here are following thermodynamics cycles are given with there efficiency and application

1. THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES
MUHAMMAD SARFRAZ
CHEMICAL ENGINEER
NFC IET MULTAN
Here are following thermodynamics cycles given
below
Rankin cycle
Carnot cycle
Otto cycle
Diesel cycle
Eriksson cycle
Brayton cycle
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2. RANKIN CYCLE
 The Rankine cycle in which a fuel is used to
produce heat within a boiler, converting water
into steam which then expands through a
turbine producing useful work.
 Boiler
 Pump
 Condenser
 turbine
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3. RANKIN CYCLE EFFICIENCY
 Thermal efficiency
efficiencies of these power cycles are limited
to about 42%.
Application of Rankine cycle
power plants such as coal-fired power
plants or nuclear reactors
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4. CARNOT CYCLE
A Carnot cycle is defined as an ideal
reversible closed thermodynamic cycle.
Four successive operations are involved:
1. isothermal expansion,
2. adiabatic expansion,
3. isothermal compression,
4. adiabatic compression.
4

5. CARNOT CYCLE
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6. CARNOT CYCLE EFFICIENCY
maximum of 64%. To make the Carnot
efficiency as high as possible, either
Thot should be increased or Tcold (temperature
of heat rejection) should be decreased.
Application of Carnot cycle
 refrigerators to produce cooling
 the steam turbines used in the ships
 the combustion engines of the combustion
vehicles
 the reaction turbines of the aircraft 6

7. OTTO CYCLE
The Otto cycle is a cycle of engine operation
which requires four strokes of the piston:
for
 induction
 compression
 ignition
 exhaust
The fuel and air mixture is compressed
before combustion is started by an
electrical spark or other means. 7

8. OTTO CYCLE
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9. OTTO CYCLE EFFICIENCY
 A typical gasoline automotive engine operates at
around 25% to 30% of thermal efficiency.
 About 70-75% is rejected as waste heat without
being converted into useful work.
Application of Otto cycle
 The Otto Cycle provides the energy for most
transportation and was essential for the modern
world
 Specifically, the vast majority of automobiles
seen on the road today use the Otto Cycle to
convert gasoline into motion.
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10. DIESEL CYCLE
fuel is burned to heat compressed air and
the hot gas expands forcing the piston to
travel up in the cylinder
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11. DIESEL CYCLE EFFICIENCY
 the Diesel cycle efficiency rises up
to 64.7%.
 Because of the higher compression ratios.
 Application of diesel cycle
 Diesel engines are commonly used
as mechanical engines
 power generators and in mobile drives
 They find wide spread use in locomotives
 construction equipment
 automobiles
 countless industrial applications.
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12. ERICSSON CYCLE
 Ericsson cycle is a thermodynamic cycle
upon which an Ericsson Engine works.
Ericsson engine is a closed cycle
regenerative heat engine. It works on
either air or any other gas.
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13. ERIKSSON CYCLE EFFICIENCY
 its air standard efficiency is equal to that
of Carnot cycle
 Application of Eriksson cycle
 Ericsson cycle is practically used in hot air
engines. Since, the medium used is gas
and having lower thermal conductivity,
the application is restricted.
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14. BRAYTON CYCLE
 The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic
cycle that describes the operation of
certain heat engines that have air or some
other gas as their working fluid.
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15. BRAYTON CYCLE EFFICIENCY
 Brayton cycle efficiency is equal to zero because
the first law of thermodynamics states that
energy is not destroyed or created, and because
in the Brayton cycle the final state function of the
gas is the initial,
 U = 0.
Application of Brayton cycle
 it is used for gas turbine engines and
some jet engines
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