This document provides an overview of vapor power cycles, including the Carnot and Rankine cycles. It describes:
1) The Carnot vapor power cycle, including its four reversible processes of isothermal heat addition and rejection and adiabatic expansion and compression. However, it notes that the Carnot cycle is difficult to implement in practice.
2) The simple Rankine cycle, which uses the same four processes as the Carnot cycle but with complete condensation in the condenser. Equations for thermal efficiency are provided.
3) Key parameters used to analyze vapor power cycle performance such as heat added, heat rejected, turbine work, and pumping work.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The document discusses gas turbine technology. It begins by defining a gas turbine as a machine that delivers mechanical power using a gaseous working fluid. It then discusses the main components of a gas turbine - the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The document covers various gas turbine cycles including open and closed cycles. It also discusses ways to improve gas turbine efficiency such as intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. The document provides an overview of gas turbine applications and operating principles.
This document discusses steam power plant cycles, including ideal cycles and actual cycles. It covers the Carnot cycle, limitations of the Carnot cycle, the Rankine cycle, analysis of the ideal Rankine cycle, deviations of the actual cycle from the ideal cycle, ways to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle such as lowering condenser pressure, superheating steam, and increasing boiler pressure. It also discusses reheat cycles, methods of reheating such as gas reheating and live steam reheating, and regenerative cycles using open and closed feedwater heaters.
Gas turbine plants use compressed air and combustion to drive a turbine and generate power. They have high efficiency, quick start-up times, and can use different fuels. The key components are an air compressor, combustor, and turbine connected by a common shaft. Air is compressed then mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor. The hot gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor and generator. Axial compressors are commonly used due to their ability to deliver large air volumes at moderate pressures.
1. Gas turbine power plants use gas turbines to generate electricity and have advantages over steam plants like lower capital costs and reduced space requirements.
2. There are two main types - open cycle plants which exhaust combustion gases directly to the atmosphere, and closed cycle plants which recirculate working gases to improve efficiency.
3. Various methods can be used to recover waste heat from gas turbine exhaust to further improve efficiency, such as economizers, recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, and heat pipes.
The document discusses the Rankine cycle, which uses heat to generate power and is used in 90% of power plants worldwide. It describes the Rankine cycle's inventor, William Rankine, and covers the basic ideal Rankine cycle process as well as variations like reheat and regeneration cycles. The document concludes by noting a software program was developed to model thermodynamic properties of steam in power plants using Rankine cycles.
The document discusses the history and working principles of the Stirling engine, an external combustion engine invented in 1816 by Robert Stirling as a safer alternative to steam engines. It describes the ideal Stirling cycle of isothermal expansion and compression processes separated by constant volume heat transfer. The key components of Stirling engines are identified as the working gas, heat exchangers, displacer mechanism, regenerator, and expansion/compression mechanism. Different types of Stirling engines - alpha and beta - are also summarized. Applications highlighted include using solar-powered Stirling engines for water pumping in rural areas.
Gas turbine is an important topic usually studied in mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, power plant engineering, electrical engineering, and some other related engineering branches. The gas turbine is an air breathing heat engine, said to be the heart of the power plant produces electric power, by burning of gas (or) liquid fuels along with fresh air. The fresh air performs two main functions in gas turbine. The fresh air acts as a cooling agent for various parts of the power plants and gives required amount of oxygen for combustion of fuel. Topics covered in the ppt
Gas Turbines: Simple gas turbine plant- Ideal cycle, closed cycle and open cycle for gas turbines Efficiency, work ratio and optimum pressure ratio for simple gas turbine cycle Parameters of performance- Actual cycle, regeneration, Inter-cooling and reheating. the topics covered are almost same in all the universities. some problems were discussed in each and concept to make them understand clearly.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The document discusses gas turbine technology. It begins by defining a gas turbine as a machine that delivers mechanical power using a gaseous working fluid. It then discusses the main components of a gas turbine - the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The document covers various gas turbine cycles including open and closed cycles. It also discusses ways to improve gas turbine efficiency such as intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. The document provides an overview of gas turbine applications and operating principles.
This document discusses steam power plant cycles, including ideal cycles and actual cycles. It covers the Carnot cycle, limitations of the Carnot cycle, the Rankine cycle, analysis of the ideal Rankine cycle, deviations of the actual cycle from the ideal cycle, ways to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle such as lowering condenser pressure, superheating steam, and increasing boiler pressure. It also discusses reheat cycles, methods of reheating such as gas reheating and live steam reheating, and regenerative cycles using open and closed feedwater heaters.
Gas turbine plants use compressed air and combustion to drive a turbine and generate power. They have high efficiency, quick start-up times, and can use different fuels. The key components are an air compressor, combustor, and turbine connected by a common shaft. Air is compressed then mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor. The hot gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor and generator. Axial compressors are commonly used due to their ability to deliver large air volumes at moderate pressures.
1. Gas turbine power plants use gas turbines to generate electricity and have advantages over steam plants like lower capital costs and reduced space requirements.
2. There are two main types - open cycle plants which exhaust combustion gases directly to the atmosphere, and closed cycle plants which recirculate working gases to improve efficiency.
3. Various methods can be used to recover waste heat from gas turbine exhaust to further improve efficiency, such as economizers, recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, and heat pipes.
The document discusses the Rankine cycle, which uses heat to generate power and is used in 90% of power plants worldwide. It describes the Rankine cycle's inventor, William Rankine, and covers the basic ideal Rankine cycle process as well as variations like reheat and regeneration cycles. The document concludes by noting a software program was developed to model thermodynamic properties of steam in power plants using Rankine cycles.
The document discusses the history and working principles of the Stirling engine, an external combustion engine invented in 1816 by Robert Stirling as a safer alternative to steam engines. It describes the ideal Stirling cycle of isothermal expansion and compression processes separated by constant volume heat transfer. The key components of Stirling engines are identified as the working gas, heat exchangers, displacer mechanism, regenerator, and expansion/compression mechanism. Different types of Stirling engines - alpha and beta - are also summarized. Applications highlighted include using solar-powered Stirling engines for water pumping in rural areas.
Gas turbine is an important topic usually studied in mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, power plant engineering, electrical engineering, and some other related engineering branches. The gas turbine is an air breathing heat engine, said to be the heart of the power plant produces electric power, by burning of gas (or) liquid fuels along with fresh air. The fresh air performs two main functions in gas turbine. The fresh air acts as a cooling agent for various parts of the power plants and gives required amount of oxygen for combustion of fuel. Topics covered in the ppt
Gas Turbines: Simple gas turbine plant- Ideal cycle, closed cycle and open cycle for gas turbines Efficiency, work ratio and optimum pressure ratio for simple gas turbine cycle Parameters of performance- Actual cycle, regeneration, Inter-cooling and reheating. the topics covered are almost same in all the universities. some problems were discussed in each and concept to make them understand clearly.
The document describes the Rankine cycle, which is a vapor power cycle that can be practically implemented. It discusses the ideal Rankine cycle process of:
1. Isentropic compression in a pump
2. Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3. Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4. Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
It also discusses deviations from the ideal cycle, such as non-ideal pump and turbine efficiencies. Methods to increase cycle efficiency include lowering the condenser pressure, increasing steam superheating, and raising the boiler pressure. Advanced cycles like reheat and regeneration are also mentioned to further improve performance.
The document discusses high grade and low grade energy sources. High grade energy sources include mechanical, electrical, water, wind and tidal power which can be completely converted to work without loss. Low grade energy sources like heat can only partially be converted to work. Low grade energy consists of exergy (available energy) and anergy (unavailable energy). The maximum useful work obtainable from a heat source is called its availability or exergy. The minimum energy that must be rejected according to the second law of thermodynamics is called anergy. Availability reduces as the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings decreases.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
This document discusses coal-based thermal power plants. It describes the basic cycles used in thermal power generation like the Rankine cycle. It then discusses the major components of a typical coal fired thermal power station like the coal handling plant, ash handling system, boiler, turbine and condenser. The coal handling plant prepares and feeds coal to the boiler. In the boiler, coal is burnt and water is converted to high pressure steam. This steam powers the turbine, which drives the generator to produce electricity. The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed back to water in the condenser to complete the cycle.
