraventricular tachycarsias and prolonged QT syndrome in details here. Hope everyone finds it useful.
This file was made while my course of studying pediatrics at college,intednded to make the cardiology lessons more organized and easier to study and memorize. And I do hope it will be useful to the other medical students who read it.
most common congenital cyanotic heart disease.one of the conotruncal family of heart lesions.. It accounts for 7 to 10% of all congenital heart abnormalities.
The lecture is for medical student. It is from Dr RUSINGIZA Emmanuel, MD, senior lecture at UR( UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA) .
It will help to understand heart diseases in newborn, infants and children.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the mucous membrane and skin
Visible clinically when arterial O2 saturation falls to 60-65%
Primarily depends on the amount of reduced Hb – must be
at least 5g % - provided absolute Hb is normal (Lunds Gaard &
Vanslyke)
Physiological cyanosis may be normal till 20 min. but
beyond that – it is always abnormal
Central cyanosis desaturation of arterial blood.
Peripheral cynosis normal arterial oxygen circulation.
13. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Increased
Pulmonary Blood
Flow
Cyanosis, Clubbing, Polycythemia
Decreased
Pulmonary Blood
Flow
Transposition of Great arteries (3-5%)
Truncus Arteriosus (1-2%)
Single Ventricle (1-2%)
TAPVC (1-2%)
HLHS (1-3%)
Tetralogy of Fallot (5-7%)
Tricuspid Atersia
Ebstein’s Anomaly
Pulmonary Atersia
% given for 100 CHDs
14. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
History:
H/o. cyanotic spells (TOF, Ebstein anomaly)
Cyanosis increased during defecation, feeding.
H/o. squatting
Easy fatigability
Failure to thrive
Increased metabolic activity
Recurrent infections due to pulm flow
Decreased intake
Associated chromosomal anomaly
Chest pain
Syncope : TOF, Eisenmenger’s
Hemoptysis : Eisenmenger’s
Cough, breathlessness & repeated chest infections due to pulm flow
TAPVC, TGA, Truncus arteriosus
Convulsions : - Cerebral abscess – TOF after 2 yrs.
15. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
Prenatal History:
Consanguinity
Age of parents (esp. mother)
Down’s – more in maternal age > 35 (endocardial cushion
defects)
Maternal medication during pregnancy
Sod. valproate – TOF, VSD
Lithium – ASD, tricuspid atresia, Ebstein’s
Marijuana – Ebstein’s
Clomiphene – TOF
Antitussive - ASDs
Sex hormones – VSD, TGA, TOF
16. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
Age of the Patient:
1. Cyanosis during newborn
period
1. Hypoplastic LV
2. TGA with intact ventricular
septum
3. Tricuspid atresia
4. Hypoplastic Rt. Ventricle
with pulm. Atresia
5. TOF (severe type)
2. Cyanosis develops during 1st
week :
1. Pulmonary atresia
2. Tricuspid atresia
3. TGA
3. Cyanosis after 1 month
1. TOF
2. TGA, TAPVC
17. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
Sex of the Patient:
1. Equal in both sexes
1. Ebstein’s anomaly
2. Pulmonary atresia
3. Tricuspid atresia
4. Truncus arteriosus
5. TOF
6. Cong. venacaval – Lt atrial
communication
2. Females – more common:
1. Endocardial cushion defects
3. Males – more common
1. Univentricular heart
2. TGA
3. Hypoplastic left heart
18. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
General Examination:
Trisomy 21 – Endocardial cushion defects
Cat cry syndrome – Tricuspid atresia
Di George syndrome – Truncus arteriosus
(hypoplastic mandible, defective ears and short filtrum)
Marfan’s and Down syndrome – TOF
Anomalies of 16 – 18 chromosomes – DORV
Clubbing of fingers – takes 6 mo. to develop
Differential clubbing – Eisenmenger’s syndrome – only in toes
Short stature, kyphoscoliosis, arthropathy, congested eyes, bad
teeth, growth retardation
19. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
Jugulars Examination:
Enlarged
Tricuspid atresia
Hypoplastic left ventricle
TAPVR
Endocardial cushion defect
TGA with increased pulm. blood flow
DORV with increased pulm. blood flow
Truncus arteriosus
Normal jugulars
Fallot’s tetrology
TGA with PS
DORV with PS
20. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
Pulse
Collapsing
Truncus arteriosus
AV malformations
Severer TOF with collaterals
Taussig-bing operation fort OF
Decreased Lt. carotid and Lt. brachial pulses
