This document discusses coal-based thermal power plants. It describes the basic cycles used in thermal power generation like the Rankine cycle. It then discusses the major components of a typical coal fired thermal power station like the coal handling plant, ash handling system, boiler, turbine and condenser. The coal handling plant prepares and feeds coal to the boiler. In the boiler, coal is burnt and water is converted to high pressure steam. This steam powers the turbine, which drives the generator to produce electricity. The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed back to water in the condenser to complete the cycle.
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
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the water that reaches the surface is not hot enough to produce steam, it can still be used to produce electricity by feeding it into a Binary Power Plant. The hot water is fed into a heat exchanger. The heat from the water is absorbed by a liquid such as isopentane which boils at a lower temperature. The isopentane steam is used to drive turbines, producing electricity. The isopentane then condenses back to its liquid state and is used again.
Steam Power Plant: Energy conversion in a thermal power station.
Limitations on conversion of heat into work, direct conversion
devices, central power station, industrial power station, captive
power station, advantages. Classification of power station on the
basis of prime-movers.
Elements of steam power plant, function of each element- generating
unit, prime mover, auxiliary equipment and turbo generator.
Revision & Improvement of thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle by
lowering exhaust pressure, increasing boiler pressure and
superheating of steam. Simple problems on Rankine efficiency.
Reheat cycle: Representation on T-S and H-S planes, flow diagram
and advantages. Simple regenerative cycle: flow diagram,
representation on T-S and H-S planes, bleeding and feed water
heating and pumping.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
introduction to thermal powerplant,type of thermal powerplant,captive powerplant,rankin cycle,co-generation powerplant,subcritical powerplant,supercritical powerplant,theory of operation,working principle,parts of powerplant,boiler,turbine,etc
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
For Video on Themal Power Plant (Animated Working Video) :- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouWOhk1INjo
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Click Here To Subscribe:-
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the water that reaches the surface is not hot enough to produce steam, it can still be used to produce electricity by feeding it into a Binary Power Plant. The hot water is fed into a heat exchanger. The heat from the water is absorbed by a liquid such as isopentane which boils at a lower temperature. The isopentane steam is used to drive turbines, producing electricity. The isopentane then condenses back to its liquid state and is used again.
Steam Power Plant: Energy conversion in a thermal power station.
Limitations on conversion of heat into work, direct conversion
devices, central power station, industrial power station, captive
power station, advantages. Classification of power station on the
basis of prime-movers.
Elements of steam power plant, function of each element- generating
unit, prime mover, auxiliary equipment and turbo generator.
Revision & Improvement of thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle by
lowering exhaust pressure, increasing boiler pressure and
superheating of steam. Simple problems on Rankine efficiency.
Reheat cycle: Representation on T-S and H-S planes, flow diagram
and advantages. Simple regenerative cycle: flow diagram,
representation on T-S and H-S planes, bleeding and feed water
heating and pumping.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
introduction to thermal powerplant,type of thermal powerplant,captive powerplant,rankin cycle,co-generation powerplant,subcritical powerplant,supercritical powerplant,theory of operation,working principle,parts of powerplant,boiler,turbine,etc
A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power. In most of the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
COAL BASED POWER PLANT UNIT 1 - POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
1. POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
S.BALAMURUGAN - M.E
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AAA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
UNIT 1 – COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS
2. VAPOUR POWER CYCLES
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
CARNOT CYCLE - Theoretical thermodynamic cycle proposed by French
physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824
RANKINE CYCLE - Fundamental operating cycle of all power plants where an
operating fluid is continuously evaporated and condensed.
REHEAT CYCLE
REGENERATION CYCLE
BINARY VAPOUR CYCLE
3. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
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9. REHEAT CYCLE
T-S DIAGRAM OF WATER
SENSIBLE HEAT – It is the energy required to change the temperature of a
substance with no phase change.