MET 401 Chapter 6 -_gas_turbine_power_plant_brayton_cycle_-_copyIbrahim AboKhalil
This document discusses the Brayton cycle, which is the ideal gas turbine cycle. It covers:
1. The basic components and processes of the Brayton cycle, including constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection.
2. Key assumptions used in analyzing the cycle, such as treating air as an ideal gas and replacing combustion with heat addition.
3. Performance parameters like thermal efficiency as a function of pressure ratio and the impact of limiting turbine inlet temperatures.
4. Modifications to improve efficiency, including regeneration which recovers heat from the exhaust to preheat the compressor inlet air.
The document provides an overview of the Kalina Cycle, an improvement over the traditional Rankine Cycle for power generation. The Kalina Cycle was developed in the 1980s by Russian scientist Alexander Kalina and uses an ammonia-water working fluid mixture. It can achieve higher efficiencies than the Rankine Cycle by taking advantage of the variable boiling points as the ammonia concentration changes. The document discusses the history of the Kalina Cycle's development, how it works, comparisons to the Rankine Cycle, different Kalina Cycle configurations, applications, and environmental benefits.
This document discusses heat engines and their classification. It describes heat engines as devices that convert chemical energy to heat energy and then mechanical work. Heat engines are classified as either external or internal combustion engines. The document then covers common heat engine cycles like the Carnot, Rankine, Otto, and Diesel cycles. It provides details on the processes, diagrams, applications, and limitations of each cycle.
This document discusses different types of steam turbines and their operating principles. It describes impulse turbines where steam expands within nozzles and does not change pressure as it passes over blades. Reaction turbines gradually decrease pressure as steam passes over fixed and moving blades. Compounding methods are also presented, including velocity compounding using multiple blade rings, pressure compounding with nozzle stages, and pressure-velocity compounding combining both methods. The document aims to explain steam turbine design and operation.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF STEAM TURBINE AND TURBINE LOSSESMohammed Sameer
This document provides an abstract for a mini-project presentation on studying and analyzing steam turbines and turbine losses at a thermal power plant (KTPS). The abstract introduces the objectives of studying steam turbine performance and evaluating turbine losses. It also briefly discusses the basic components and working of a steam turbine power plant. The document further includes sections on turbine theory, classifications, construction, components, losses, data collection and calculations for turbine efficiency.
The document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and their classification based on occurrence and physical state. It describes the measurement of calorific value using a bomb calorimeter and Junkers gas calorimeter. It also discusses the gross and net calorific values, combustion calculations, proximate and ultimate analysis of solid fuels, and the theoretical calculation of a fuel's calorific value using Dulong's formula.
available energy ,irreversibility,exchargypaneliya sagar
The document discusses available energy, exergy, and irreversibility. It explains that:
1) According to the second law of thermodynamics, not all heat absorbed by a system can be converted to work. The maximum work that can be obtained from a heat source at temperature T is from a reversible Carnot engine.
2) The difference between the maximum reversible work and the actual work of an irreversible process is called irreversibility. Irreversibility is always positive and represents the increase in entropy in the system and surroundings.
3) Exergy represents the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings a system into equilibrium with its surroundings. It provides an upper limit on the amount of
the water that reaches the surface is not hot enough to produce steam, it can still be used to produce electricity by feeding it into a Binary Power Plant. The hot water is fed into a heat exchanger. The heat from the water is absorbed by a liquid such as isopentane which boils at a lower temperature. The isopentane steam is used to drive turbines, producing electricity. The isopentane then condenses back to its liquid state and is used again.
This document discusses cogeneration and improving energy efficiency in sugar mills. It provides information on:
1) Cogeneration involves the combined production of electrical power and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source. This allows for better utilization of resources and independence in power and steam.
2) Major advantages of cogeneration include lower production costs, quick return on investment, and ability to use biomass fuels. It also provides a solution to power problems when hydropower availability is low.
3) Case studies show potential energy savings through retrofitting with high-pressure boilers, improving control systems, reducing downtime, and acquiring best available technologies for new projects.
Diesel power plants produce electricity in the range of 2 to 50 MW and are commonly used as central power stations and backup generators. They have advantages over steam power plants such as occupying less space and being more efficient for capacities under 150 MW. However, diesel power plants also have higher operating and maintenance costs compared to steam plants. The key components of a diesel power plant include the diesel engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, starting system, lubrication system, and cooling system. Proper operation and maintenance such as regular engine running and filter servicing is required for good diesel power plant performance.
Our earth’s interior - like the sun – provides energy from nature. This heat – geothermal energy – yields warmth and power that we can use without polluting the environment.
Geothermal heat originates from Earth’s fiery consolidation of dust and gas over 4 billion years ago. At earth core – 4,000 miles deep – temperatures may reach over 9,000 degrees F
1. The document discusses gas turbine cycles with two shafts, where one turbine drives the compressor and the other provides power output. It describes regeneration using a heat exchanger to improve efficiency by heating the compressed air. Intercooling between compression stages and reheating are also discussed to reduce the work of compression. Examples are provided to calculate efficiency, power output, temperatures and pressures at different points in regenerative cycles with variations like intercooling.
Coal-based thermal power plants generate electricity through a four stage process. In the first stage, coal is burned in a boiler to produce heat energy. In the second stage, this heat is used to convert water to high-pressure steam. The third stage involves using this steam to spin turbines connected to generators. Finally, in the fourth stage the rotational energy of the turbines is converted to electrical energy. Key components of coal power plants include the coal handling system, boiler, steam turbine, condenser, ash handling system, and electrical equipment. Newer ultra-supercritical technologies can improve the efficiency and reduce emissions of coal power generation.
thermodynamics cycles,efficiency and applicationsNFC IET Multan
This document discusses several thermodynamic cycles including the Rankine, Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Eriksson, and Brayton cycles. It provides brief descriptions of each cycle including the key processes involved and common applications. For example, it states that the Rankine cycle is used in coal-fired power plants and involves boiling water to produce steam to drive a turbine. The Carnot cycle represents the ideal reversible thermodynamic cycle and is used in refrigerators.
This document discusses various thermodynamic power cycles including:
- The Carnot cycle, which is the most efficient but impractical cycle.
- Rankine cycles, which are more practical vapor power cycles that use steam as the working fluid.
- Simple Rankine cycles involve heating water to steam then expanding it in a turbine before condensing it back to water.
- Rankine cycles with superheated steam, which increase efficiency by heating steam above its saturation temperature.
- The efficiencies of different cycles are calculated and compared in examples. Superheated steam cycles have higher efficiencies than simple Rankine cycles due to higher average temperatures.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
This document discusses various thermodynamic cycles used in power generation applications including vapor power cycles, gas power cycles, and gas turbine cycles. It describes the basic processes and assumptions of cycles like the Rankine, Otto, diesel, and Brayton cycles. Methods to improve the performance of these cycles are also covered, such as increasing boiler pressure, superheating, reheating, and regeneration. The key applications of thermodynamics discussed are steam power plants, internal combustion engines, and gas turbine engines.
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 18ME42 Module 01 question no 1a & 1bTHANMAY JS
1.0 Air standard cycles: Definitions
1.1 Carnot, description, p-v and T -s diagrams, efficiencies, mean effective pressures.
1.2 Otto, description, p-v and T -s diagrams, efficiencies, mean effective pressures.
1.3 Diesel, description, p-v and T -s diagrams, efficiencies, mean effective pressures.
1.4 Dual and Stirling cycles, description, p-v and T -s diagrams, efficiencies, mean effective pressures.
1.5 Comparison of Otto and Diesel cycles.
1.6 Solved Previous Year Question Papers
The document describes the Rankine cycle, which is a vapor power cycle that can be practically implemented. It discusses the ideal Rankine cycle process of:
1. Isentropic compression in a pump
2. Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3. Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4. Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
It also discusses deviations from the ideal cycle, such as non-ideal pump and turbine efficiencies. Methods to increase cycle efficiency include lowering the condenser pressure, increasing steam superheating, and raising the boiler pressure. Advanced cycles like reheat and regeneration are also mentioned to further improve performance.