Hypoplastic Lt. heart syndrome
Decreased femoral pulses
DORV
21. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
Precardial Examination
Normal
TOF, DORV, Pulm. atresia with intact ventricular septum,
tricuspid atresia
Precardial bulge
TAPVR, Hypoplastic Lt. ventricle, PS with intact IVS
TGA
22. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
Auscultation
Splitting of S 1 : Ebstein’s anamoly
Loud P 2 : TAPVR, Endocardial cushion defect,
Eisenmenger syndrome, DORV with
pulm. flow
Single S 2 : TOF, TOF with PS, DORV with PS,
Tricuspid atresia, Truncus arteriosus
Muffled S 2 : Ebstein’s anamoly
Continuous murmur : TOF with collaterals, Truncus arteriosus
23. Approach to a Child with cyanotic CHD
Radiology
Boat shaped heart : TOF
(coeur en sabot)
Enlarged heart : Severe TOF with
collaterals, associated
anemia or hypertension
Concavity in pulm. artery area : PS
Rt. sided aortic arch : 25% cases of TOF
Rib notching : TOF with collaterals
Egg on end appearance : TGA
Figure of Eight appearance : TAPVR
24. Commonest Cyanotic HD
10% of CHDs
Nada’s dictum:
If a cyanotic heart disease child over 2 years is admitted
in ward, if it is diagnosed as TOF it is 75% correct
Taussing’s axiom:
If a patient is having cyanosis with normal sized heart
and oligemic lung fields it is definitely TOF
27. History
Nicholas Steno 17th
century – originally
described TOF
In 1948, Etinne, Louis Arthur Fallot
described the four anatomical features of
TOF
In 1947 Taussig described various positions
for relief of the dyspnoea
30. Classification:
Group I
Severe PS or pulm. atresia
Pt. symptomatic at birth
Mortality high
Group II
Classical TOF.
Pt. becomes symptomatic from 6 mo. of life
Group III
Pink Fallot’s tetrology
Pt. becomes symptomatic between 4 – 5 years
31. Hemodynamcis:
Pressure in both ventricles equal
Pulm blood flow depends on severity of PS
In VSD with mild PS, blood flow from Lt to Rt
ventricle throughout systole
In TOF with severe PS, most of Rt. ventricular
blood enters into aorta resulting in cyanosis
and hypoxia
34. Hemodynamics - Squatting &
TOF
During activity → respiration (hyperpnea)↑
Venous return increases but Pulmonary→
flow cannot increase Right to Left shunt→ →
Cyanosis
On squatting, venous return decreases →
Systemic vascular resistance increases,
therefore less or no right to left shunt →
decreases cyanosis
35. Clinical Symptoms:
Dyspnoea – not associated with cough
Cyanosis – at birth or from 6 mo. of age
Cyanosis on exertion
Squatting
Cyanotic spells
Growth retardation
39. Presence of CCF ExcludesPresence of CCF Excludes
Tetralogy Physiology exceptTetralogy Physiology except
when complicated bywhen complicated by
Anemia
Infective Endocarditis
Valvar Regurgitation
Surgically created or naturally occurring
large left to right shunts
Systemic hypertension
Unrelated or coincidental myocardial
disease
40. Investigations:- CXR
coeur en sabot
Rt. sided aortic arch
Aneurysmal bulging of Pulm. artery (with
absence of pulm. valves)
Oligemic lung fields
Rib corrosions – with collaterals
Unilateral lesions – after Blalock- Taussig
operation
41. Investigations:- ECG
RAD
RVH
Sudden transition from V1 to V2
(R wave in V1 is suddenly replaced by S wave in V2)
47. Other Complications
1. Cerebral venous thrombosis
2. Cerebral abscess
Entering of contaminated blood in to systemic
circulation without being filtered in lungs
Infarction of brain due to polycythemia
Hypoxia – leading to anaerobic infection
Infective endocarditis can disseminate infection
in cerebrum
1. Infective endocarditis
48. Other Complications
5. Arthropathy
Gout arthropathy due to production of uric acid from RBC
due to polycythemia
5. Acute renal failure
Uric acid nephropathy
7. Bleeding diathesis
Decrease in coagulants due to shrinkage of plasma
Decreased platelet adhesion and production
7. Delayed puberty
49. Natural history of Fallot’s
Tetrology
Acyanotic TOF – gradually become cyanotic
Patients already cyanotic become deeply
cyanosed as infundibular stenosis increases and
polycythemia develops
Hypoxic spells develop in infants
Severe TOF patients may develop AR
Growth retardation in severe cases
Coagulopathy develops in long standing cases
Iron deficiency anemia develops slowly
50. Tetrology of Fallot
Medical Therapy :
Maintain Hb > 14 g /dL (oral iron or bl.