LATENT HEAT - It is the energy absorbed by or released from a substance during a
phase change from a gas to a liquid or a solid or vice versa.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
The latent heat of vaporization of water is about 2,260 J/g (100deg)
The latent heat of fusion of water is about 334 J/g (0deg)
12. INTRODUCTION
A Thermal Power Plant converts the heat energy of coal into
electrical energy. Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water
into steam. The expansion of steam in turbine produces
mechanical power which drives the alternator coupled to the
turbine.Thermal Power Plants contribute maximum to the
generation of Power for any country . Thermal Power Plants
constitute 75.43% of the total installed captive and non-captive
power generation in India . In thermal generating stations coal,
oil, natural gas etc. are employed as primary sources of energy.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
13. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
14. GENERAL LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER
STATION
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
15. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
16. Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal
power station
17. COAL HANDLING PLANT
•The function of coal handling plant is automatic feeding of coal to the
boiler furnace.
• A thermal power plant burns enormous amounts of coal.
•A 200MW plant may require around 2000 tons of coal daily
• Pulverizer
• Burner
• Seperator
• Drier, crusher
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
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32. BUCKET ELEVATOR SCREW CONVEYOR
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
33. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
34. ASH HANDLING SYSTEM
It is an important aspect in coal fired steam power
plant, the ash gives even up to 10-20% of the coal used
to burn.
Tonnes of ash have to handled per day in large power
stations, needs mechanical systems.
Reasons for difficult to Handling ash
Hot ash from furnace
Abrasive nature, wear out the container
dusty, irritative to handle
Produce poisonous gas & corrosive acid when
mixed with water
Clinker formation
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
38. PNEUMATIC ASH HANDLING SYSTEM
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
Steam jet System,
Horizontal distance 200m,
Vertical distance – 30 m
39. ASH HANDLING PLANT
The percentage of ash in coal varies from 5% in good quality
coal to about 40% in poor quality coal
Power plants generally use poor quality of coal , thus amount
of ash produced by it is pretty large
A modern 2000MW plant produces about 5000 tons of ash
daily
The stations use some conveyor arrangement to carry ash to
dump sites directly or for carrying and loading it to trucks and
wagons which transport it to the site of disposal
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
40. BOILER
• A boiler or steam generator is a closed vessel in which water under
pressure, is converted into steam.
•Always designed to absorb maximum amount of heat released in the
process of combustion.
Types of Boilers
1. Horizontal, Vertical & Inclined Boiler (Based on Axis) – Horizontal Boiler can be
easily inspected & Repaired, it occupied more space.
2. Fire tube Boiler – Hot gas inside tube, Water surrounds the tubes. (Locomotive Boiler)
3. Water tube Boiler – Water is inside the tube, Hot gases surrounds them.
4. Forced circulation Boiler – Circulation of water is done by a forced pump.
(Benson, Lamont Boiler)
5. Natural circulation Boiler – Circulation of water in the boiler takes place due to
natural convention current produced by the application of heat.
6. High Pressure Boiler – Produces steam at pressure of 80 bar & above. (Benson
Boiler, Lamont Boiler)
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
41. BOILER
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
SUBCRITICAL
BOILER =
ECONOMISER,
EVAPORATOR,
SUPER HEATER
SUPER CRITICAL
BOILER =
ECONOMISER,
SUPER HEATER
500MW PLANTS =
235BAR & 540 ° C
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44. Capacity = 45-50 tonnes/h
Pressure = 130 bar
Temperature = 500° C
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
45. Capacity = 100 tonnes/h
Pressure = 140 bar
Temperature = 500° C
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
46. Capacity = 150 tonnes/h
Pressure = 235 bar
Temperature = 650° C
CRITICAL
PRESSURE
LATENT HEAT
IS ZERO
BUBBLING
FORMATION
ELIMINATED
At 225 bar,
steam &
Bubbles
have same
density
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
47. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
70 - 100μ
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Coal Particles steadily ignited at
1700°C, leads to formation of NOx
50. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
High temperature leads to
corrosion & Erosion.