The document discusses high grade and low grade energy sources. High grade energy sources include mechanical, electrical, water, wind and tidal power which can be completely converted to work without loss. Low grade energy sources like heat can only partially be converted to work. Low grade energy consists of exergy (available energy) and anergy (unavailable energy). The maximum useful work obtainable from a heat source is called its availability or exergy. The minimum energy that must be rejected according to the second law of thermodynamics is called anergy. Availability reduces as the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings decreases.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
This document discusses coal-based thermal power plants. It describes the basic cycles used in thermal power generation like the Rankine cycle. It then discusses the major components of a typical coal fired thermal power station like the coal handling plant, ash handling system, boiler, turbine and condenser. The coal handling plant prepares and feeds coal to the boiler. In the boiler, coal is burnt and water is converted to high pressure steam. This steam powers the turbine, which drives the generator to produce electricity. The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed back to water in the condenser to complete the cycle.
MET 401 Chapter 6 -_gas_turbine_power_plant_brayton_cycle_-_copyIbrahim AboKhalil
This document discusses the Brayton cycle, which is the ideal gas turbine cycle. It covers:
1. The basic components and processes of the Brayton cycle, including constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection.
2. Key assumptions used in analyzing the cycle, such as treating air as an ideal gas and replacing combustion with heat addition.
3. Performance parameters like thermal efficiency as a function of pressure ratio and the impact of limiting turbine inlet temperatures.
4. Modifications to improve efficiency, including regeneration which recovers heat from the exhaust to preheat the compressor inlet air.
The document provides an overview of the Kalina Cycle, an improvement over the traditional Rankine Cycle for power generation. The Kalina Cycle was developed in the 1980s by Russian scientist Alexander Kalina and uses an ammonia-water working fluid mixture. It can achieve higher efficiencies than the Rankine Cycle by taking advantage of the variable boiling points as the ammonia concentration changes. The document discusses the history of the Kalina Cycle's development, how it works, comparisons to the Rankine Cycle, different Kalina Cycle configurations, applications, and environmental benefits.
This document discusses heat engines and their classification. It describes heat engines as devices that convert chemical energy to heat energy and then mechanical work. Heat engines are classified as either external or internal combustion engines. The document then covers common heat engine cycles like the Carnot, Rankine, Otto, and Diesel cycles. It provides details on the processes, diagrams, applications, and limitations of each cycle.
This document discusses different types of steam turbines and their operating principles. It describes impulse turbines where steam expands within nozzles and does not change pressure as it passes over blades. Reaction turbines gradually decrease pressure as steam passes over fixed and moving blades. Compounding methods are also presented, including velocity compounding using multiple blade rings, pressure compounding with nozzle stages, and pressure-velocity compounding combining both methods. The document aims to explain steam turbine design and operation.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF STEAM TURBINE AND TURBINE LOSSESMohammed Sameer
This document provides an abstract for a mini-project presentation on studying and analyzing steam turbines and turbine losses at a thermal power plant (KTPS). The abstract introduces the objectives of studying steam turbine performance and evaluating turbine losses. It also briefly discusses the basic components and working of a steam turbine power plant. The document further includes sections on turbine theory, classifications, construction, components, losses, data collection and calculations for turbine efficiency.
The document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and their classification based on occurrence and physical state. It describes the measurement of calorific value using a bomb calorimeter and Junkers gas calorimeter. It also discusses the gross and net calorific values, combustion calculations, proximate and ultimate analysis of solid fuels, and the theoretical calculation of a fuel's calorific value using Dulong's formula.
available energy ,irreversibility,exchargypaneliya sagar
The document discusses available energy, exergy, and irreversibility. It explains that:
1) According to the second law of thermodynamics, not all heat absorbed by a system can be converted to work. The maximum work that can be obtained from a heat source at temperature T is from a reversible Carnot engine.
2) The difference between the maximum reversible work and the actual work of an irreversible process is called irreversibility. Irreversibility is always positive and represents the increase in entropy in the system and surroundings.
3) Exergy represents the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings a system into equilibrium with its surroundings. It provides an upper limit on the amount of
the water that reaches the surface is not hot enough to produce steam, it can still be used to produce electricity by feeding it into a Binary Power Plant. The hot water is fed into a heat exchanger. The heat from the water is absorbed by a liquid such as isopentane which boils at a lower temperature. The isopentane steam is used to drive turbines, producing electricity. The isopentane then condenses back to its liquid state and is used again.
This document discusses cogeneration and improving energy efficiency in sugar mills. It provides information on:
1) Cogeneration involves the combined production of electrical power and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source. This allows for better utilization of resources and independence in power and steam.
2) Major advantages of cogeneration include lower production costs, quick return on investment, and ability to use biomass fuels. It also provides a solution to power problems when hydropower availability is low.
3) Case studies show potential energy savings through retrofitting with high-pressure boilers, improving control systems, reducing downtime, and acquiring best available technologies for new projects.
Diesel power plants produce electricity in the range of 2 to 50 MW and are commonly used as central power stations and backup generators. They have advantages over steam power plants such as occupying less space and being more efficient for capacities under 150 MW. However, diesel power plants also have higher operating and maintenance costs compared to steam plants. The key components of a diesel power plant include the diesel engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, starting system, lubrication system, and cooling system. Proper operation and maintenance such as regular engine running and filter servicing is required for good diesel power plant performance.
Our earth’s interior - like the sun – provides energy from nature. This heat – geothermal energy – yields warmth and power that we can use without polluting the environment.
Geothermal heat originates from Earth’s fiery consolidation of dust and gas over 4 billion years ago. At earth core – 4,000 miles deep – temperatures may reach over 9,000 degrees F
1. The document discusses gas turbine cycles with two shafts, where one turbine drives the compressor and the other provides power output. It describes regeneration using a heat exchanger to improve efficiency by heating the compressed air. Intercooling between compression stages and reheating are also discussed to reduce the work of compression. Examples are provided to calculate efficiency, power output, temperatures and pressures at different points in regenerative cycles with variations like intercooling.
Coal-based thermal power plants generate electricity through a four stage process. In the first stage, coal is burned in a boiler to produce heat energy. In the second stage, this heat is used to convert water to high-pressure steam. The third stage involves using this steam to spin turbines connected to generators. Finally, in the fourth stage the rotational energy of the turbines is converted to electrical energy. Key components of coal power plants include the coal handling system, boiler, steam turbine, condenser, ash handling system, and electrical equipment. Newer ultra-supercritical technologies can improve the efficiency and reduce emissions of coal power generation.
thermodynamics cycles,efficiency and applicationsNFC IET Multan
This document discusses several thermodynamic cycles including the Rankine, Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Eriksson, and Brayton cycles. It provides brief descriptions of each cycle including the key processes involved and common applications. For example, it states that the Rankine cycle is used in coal-fired power plants and involves boiling water to produce steam to drive a turbine. The Carnot cycle represents the ideal reversible thermodynamic cycle and is used in refrigerators.
This document discusses various thermodynamic power cycles including:
- The Carnot cycle, which is the most efficient but impractical cycle.
- Rankine cycles, which are more practical vapor power cycles that use steam as the working fluid.
- Simple Rankine cycles involve heating water to steam then expanding it in a turbine before condensing it back to water.
- Rankine cycles with superheated steam, which increase efficiency by heating steam above its saturation temperature.
- The efficiencies of different cycles are calculated and compared in examples. Superheated steam cycles have higher efficiencies than simple Rankine cycles due to higher average temperatures.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
This document discusses various thermodynamic cycles used in power generation applications including vapor power cycles, gas power cycles, and gas turbine cycles. It describes the basic processes and assumptions of cycles like the Rankine, Otto, diesel, and Brayton cycles. Methods to improve the performance of these cycles are also covered, such as increasing boiler pressure, superheating, reheating, and regeneration. The key applications of thermodynamics discussed are steam power plants, internal combustion engines, and gas turbine engines.