Transfusion)
Beta blockers to be given in highest
tolerated doses ( 1-4 mg/kg/d in 2-3
divided doses)
51. Tetrology of Fallot
Timing of Surgery :
Stable, minimally cyanosed : Total correction at 1-2 yrs of age
Significant cyanosis (SaO2 < 70%) or H.o spells despite therapy
< 3 mo. : systemic to pulm. art shunt (class I)
> 3 mo. : shunt or correction depending on anatomy and surgical center’s
experience (class I)
VSD with pulm. Atresia. Adequate Pas: Repair at 3-4 yrs, if RV to pulm.
art. conduit required (class I)
Systemic to pulm. artery shunt if symptomatic earlier and repair without
conduit is not possible
52. 1. Blalock – Taussig Operation:
Anastamosis between subclavian artery with ipsilateral pulmonary
artery. In Rt. sided aortic arch, anastamosis is done between Rt.
subclavian artery and pulm. artery.
1. Waterston’s Operation:
Anastamosis between ascending aorta and pulm. artery.
1. Pott’s Operation:
Anastamosis between descending aorta and left branch of pulm.
artery.
1. Gore-Tex Interposition shunt: Placed between the subclavian
and ipsilateral PA, done even in small infants younger than 3 months
55. Corrective Surgery:
Reconstruction of infundibular area
Closure of VSD
Trabeculotomy
Indications
1. In symptomatic patients between 3-4 months
2. In asymptomatic mildly cyanosed patients between 3 – 24
months
3. Mildly cyanosed patients with Blalock-Taussig shunt correction
between 1-2 years
4. Asymptomatic acyanotic patients – between 1-2 years
56. Tetrology of Fallot
Timing of Surgery :
Stable, minimally cyanosed : Total correction at 1-2 yrs of age
Significant cyanosis (SaO2 < 70%) or H.o spells despite
therapy
< 3 mo. : systemic to pulm. art shunt (class I)
> 3 mo. : shunt or correction depending on anatomy and
surgical center’s experience (class I)
VSD with pulm. Atresia. Adequate Pas: Repair at 3-4 yrs, if
RV to pulm. art. conduit required (class I)
Systemic to pulm. artery shunt if symptomatic earlier and
repair without conduit is not possible
57. Postoperative complications
Congestive heart failure (right or left, residual
outflow obstruction, VSD, and/or pulmonic
regurgitation
Atrial flutter, ventricular arrhythmias, right
bundle-branch block, or left anterior
hemiblock
Infective bacterial endocarditis
58. If the patient is severely cyanosed with
group I Fallot’s tetrology should be given
prostaglandin infusion to keep ductus
arteriosus patent for augmentation of
blood supply to pulmonary artery.
59.
60. Cyanotic spell (tet spell)
Medical emergency
6 mo. To 2 years
Early hours
Crying, feeding, defecation and relative anemia
precipitate
Mechanism :
Local intracardiac production of catecholamines
increased due to stress – which increase infundibular
spasm leading to more R > L shunt
Vulnerable resp. centre
Paroxysmal attack of arrhythmias
61. Cyanotic spell (tet spell)
Treatment:
1. Morphine : 0.1 mg/kg SC
(stabilizes resp. centre and
calms)
2. Propronalol : 0.1 mg /kg IV dil. in 50 ml of 5% D/W
3. Methoxamine : 40 mg. dil in 250 ml of 5% D/W - IV
4. Ketamine : 1 to 3 mg/kg IV over 60 min
(increases systemic vascular resistance and calms
patient)
5. Phenylephrine : 0.1 to 0.2 mg / kg IV –
(increases systemic vascular resistance)
62. Cyanotic spell (tet spell)
Supportive Treatment:
1. Knee chest position
2. O2 inhalation
3. Sodium bicarbonate for acidosis
Prevention :
1. Propronalol : 1 - 4 mg/kg up to 2 years
2. Iron supplementation : 1 mg/kg/d
64. Prophylaxis for Infective Endocarditis
1. Maintain oral hygiene
2. Administer prophylactic antibiotic IV
immediately before cardiac surgery and
continue for 1-2 days postoperatively
3. Administer appropriate antibiotic for any
dental procedure or surgical procedures
65. Infective Endocarditis
Prophylaxis
Every child with CHD must be advised to maintain
good oral hygiene and regular dental check up
Unrepaired CCHDs are high risk conditions for IE. So
prophylaxis is mandatory
ASD (secundum type) and valvular PS are low risk
conditions for IE – prophylaxis not recommended
Other acyanotic CHDs including bicuspid aortic valve
are moderate risk & prophylaxis is recommended
Repaired CHDs with prosthetic material need
prophylaxis for first 6 mo. after procedure
Device placement by transcatheter route also require
prophylaxis for the first 6 mo.