High ash content coal cannot
be used(30-35%)
51. FLUIDISED BED COMBUSTION
90% Inert material (Sintered ash, Fused alumina, sand, Mullite & Zirconia) – Control the Bed
Temperature (800°C)
Low combustion temperature – Avoid formation of Nitric oxide & Nitrogen oxide
Cost of Crushing the fuel is reduced
Other systems unstable for over 48% of ash content, but it accepts 70% ash containing coal
Pollution is controlled & High sulphur coal is possible
Ex, 120MW plant, Savings
10% in Operation & 15% in
Capital cost.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
(Particle Size = up to 12mm
70% Ash Coal)
Up to 50mm size
150 tonnes/hr
150bar, 400°C
52. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
Pressure = 10bar – High Heat Transfer Rates
Gas Velocity = B/W Bubbling Velocity of coarse particle & Terminal velocity of
Finer Particle.
PFBC = 1 m/s, ABFBC = 1.3 – 3.5 m/s
53. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
Products of combustion gives large proportion of unburned carbon particles.
10-15 times high volumetric heat releases
2-3 times higher surface heat transfer rates than conventional boiler
Compact Size
54. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
55. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
56. Tuyeres - a nozzle through which air is forced into
furnace.
The basic difference between coal and coke is that coal
is the natural source(chiefly hydrogen, with smaller
quantities of sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen) and coke is
the derivative product produced by destructive
distillation. Both are used as fuel, but coke contains a
higher carbon content and few impurities.
Distillation is the process of
separating the components
or substances from a liquid
mixture by selective boiling
and condensation
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
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60. PULVERISING PLANT
In modern thermal power plant , coal is pulverised
i.e. ground to dust like size and carried to the furnace
in a stream of hot air. Pulverising is a means of
exposing a large surface area to the action of oxygen
and consequently helping combustion.
Pulverising mills are further classified as:
1. Ball mill
2. Ball & Race mill
3. Bowl mill
4. Impact mill
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
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14 kwh / tonnes
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5 kwh / tonnes
64. TURBINE – FULL VIEW
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
• specific speed value for a turbine is the speed of a geometrically similar turbine
which would produce unit power (one kilowatt) under unit head (one meter).
• The specific speed of a turbine is given by the manufacturer (along with other
ratings) and will always refer to the point of maximum efficiency.
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66. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
67. COMPOUNDING OF TURBINES
The method in which energy from steam is extracted in more than
single stage is called Compounding. A multi-stage turbine i.e having
more than one set of rotors and nozzles is called compounded turbine.
The steam produced in the boiler has sufficiently high enthalpy
when superheated.
In all turbines the blade velocity is directly proportional to the velocity
of the steam passing over the blade.
if the entire energy of the steam is extracted in one stage, i.e. if the
steam is expanded from the boiler pressure to the condenser pressure
in a single stage, then its velocity will be very high. Hence the velocity
of the rotor (to which the blades are keyed) can reach to about 30,000
rpm, which is pretty high for practical uses because of very high
vibration. Moreover at such high speeds the centrifugal forces are
immense, which can damage the structure. Hence, compounding is
needed.
The high velocity which is used for impulse turbine just strikes on
single ring of rotor that cause wastage of steam ranges 10% to 12%. To
overcome the wastage of steam compounding of steam turbine is used.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
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71. GOVERNING OF STEAM TURBINES
Steam Turbine Governing is the procedure of
monitoring and controlling the flow rate of
steam into the turbine with the objective of
maintaining its speed of rotation as constant.
The flow rate of steam is monitored and
controlled by interposing valves between the
boiler and the turbine.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
72. THROTTLE GOVERNING
The pressure of steam is reduced at the turbine entry thereby decreasing the
availability of energy.
In this method steam is passed through a restricted passage thereby
reducing its pressure across the governing valve.
The flow rate is controlled using a partially opened steam control valve. The
reduction in pressure leads to a throttling process(h1=h2, h=u + Pv) in which
the enthalpy of steam remains constant.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
73. In nozzle governing the flow rate of steam is regulated by
opening and shutting of sets of nozzles rather than regulating
its pressure.
In actual turbine, nozzle governing is applied only to the first
stage whereas the subsequent stages remain unaffected.
No regulation to the pressure is applied, the advantage of this
method lies in the exploitation of full boiler pressure and
temperature.
NOZZLE GOVERNING
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
74. When the turbine is overloaded for short durations. During
such operation, bypass valves are opened and fresh steam is
introduced into the later stages of the turbine. This generates
more energy to satisfy the increased load.