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 18ME42 Module 01 question no 1a & 1bTHANMAY JS
1.0 Air standard cycles: Definitions
1.1 Carnot, description, p-v and T -s diagrams, efficiencies, mean effective pressures.
1.2 Otto, description, p-v and T -s diagrams, efficiencies, mean effective pressures.
1.3 Diesel, description, p-v and T -s diagrams, efficiencies, mean effective pressures.
1.4 Dual and Stirling cycles, description, p-v and T -s diagrams, efficiencies, mean effective pressures.
1.5 Comparison of Otto and Diesel cycles.
1.6 Solved Previous Year Question Papers
This document provides a summary of a presentation about turbomachines. It discusses the classification of turbomachines as either compressible or incompressible fluid machines that either transfer energy from or to a fluid using a rotating shaft. It also describes the components of turbomachines like compressors, turbines, bearings and systems used. The document discusses off-design and on-design analysis of turbomachines using the Euler turbine equation and the energy transfer between the rotor and fluid.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Mr. Ganesh Vasant Nirgude to the University of Pune on supercritical technology in power plants. It includes a certificate from the college confirming Mr. Nirgude presented the seminar. The report contains an introduction on the basic Rankine cycle and efficiency factors. It also discusses supercritical Rankine cycles, design aspects of supercritical boilers, material selection challenges, and advances in supercritical technology for the future in India.
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 18ME42 Module 02 question no 3a 3b & 4a-4bTHANMAY JS
Module 02: Gas power Cycles & Jet Propulsion
Contents
Introduction to Gas Turbine
Types of Gas Turbines
Gas turbine (Brayton) cycle; Description, Types and analysis.
Gas turbine (Actual Brayton) cycle; description and analysis.
Regenerative, Inter-cooling and reheating in gas turbine cycles.
Introduction to Jet Propulsion cycles.
Problems on Brayton cycle
Problems on Actual Brayton cycle
Module 01: Thermodynamics of fluid flow
Modal 01: Question Number 2 a & 2 b
i. Static and Stagnation states
ii. Application of first and second law of thermodynamics to Turbo machines
iii. Efficiencies of Turbo machines
iv. Overall isentropic efficiency, stage efficiency and polytropic efficiency for both compression and expansion processes.
v. Preheat and Reheat factor.
vi. Previous Year Problems
The document discusses thermal power cycles and the Rankine cycle in particular. It provides details on:
- The basic energy flow in a thermal power plant from chemical to mechanical to electrical energy.
- The Rankine cycle most closely models the steam power cycle used in most power plants. It involves heating water to steam to drive a turbine and then condensing the steam to recycle the water.
- Ways to improve the efficiency of the Rankine cycle include increasing the average temperature of heat addition by superheating steam or increasing boiler pressure, and decreasing the average temperature of heat rejection by lowering the condenser pressure.
This document describes a project to optimize the performance of a steam turbine power plant using the Rankine cycle. Five different Rankine cycles are analyzed: 1) the ideal Rankine cycle, 2) the ideal Rankine cycle with reheat, 3) the ideal Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater, 4) with two open feedwater heaters, and 5) with four open feedwater heaters. Sample calculations are shown for each cycle configuration to determine the thermal efficiency. The document also discusses cost effectiveness calculations to determine the most optimal design for the steam turbine.
Gas turbines have three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air compressor increases the pressure of air that is mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber and ignited. This powers the turbine, which can generate mechanical power or thrust. There are two main types - open cycle gas turbines that exhaust air to the atmosphere, and closed cycle gas turbines that recirculate the working fluid through a cooler before returning it to the compressor. Methods to improve gas turbine efficiency include intercooling the compressed air between compression stages, reheating the gas before a secondary expansion turbine, and regenerating heat from the exhaust to preheat the incoming compressed air.
This document summarizes four common gas power cycles: the Carnot, Otto, Diesel, and Brayton cycles. It describes the processes that occur in each cycle on P-V and T-S diagrams. The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and two isentropic processes. The Otto cycle has two isentropic and two isochoric (constant volume) processes. The Diesel cycle replaces one isochoric process with a constant pressure process. The Brayton cycle uses an open system analysis since the processes occur across a control volume. The document also provides equations to calculate the thermal efficiency of each cycle.
This report gives basic knowledge about overhauling of Turbine, erection, commissioning.
For more information visit@supratheek Turbo Engineering Services
The document discusses gas turbine cycles and thermodynamic cycles used in gas turbines. It begins by describing air standard cycles and assumptions made, including the working fluid behaving as an ideal gas. It then discusses the Otto cycle which models spark ignition engines and the processes involved. Details of the Otto cycle calculation are provided. The document also discusses the diesel cycle which models compression ignition engines and provides cycle calculations. Other topics covered include mean effective pressure, engine terminology, gas turbine components and cycles like the Brayton cycle.
Rankine Cycle & How to increase its efficiencyRaja Dolat
This document outlines the Rankine cycle and methods to increase the efficiency of steam power plants. The ideal Rankine cycle consists of four processes: an isentropic compression in a pump, isobaric heat addition in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a turbine, and isobaric heat rejection in a condenser. The thermal efficiency of the cycle can be increased by lowering the condenser pressure, increasing the boiler pressure, and superheating the steam to raise average temperatures. These modifications aim to increase the average fluid temperature during heat addition and decrease it during heat rejection.
IRJET- Fatigue Life Estimation of Turbine Bypass ValveIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fatigue life estimation of a turbine bypass valve. It begins with an introduction to turbine bypass systems and their importance in protecting power plant components during transient operations. It then describes the methodology used, which includes finite element modeling of the valve, transient thermal analysis to determine temperature distributions, structural analysis to determine stresses, and estimation of fatigue life using standards. The results section shows the thermal analysis results at various time steps, indicating the highest stresses occur near locations of maximum thermal gradients. Finally, it concludes that fatigue life is highly dependent on thermal behavior and a non-linear transient thermal analysis is needed to apply thermal and mechanical loads for life estimation. The preheating temperature was found to be 350°C to achieve a damage index
- The Carnot cycle consists of four processes: two reversible isothermal heat transfer processes and two reversible adiabatic processes.
- The efficiency of the Carnot cycle depends only on the source and sink temperatures, irrespective of the working fluid. Maximum efficiency is achieved with highest source temperature and lowest sink temperature.
- The Carnot COP is the maximum theoretical COP between two temperatures for refrigeration or heat pump cycles. No real system can exceed the Carnot COP.
The document discusses closed cycle gas power plants. It begins with an introduction that defines closed cycle systems as those where a working gas like air is compressed, heated, expanded through a turbine to produce power, cooled, and recycled through the system. It then discusses the main components of closed cycle plants including compressors, combustion chambers, turbines, generators, and intercoolers. The working principle involves isentropic compression, constant pressure heating, isentropic expansion in the turbine, and constant pressure cooling. Key improvements discussed include higher operating temperatures through improved materials and cooling, and cycle modifications like regeneration to increase efficiency. Advantages are high efficiency while disadvantages include greater complexity versus open cycle plants.
PPTs covers portion of Unit 2 of Power Plant Engineering of Subject code ME6701.
PPTs covers Diesel Power Generation Plants, components, working principles of various system, advantages and disadvantagesand Comparision of various factors w.r.to Steam power Palnt, Diesel Plant, Nuclear, Hydraulic Power Plants.
Gas turbines, its cycle, working principles.
Combined Cycle Power plants.
Discussion on Brayton cycle, improvisions factors affecting effiencies.
This Power Point Presentation includes Automatic Generation control :
Learning Objective: To illustrate the automatic frequency and voltage control strategies for single and two
area case and analyze the effects, knowing the necessity of generation control.
Learning Outcome:Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to Analyze the generation-load balance in real time operation and its effect on frequency and
develop automatic control strategies with mathematical relations.
