The document discusses available energy, exergy, and irreversibility. It explains that: 1) According to the second law of thermodynamics, not all heat absorbed by a system can be converted to work. The maximum work that can be obtained from a heat source at temperature T is from a reversible Carnot engine. 2) The difference between the maximum reversible work and the actual work of an irreversible process is called irreversibility. Irreversibility is always positive and represents the increase in entropy in the system and surroundings. 3) Exergy represents the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings a system into equilibrium with its surroundings. It provides an upper limit on the amount of

1. Available Energy ,Exergy and
Irreversibility
Prepared by :- sagar paneliya (17MSE011)
Thermodynamics & Heat
Transfer

2. •The second law of thermodynamics tells us that it is not
possible to convert all the heat absorbed by a system into
work.
•Suppose a certain quantity of energy Q as heat can be
received from a body at temperature T.
•The maximum work can be obtained by operating a
Carnot engine (reversible engine) using the body at T as
the source and the ambient atmosphere at T0 as the sink.

3. Where s is the entropy of the body supplying the energy as
heat.
The Carnot cycle and the available energy is shown in figure.
The area 1-2-3-4 represents the available energy.

4. Unavailable energy
available energy
s0 s1
T1
T0
Maximum work = {Qs – T0(s1-s0)}
Actual work = {Qs - Qr}
{dS=dQ/T0
Q=T0( S )}

5. IRREVERSIBILITY
• The actual work is always less than of idealized reversible work and
the difference between this two work is called irreversibility.
I= Wmax – Wactual
•For non flow process = when system exchange heat with only environment.
I= {Qs – T0(s1-s0)} – (Qs – Qr)}
= T0(s1-s0) + Qr
=T0( S)system + T0( S)surround
=T0 {( S)system + ( S)surround}
I = T0( S)univ

6. •For steady flow process:-
I= Wmax – Wactual
H=Q-W
B=Q-H (Q=T(S1-S2))

7. Exergy
•Useful work
•Upper limit on the amount of work a device can deliver
without violating any thermodynamic law.

8. • A system at a given state can attain a new state through work
and heat interactions with its surroundings. Since the exergy
value associated with the new state would generally differ from
the value at the initial state.
• The change in exergy of a system during a process would not
necessarily equal the net exergy transferred, for exergy would be
destroyed if irreversibility were present within the system
during the process.

9. •Note that exergy is a property, and the value of a property does not
change unless the state changes.
•If the state of system or the state of the environment do not change,
the exergy does not change.
•Therefore, the exergy change of a system is zero if the state of the
system or the environment does not change during the process. For
example, the exergy change of steady flow devices such as nozzles,
compressors, turbines, pumps, and heat exchangers in a given
environment is zero during steady operation.
•The exergy of a closed system is either positive or zero. It is never
negative.

10. Thank You