Concept of AGC, complete block diagram representation of load-frequency control of an
isolated power system, steady state and dynamic response,
Fundamentals of Automation Technology 20EE43P Portfolio.pdfTHANMAY JS
Course Outcome:
CO01 Select a suitable sensor and actuator for a given automation application and demonstrate its use.
CO02 Install, test & control the pneumatic actuators using various pneumatic valves.
CO03 Develop ladder diagrams for a given application and explain its implementation using PLC.
CO04 Describe the concept of SCADA and DCS systems and list their various applications
Multimedia and Animation 20CS21P Portfolio.pdfTHANMAY JS
This document outlines the details of a course on Multimedia and Animation at Vidya Vikas Polytechnic. It includes the course code, title, credits, outcomes, assessments, activities and a portfolio index. The portfolio index lists experiments on image processing and animation that students will complete. Details are provided for the first experiment on importing images, changing resolution and scale, compression, and saving file formats.
Elements of Industrial Automation Portfolio.pdfTHANMAY JS
This document appears to be a laboratory portfolio for a course on elements of industrial automation. It includes an introduction to the course, outlines of experiments to be completed, assessment methods, and various appendices. The portfolio provides students with instructions and templates for 14 experiments involving studying automation systems, simulating PLC programs for various applications, and being exposed to SCADA systems. It aims to provide both theoretical and practical knowledge of automation technologies.
Fundamentals of Computer 20CS11T Chapter 5.pdfTHANMAY JS
Chapter 05: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
5.1 Basics of programming
• Algorithms and Flowcharts
• Basics
• Decision making
• Iterative
(With sufficient examples)
5.2 Programming Languages
• Generation of languages
• General concepts of variables and constants
Fundamentals of Computer 20CS11T Chapter 4.pdfTHANMAY JS
The document provides an introduction to computer organization and operating systems. It discusses key concepts in computer organization such as the central processing unit, memory hierarchy, input/output systems, and assembly language. It also covers important concepts in operating systems like process management, memory management, file systems, and security. The document then describes the functional units of a computer including the CPU, memory, input/output units, buses, and control units. It explains concepts like the stored program concept, Flynn's classification of computer architectures, and introduces BIOS/UEFI firmware.
This document contains theory notes for the subject "Fundamentals of Computers" being taught in the 1st semester at Vidya Vikas Polytechnic. It includes details of the course code, credits, teaching scheme, course outcomes and assessment. The content covers topics such as number systems, logic gates, Boolean algebra, logic circuits, computer concepts, computer organization, operating systems and computer programming. Sample problems are provided for converting between different number systems like binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal.
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 09 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
• Selection of Sensor/Transducer – 10 Marks
• Activation and Result –20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
• Selection of the Motor – 10 Marks
• Energize and Result – 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
• Writing Ladder Program –30 Marks
• Simulate and Troubleshoot –20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 08 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
• Selection of Sensor/Transducer – 10 Marks
• Activation and Result –20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
• Selection of the Motor – 10 Marks
• Energize and Result – 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
• Writing Ladder Program –30 Marks
• Simulate and Troubleshoot –20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 07 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
• Selection of Sensor/Transducer – 10 Marks
• Activation and Result –20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
• Selection of the Motor – 10 Marks
• Energize and Result – 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
• Writing Ladder Program –30 Marks
• Simulate and Troubleshoot –20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 06 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
• Selection of Sensor/Transducer – 10 Marks
• Activation and Result –20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
• Selection of the Motor – 10 Marks
• Energize and Result – 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
• Writing Ladder Program –30 Marks
• Simulate and Troubleshoot –20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 05 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
• Selection of Sensor/Transducer – 10 Marks
• Activation and Result –20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
• Selection of the Motor – 10 Marks
• Energize and Result – 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
• Writing Ladder Program –30 Marks
• Simulate and Troubleshoot –20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 04 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
• Selection of Sensor/Transducer – 10 Marks
• Activation and Result –20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
• Selection of the Motor – 10 Marks
• Energize and Result – 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
• Writing Ladder Program –30 Marks
• Simulate and Troubleshoot –20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 03 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
• Selection of Sensor/Transducer – 10 Marks
• Activation and Result –20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
• Selection of the Motor – 10 Marks
• Energize and Result – 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
• Writing Ladder Program –30 Marks
• Simulate and Troubleshoot –20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 02 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
Select a suitable Sensor / Switch for a given Process Variable and activate
• Selection of Sensor/Transducer – 10 Marks
• Activation and Result –20Marks
OR
Select a suitable motor for the given case and energize
• Selection of the Motor – 10 Marks
• Energize and Result – 20 Marks
Device and Simulate a ladder diagram for the given Case Study
• Writing Ladder Program –30 Marks
• Simulate and Troubleshoot –20 Marks
Elements of Industrial Automation Week 01 Notes.pdfTHANMAY JS
This document provides information on elements of industrial automation taught in a course at Vidya Vikas Polytechnic. It includes:
1. An overview of the need for industrial automation, benefits, and basic components.
2. Details on the automation hierarchy, from device to enterprise levels, and descriptions of common components like sensors, motors, and PLCs.
3. The course content which involves tutorials, practical sessions, and programming covering topics like PLC programming, embedded systems, distributed control systems, and SCADA.
Automation and Robotics Week 08 Theory Notes 20ME51I.pdfTHANMAY JS
Day 01 Session:
Concepts of Industrial Robots, Applications of Robotics, Types of robots,
Configurations of robots – Articulated Robot, Polar configuration, SCARA,
Cartesian Co-ordinate Robot, Delta Robot, Key Components of Robot.
Day 02 Session:
Wrist configuration, Work Volume Degree of Freedom- Forward and Back, Up and Down, Left and Right,
Pitch, Yaw, Roll, Joint Notation & Type of joints in robot- Linear Joint (L Joint), Orthogonal Joint (O Joint),
Rotational Joint (R Joint), Twisting Joint (T Joint), Revolving Joint (V Joint)
End Effectors- Grippers, Tools, Types of grippers, Factors to be considered for Selecting a Gripper,
Robotic Drives- Electric Drive, Pneumatic Drive, Hydraulic Drive
Day 03 Session:
Robot Control systems-
• Point- to Point control Systems
• Continuous Path Control
• Intelligent control
• Controller Components
• System Control
Robotic Coordinate system using a robot
• Joint co-ordinate system
• Rectangular co-ordinate system
• User or object coordinate system
• Tool coordinate system.
Steps to define user co-ordinate system.
• Defining X, Y, Z co-ordinate system
• Verifying co-ordinate system by multiple motion movements.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 18ME42 Module 03: Vapour Power Cycles
1. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 1
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
18ME42
Course Coordinator
Mr. THANMAY J. S
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
VVIET Mysore
Module 03: Vapour Power Cycles
Course Learning Objectives
To understand fundamentals of Vapour Power cycle, Construction and working Principle
and to calculate actual cycle Performance.
Course Outcomes
The students will understand the principle of Vapour Power cycle, applications and identify
methods for performance improvement.
2. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 2
Contents
Carnot vapour power cycle, drawbacks as a reference cycle.
Simple Rankine cycle; description, T-S diagram, analysis for performance.
Comparison of Carnot and Rankine cycles.
Effects of pressure and temperature on Rankine cycle performance.
Actual vapour power cycles.
Ideal and practical regenerative Rankine cycles, open and closed feed water heaters.
Reheat Rankine cycle.
Characteristics of an Ideal working fluid in vapour power cycles.
3. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 3
Introduction
Some of commonly used performance parameters in Vapour Power Cycle analysis are
described here.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 5
The above Figure shows working of a Carnot Vapour cycle on T-s and p-V diagrams. It
consists of
(i) two constant pressure operations (4-1) and (3-2) and
(ii) two frictionless adiabatic (4-3) and (2-1).
These operations are discussed below:
1. Operation (4-1). 1 kg of boiling water at temperature T1 is heated to form wet steam of
dryness fraction x1. Thus heat is absorbed at constant temperature T1 and pressure p1 during
this operation.
2. Operation (1-2). During this operation steam is expanded isentropically to temperature T2
and pressure p2. The point ‘2’ represents the condition of steam after expansion.
3. Operation (2-3). During this operation heat is rejected at constant pressure p2 and
temperature T2. As the steam is exhausted it becomes wetter and cooled from 2 to 3.
4. Operation (3-4). In this operation the wet steam at ‘3’ is compressed isentropically till the
steam regains its original state of temperature T1 and pressure p1. Thus cycle is completed.
Drawbacks of Carnot vapour power cycle (Limitations of Carnot Cycle)
Though Carnot cycle is simple (thermodynamically) and has the highest thermal efficiency
for given values of T1 and T2, yet it is extremely difficult to operate in practice because of the
following reasons:
1. It is difficult to compress a wet vapour isentropically to the saturated state as required by
the process 3-4.
2. It is difficult to control the quality of the condensate coming out of the condenser so that
the state is exactly obtained.
3. The efficiency of the Carnot cycle is greatly affected by the temperature T1 at which heat
is transferred to the working fluid. Since the critical temperature for steam is only 374°C, there-
fore, if the cycle is to be operated in the wet region, the maximum possible temperature is
severely limited.
4. The cycle is still more difficult to operate in practice with superheated steam due to the
necessity of supplying the superheat at constant temperature instead of constant pressure (as it
is customary).
In a practical cycle, limits of pressure and volume are far more easily realized than limits of
temperature so that at present no practical engine operates on the Carnot cycle, although all
modern cycles aspire to achieve it.
6. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 6
Simple Rankine cycle; description, T-S diagram, analysis for performance.
The main change in Rankine cycle is in Rankin cycle complete condensation of water vapor in
the condenser, and then, pumping the water isentropically to boiler pressure is achieved.
(i) Boiler: In boiler the working fluid (water) at state ‘4’in sub cooled condition is converted
into dry saturated steam at state ‘1’ by receiving heat ‘Qs’ from high temperature heat source
through the following processes.
Process 4-5: As the water enters the boiler from pump in sub cooled condition state ‘4’ at
pressure PH, it is first heated up to the saturated state 5 at constant pressure (sensible heating).
Process 5-1: Then water at saturated condition 5 is further heated up at constant pressure PH and
constant saturation temperature to the saturated steam at state 1 (latent heat of vaporization).
Process 4-5-1: Total heat addition in boiler,
𝐐𝐬 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒
(ii) Steam Turbine: In the steam turbine, the dry saturated steam from the boiler at state ‘1’ at
pressure ‘pH’ expands isentropically to wet steam at pressure ‘pL’ and thus produce mechanical
work, (WT).
Process 1-2: Isentropic expansion of steam in turbine (Steam turbine work(WT)), Steam
turbine work is given by,
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
7. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 7
(iii) Condenser: In the condenser, the exhaust wet steam from turbine is condensed by
rejecting heat ‘Qr’ to the cooling water.
Process 2-3: Constant pressure (back pressure), constant temperature heat rejection in
condenser (Condensation), Total heat rejected in condenser,
𝐐𝐫 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑
(iv) Feed pump: The feed pump is used to pump the condensate water (saturated water) from
the hot-well to the boiler at the boiler pressure, pH.
Process 3-4: Isentropic compression of water in pump (Pump work, (WP)), The Pump work is
given by,
𝑾𝑷 = 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟑
Pump work, (WP) is also given by 𝑾𝑷 = 𝑷𝟒 − 𝑷𝟑
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒) =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑
=
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘−𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂(𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒) =
𝑊𝑇−𝑊𝐶
𝑄𝑆
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊𝑇 = (ℎ1 − ℎ2)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊𝐶 = (ℎ4 − ℎ3)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑄𝑆 = (ℎ1 − ℎ4) = 𝑇1(𝑆1 − 𝑆4)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑄𝑅 = (ℎ2 − ℎ3) = 𝑇3(𝑆2 − 𝑆3)
∴ 𝜂(𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒) =
(ℎ1−ℎ2) −(ℎ4−ℎ3)
(ℎ1−ℎ4)
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒) 𝐚𝐬 (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟑) − (𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟑) 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕
∴ 𝜂(𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒) =
(ℎ1 − ℎ2) − (ℎ4 − ℎ3)
(ℎ1 − ℎ3) − (ℎ4 − ℎ3)
=
(ℎ1 − ℎ2) − 𝑊𝑃
(ℎ1 − ℎ3) − 𝑊𝑃
In a Rankine cycle the pump work may be neglected as it is very small compared with other
energy transfers. Hence we have work done by pump as 𝑾𝑷 = 𝟎
∴ 𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆) =
(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐)
(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟑)
8. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 8
Comparison of Carnot and Rankine cycles.
a) Rankine cycle without superheat: 1 - A - 2 - 3 - 4 - 1.
b) Rankine cycle with superheat: 1 - A - 2 - 2′ -3′ - 4 - 1.
c) Carnot cycle without superheat: A - 2 - 3 -4′ - A.
d) Carnot cycle with superheat: A - 2′′ - 3′ - 4′ - A.
Heat addition process of Rankine cycle is reversible isobaric whereas heat addition process of
Carnot cycle is reversible isothermal.
(η Rankine) < (η Carnot).
The maximum efficiency of Rankine cycle (η Rankine) is the function of the mean
temperature of heat addition only.
Efficiency of Rankine cycle increases with increase in superheat of the steam.
The pressure at which heat is added in Rankine cycle increases, the moisture content at the
turbine exhaust increases.
Increase in the pressure difference between which the Rankine cycle operates the chances of
corrosion of blades of turbine increase.
9. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 9
Effects of pressure and temperature on Rankine cycle performance.
(i) Decreasing the of Condenser Pressure (Lower TL)
Lowering the condenser pressure will increase the area enclosed by the cycle on a T-s diagram
which indicates that the net work will increase. Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle will
be increased.
Figure: Effect of lowering the condenser pressure on ideal Rankine cycle
(ii) Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increase TH)
Superheating the steam will increase the net work output and the efficiency of the cycle. It also
decreases the moisture contents of the steam at the turbine exit. The temperature to which steam
can be superheated is limited by metallurgical considerations (~ 620°C).
Figure: The effect of increasing the boiler pressure on the ideal Rankine cycle.
(iii)Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increase TH)
Increasing the operating pressure of the boiler leads to an increase in the temperature at
which heat is transferred to the steam and thus raises the efficiency of the cycle.
Figure: The effect of increasing the boiler pressure on the ideal cycle.
10. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 10
Actual vapour power cycles or Actual Rankine Cycle
Process 1-2: Turbine losses
When we consider the actual vapour cycle process, 1-2 process will not be vertical or 1-2
process will not be isentropic. Pressure drop because of friction and loss of heat energy to
surrounding are the most important causes.
In process 1-2, line will not be vertical but also it will move towards right side as shown in
figure below because according to the principle of increase in entropy there will be increment
in entropy during this process.
Actual work done by turbine, WT Actual = h1-h2
1
Ideal work done by turbine, WT,Ideal = h1-h2
As we know that friction will be present during the process of expansion through the turbine
and therefore friction will be converted in terms of intermolecular energy and this
intermolecular energy will increase the temperature and hence enthalpy will also be increased.
Therefore, h2
1
> h2
Process 3-4: Pump losses
Similarly, In process 3-4. Process 3-4 indicates the ideal process for working fluid flowing
through feed pump. In practical, process 3-41
will be the process for working fluid flowing
through feed pump. Now we will see the ideal work required by the feed pump and also actual
work required by the feed pump here.
Actual work required by the feed pump, WP, Actual = h4
1 – h3
Ideal work required by the feed pump, WP, Ideal= h4-h3
As we can easily observe that h4
1
> h4 and therefore actual work required by the feed pump will
be greater as compared to the ideal work required by the feed pump.
𝜼(𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆/𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏) =
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
=
(𝒉𝟏−𝒉𝟐′)
(𝒉𝟏−𝒉𝟐)
𝜼(𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑/𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏) =
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
=
(𝒉𝟒−𝒉𝟑)
(𝒉𝟒′−𝒉𝟑)
11. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 11
Ideal and practical regenerative Rankine cycles, open and closed feed water heaters.
A regeneration process in steam power plants is accomplished by additional heating up steam
or water feed to the cycle, this produced more work by expanding further in the turbine. The
device where the feed water is heated by regeneration is called a regenerator, or a feed water
heater (FWH).
(a) Ideal Regeneration Rankine Cycle
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝑻 = (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑)
𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝑷 = (𝒉𝟓 − 𝒉𝟒)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑺𝟏 = (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑺𝟐 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟓)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑹 = (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒)
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆) =
𝑾𝑻−𝑾𝑪
𝑸𝑺
𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆) =
𝑾𝑻−𝑾𝑷
𝑸𝑺𝟏+𝑸𝑺𝟐
=
(𝒉𝟐−𝒉𝟑)−(𝒉𝟓−𝒉𝟒)
(𝒉𝟐−𝒉𝟏)+(𝒉𝟏−𝒉𝟓)
=
(𝒉𝟐−𝒉𝟓)−(𝒉𝟑−𝒉𝟒)
(𝒉𝟐−𝒉𝟓)
𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆) =
(𝒉𝟐−𝒉𝟓)−(𝒉𝟑−𝒉𝟒)
(𝒉𝟐−𝒉𝟓)
= 𝟏 −
(𝒉𝟑−𝒉𝟒)
(𝒉𝟐−𝒉𝟓)
= 𝟏 −
𝑸𝑹
𝑸𝑺𝟏+𝑸𝑺𝟐
12. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 12
Working
a) Theoretical arrangement shows that the steam enters the turbine at state 2 (temperature T2)
and expands to (temperature T3) state 3.
b) Condensate at state 5 enters the turbine casing which has annular space around turbine.
Feed water enters turbine casing at state 5 and gets infinitesimally heated up to state 1 while
flowing opposite to that of expanding steam.
c) This hot feed water enters into boiler where steam generation occurs at desired state, say 2.
Feed water heating in steam turbine casing is assumed
to occur reversibly as the heating of feed water occurs
by expanding steam with infinitesimal temperature
difference and is called “regenerative heating”. This
cycle is called regenerative cycle due to regenerative
heating employed in it.
Regenerative heating refers to the arrangement in
which working fluid at one state is used for heating
itself and no external heat source is used for this
purpose.
d) Here feed water picks up heat from steam expanding in steam turbine, thus the expansion
process in steam turbine shall get modified from 2-3' ideally to 2-3.
e) Heat picked up by feed water for getting heated up from state 5 to 1 is shown by hatched
area (1-7-6-5-1) on T-S diagram.
f) Under ideal conditions for cent per cent heat exchange effectiveness the two areas i.e. (2-
9-8-3-2) indicating heat extraction from steam turbine and (1-7-6-5-1) indicating heat
recovered by feed water shall be same.
Thus, T-S representation of regenerative cycle indicates that the cycle efficiency shall be more
than that of Rankine cycle due to higher average temperature of heat addition.
(b) Practical Regeneration Rankine Cycle
An open feed water heater is basically a mixing chamber, where the steam extracted from the
turbine mixes with the water exiting the pump. We have two types of feed water heater:
[1] Open Feed Water Heater
An open feed water heater which is known as a direct contact heat exchanger or mixing heat
exchanger. It is also called single – stage regenerative feed water heater.
[2] Closed Feed Water Heater
It is indirect heat exchanger or shell and tube heat exchanger.
13. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 13
(i) Rankine Cycle with Open Feed Heater
The schematic of a steam power plant with one open feed water heater is shown in Figure
below.
Energy entering regenerator = Energy
leaving regenerator
(𝒚). 𝒉𝟐 + (𝟏 − 𝒚)𝒉𝟓 = 𝒉𝟔
(𝒚). 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒉𝟓 − (𝒚)𝒉𝟓 = 𝒉𝟔
(𝒚). (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟓) = 𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓
(𝒚) =
(𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓)
(𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟓)
Working
(i) In a Regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feed water heater, steam from the boiler
(state 1) expands in the turbine to an intermediate pressure (state 2).
(ii) At this state, some of the steam is extracted and sent to the feed water heater, while the
remaining steam in the turbine continues to expand to the condenser pressure (state 3).
(iii)Saturated water from the condenser (state 4) is pumped to the feed water pressure and send
to the feed water heater (state 5).
(iv)At the feed water heater, the compressed water is mixed with the steam extracted from the
turbine (state 2) and exits the feed water heater as saturated water at the heater pressure
(state 6).
(v) Then the saturated water is pumped to the boiler pressure by a second pump (state 7). The
water is heated to a higher temperature in the boiler (state 1) and the cycle repeats again.
The T-s diagram of this cycle is shown on the left.
Note that the mass flow rate at each component is different. If (1) kg steam enters the turbine,
(y) kg is extracted to the feed water heater and (1-y) kg continues to expand to the condenser
pressure. So if the mass flow rate at the boiler is (1) kg, then the mass flow rate from other
components are:
a. Condenser: (1-y)
b. Pump 01: (1-y)
c. Feed water Heater: [(y)+(1-y)]
d. Pump 02: (1)
14. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 14
For convenience, heat and work interactions for regenerative Rankine cycle is expressed per
unit mass of steam flowing through the boiler. They are:
Process 1-2 and 1-3: 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝑻 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) + (𝟏 − 𝒚)(𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑)
Process 4-5 and 6-7: 𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝑷 = 𝑾𝑷𝟏 + 𝑾𝑷𝟐 = (𝟏 − 𝒚)(𝒉𝟓 − 𝒉𝟒) + (𝒉𝟕 − 𝒉𝟔)
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑾𝑷𝟏 = 𝑽𝟒(𝑷𝟓 − 𝑷𝟒) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑾𝑷𝟐 = 𝑽𝟔(𝑷𝟕 − 𝑷𝟔)
Process 7-1: 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑺 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟕)
Process 3-4: 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑹 = (𝟏 − 𝒚)(𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒)
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆)𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 =
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 −𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅
=
𝑸𝑺−𝑸𝑹
𝑸𝑺
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆) =
𝑸𝑺 − 𝑸𝑹
𝑸𝑺
=
(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟕) − (𝟏 − 𝒚)(𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒)
(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟕)
Open feed water heaters are simple and inexpensive, and can also bring the feed water to
saturated state. However, each feed water needs a separate pump which adds to the cost.
(c) Rankine Cycle with Closed Feed Heater
(i) Closed FWH are shell-and-tube type heat exchanger in which feed water temperature
increases as the extracted steam condenses on the outside of the tubes carrying the feed
water.
(ii) The two streams can be at different pressures since the two streams do not mix.
(iii)The extracted stream condenses in the closed feed water while heating the feed water from
the pump.
(iv)The heated feed water is send to the boiler and condensate from the feed water heater.
There are two types of closed feed water heaters
Closed FWH with Drain Pumped Forward Closed FWH with Drain Cascaded Backward
16. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 16
Differentiate Between Open and Closed Feed Water Heater
The open and closed feed water heaters can be differentiated as follows:
Open feed water heater Closed feed water heater
Open and simple More complex in design
Good heat transfer characteristics Less effective heat transfer
Direct mixing extraction steam and
feed water temperature in a pressure
vessel
In-direct mixing feed water and steam in a shell and
tube type heat exchanger.
Pump is required to transfer the
water into next stage in the cycle.
Closed feed water pumps don’t require pump and
can operate with the pressure difference between the
various heaters in the cycle.
Requires more area Requires less area
Less expansive More expensive
All modern day power plants are employing the combination of open and closed feed water
heaters to maximize the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Reheat Rankine cycle.
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻𝟏 + 𝑾𝑻𝟐 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) + (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒)
𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝑷 = (𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑺 = (𝑸𝑺𝟏 + 𝑸𝑺𝟐)
𝑸𝑺𝟏 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟔) ; 𝑸𝑺𝟐 = (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐)
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆)
=
𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑷
𝑸𝑺
=
𝑸𝑺 − 𝑸𝑹
𝑸𝑺
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆) =
𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑷
(𝑸𝑺𝟏 + 𝑸𝑺𝟐)
=
(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) + (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒) − (𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓)
(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟔) + (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐)
17. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 17
To take advantage of the increased efficiencies at higher boiler pressure without facing the
excessive moisture at the final stages of the turbine, reheating is used. In the ideal reheating
cycle, the expansion process takes place in two stages, that is at high-pressure and low-pressure
turbines. The total heat input and total turbine work output for a reheat cycle become:
𝑸𝑺𝟏 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟔) ; 𝑸𝑺𝟐 = (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐) 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑺 = (𝑸𝑺𝟏 + 𝑸𝑺𝟐) and total turbine work
output for a reheat cycle become:𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻𝟏 + 𝑾𝑻𝟐 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) + (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒)
The incorporation of the single reheat in a modern power plant improves the cycle efficiency
by 4 % to 5 % by increasing the average temperature at which heat is transferred to the steam.
Characteristics of an Ideal working fluid in vapour power cycles
These factors suggest the properties of working fluids for a trouble free vapour power cycle.
(i) The fluid should have high critical temperature so that the saturation pressure at the
maximum permissible temperature is relatively low. It should have a large enthalpy of
evaporation at that pressure.
(ii) The saturation pressure at the temperature of heat rejection should be above atmospheric
pressure so as to avoid the necessity of maintaining vacuum in the condenser.
(iii)The specific heat of the liquid should be small so that little heat transfer is required to raise
the liquid to the boiling point.
(iv)The saturated vapour line of the T-s diagram should be steep, very close
to turbine expansion process so that excessive moisture does not appear during expansion.
(v) The freezing point of the liquid should be below room temperature, so that it does not get
solidified while flowing through the pipelines.
(vi)The fluid should be chemically stable and should not contaminate the material of
construction at any temperature.
(vii) The fluid should be nontoxic, noncorrosive, not excessively viscous, and low in cost.
20. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 20
Previous Year Solved Question Papers
Example Problem 01
5a In a steam power plant operating on ideal Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 20 bar with an
enthalpy of 3248 kJ/kg and an entropy of 7.127 kJ/kg K. The condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Find the
cycle efficiency and specific steam consumption in kg/kWh. Do not neglect pump work. You may make
use of the extract of steam table given below.
From
Steam
Table
Example Problem 2
21. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 21
Formulation of Rankine Cycle
Basic Nomenclature
Ideal Rankine Cycle
Actual Rankine Cycle
22. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 22
Formulation
The cycle has the following reversible processes:
(i) 1–2 or 1′–2′: Adiabatic reversible expansion through the turbine
(ii) 2–3 or 2′–3: A two-phase mixture constant temperature and pressure process. Heat is rejected in
the condenser at constant pressure.
(iii) 3–4: Adiabatic reversible compression. The pump increases saturated liquid at condenser pressure
at 3, to subcooled liquid at the steam generator pressure, 4. Line 3–4 is a vertical line as the liquid
is incompressible and pump work is adiabatic reversible.
(iv) 4–1 or 4–1′: Heat is added at constant pressure in the steam generator.
23. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 23
Modal Question Bank 01
5a
Sketch the flow diagram and corresponding T – s diagram of a reheat vapor power cycle and derive an
expression for the reheat cycle efficiency.
Reheat
Rankine
cycle.
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻𝟏 + 𝑾𝑻𝟐
𝑾𝑻 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) + (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒)
𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝑷 = (𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑺 = (𝑸𝑺𝟏 + 𝑸𝑺𝟐)
𝑸𝑺𝟏 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟔) ; 𝑸𝑺𝟐
= (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐)
5b
A cyclic steam power plant is to be designed at turbine inlet temperature of 360°C and an exhaust pressure of
0.08 bar. After isentropic expansion of steam in the turbine, the moisture content at the turbine exhaust is not
exceeding 15%. Determine: (i) The greatest allowable steam pressure at the turbine inlet (ii) Efficiency of the
Rankine cycle and (iii) Specific steam consumption in kg/kW-hr
Interpolation Method: Using Superheated Steam Table where (s) is near
7.0833
20 bar x y 15bar x y
1 350 6.956 1 350 7.102
x= 360’C Y= 𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟐 X=360’C Y= 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟒
2 400 7.127 2 400 7.269
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏) =
(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏)
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏)
× (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏)
x y
1 7.1354 15
X=7.0833 y= 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟎 ≈ 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖 𝒃𝒂𝒓
2 6.9902 20
For 20 bar
(𝑦 − 6.956) =
(7.127 − 6.956)
(400 − 350)
× (𝑥 − 350)
(𝑦 − 6.956) = 0.00342 × (360 − 350)
(𝑦) = 0.0342 + 6.956 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟐
For 15 bar
(𝑦 − 7.102) =
(7.269 − 7.102)
(400 − 350)
× (𝑥 − 350)
(𝑦 − 7.102) = 0.00334 × (360 − 350)
(𝑦) = 0.0334 + 7.102 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟒
For x= 7.0833
(𝑦 − 15) =
(20 − 15)
(6.9902 − 7.1354)
× (7.0833
− 7.1354)
(𝑦 − 15) = −34.4352 × (−0.0521)
(𝑦) = 1.79407 + 15 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟎
24. Mr THANMAY J S, Asst Proff, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, VVIET Mysore Page 24
Interpolation Method: Using Superheated Steam Table where
pressure (p1=16.8)
x y
1 15 3147.5
x= 16.8 Y=3,143.72
2 20 3137.0
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏) =
(𝒚𝟐−𝒚𝟏)
(𝒙𝟐−𝒙𝟏)
× (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏)
For x= 16.8 bar
(𝑦 − 3147.5) =
(3137.0 − 3147.5)
(20 − 15)
× (16.8 − 15)
(𝑦 − 3147.5) − 2.1 × (1.8)
(𝑦) = 3147.5 − 3.78 = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟐
Therefore h1=3143.72 kJ/kgK
Modal Question Bank 01
6a With the help of a schematic and T-s diagram, explain the working of an ideal regenerative
vapor cycle and derive an expression for the overall efficiency.
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝑻 = (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑)
𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑾𝑷 = (𝒉𝟓 − 𝒉𝟒)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑺𝟏 = (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑺𝟐 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟓)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑸𝑹 = (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒)
𝜼(𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆) =
𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑪
𝑸𝑺
6b Steam enters the first stage of a reheat Rankine cycle at 8 MPa, 500°C and expands to 700
kPa. It is then reheated to 450°C before entering a second stage turbine, where it expands to
0.08 bar. The net power output is 100 MW. Determine: (i) Thermal efficiency of the cycle (ii)
Steam flow rate (iii) Quality of steam at the end of expansion, and (iv) Total heat rejected in
the condenser in MW.
Activity: To be completed by the students
Modal Question Bank 02
5a With the help of a schematic and T –s diagram, explain the working of regenerative vapor power
cycle with one feed water heater.
(𝒚) =
(𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓)
(𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟓)
Process 1-2 and 1-3: 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑾𝑻 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) + (𝟏 − 𝒚)(𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑)
Process 4-5 and 6-7: 𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑾𝑷 = 𝑾𝑷𝟏 + 𝑾𝑷𝟐
Process 7-1: 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅
𝑸𝑺 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟕)
𝑾𝑷 = (𝟏 − 𝒚)(𝒉𝟓 − 𝒉𝟒) + (𝒉𝟕 − 𝒉𝟔)
5b A steam power plant operates on theoretical reheat Rankine cycle. Steam enters the high
pressure turbine at 15 Mpa and 600°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10
kPa. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of the low pressure turbine is not to exceed
10.4 percent, determine (i) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated and (ii) the
thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the high
pressure turbine.
Activity: To be completed by the students
Modal Question Bank 02
6a With the help of T-s diagrams, explain the effects of varying boiler pressure and condenser pressure on
the performance of a simple Rankine cycle.
varying boiler pressure varying condenser pressure varying Super heat
6b A steam power plant operates on simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and
350°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 75 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of this
cycle.
Activity: To be completed by the students