BY-PASS GOVERNING
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
75. DRAUGHT SYSTEM
• The circulation of air is caused by a difference in pressure, known as
Draught.
• Draught is a differential pressure b/w atmosphere and inside the boiler.
• It is necessary to cause the flow of gases through boiler setting.
Functions
To supply sufficient quantity of air through the furnace for
complete combustion
To remove the gaseous products of combustion from the furnace
To move and exhaust the product of combustion to the atmosphere
through the chimney
1. Natural draft - Through Chimney
2. Mechanical draft
a) Forced draught
b) Induced draught
c) Balanced draught
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
76. NATURAL DRAFT - THROUGH CHIMNEY
ΔP = g H ( ρa – ρg )
ΔP – draught or pressure difference, Pa
g – Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
H – Chimney height, m
ρa – Density of atmosphere air, kg/m3
ρg – Density of gas inside the chimney, kg/m3
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
10-20 mm of water
30-350 mm of water
78. Limitations of Forced & Induced draught system overcome by this system
(Inspection situation)
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
79. COOLING TOWERS AND PONDS
o A condenser needs huge quantity of water to condense the steam .
o Most plants use a closed cooling system where warm water coming from
condenser is cooled and reused
oSmall plants use spray ponds and medium and large plants use cooling towers.
oCooling tower is a steel or concrete hyperbolic structure having a reservoir at the
base for storage of cooled water
oHeight of the cooling tower may be 150 m or so and diameter at the base is 150 m
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
80. Main Features of Cooling Towers
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
• Frame and casing: support exterior enclosures
• Fill: facilitate heat transfer by maximizing water / air
contact
- Splash fill - Film fill
• Cold water basin: receives water at bottom of tower
81. 81
• Drift eliminators: capture droplets in air stream
• Air inlet: entry point of air
• Louvers: equalize air flow into the fill and retain water within tower
• Nozzles: spray water to wet the fill
• Fans: deliver air flow in the tower
Components of a cooling tower
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
82. • Hot air moves through
tower
• Fresh cool air is drawn
into the tower from
bottom
• No fan required
• Concrete tower <200 m
• Used for large heat duties
• Large fans to force air
through circulated water
• Water falls over fill surfaces:
maximum heat transfer
• Cooling rates depend on
many parameters
• Large range of capacities
• Can be grouped, e.g. 8-cell
tower
Types of Cooling Towers
NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
83. 83
Types of Cooling Towers
Natural Draft Cooling Towers
Cross flow
• Air drawn across
falling water
• Fill located
outside tower
Counter flow
• Air drawn up
through falling
water
• Fill located
inside tower
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
84. Types of Cooling Towers
Three types
• Forced draft
• Induced draft cross flow
• Induced draft counter flow
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
85. • Air blown through
tower by centrifugal
fan at air inlet
• Advantages: suited for
high air resistance &
fans are relatively quiet
• Disadvantages:
recirculation due to
high air-entry and low
air-exit velocities
Forced Draft Cooling Towers
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
86. • Two types
• Cross flow
• Counter flow
• Advantage: less recirculation than forced draft towers
• Disadvantage: fans and motor drive mechanism
require weather-proofing
Induced Draft Cooling Towers
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
87. Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
• Hot water enters at the top
• Air enters at bottom and exits at top
• Uses forced and induced draft fans
Induced Draft Counter Flow CT
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
88. • Water enters top and passes over fill
• Air enters on one side or opposite sides
• Induced draft fan draws air across fill
Induced Draft Cross Flow CT
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
89. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
90. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
91. Binary Vapour Cycle - Mercury
Mercury, Diphenyl ether, Aluminium Bromide & Ammonium Chloride – High Critical Temperature &
Low critical pressure.
At 12 Bar, saturation temp of water is 187°C, for Mercury 550°C
Mercury – At 21 bar - 589°C
Saturation Temperature at Atmospheric pressure is 357°C, can’t use mercury alone, so we
go for Binary Cycle
Topping Cycle – High Temperature Cycle
Bottoming Cycle – Low Temperature Cycle
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
92. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
93. FEED WATER TREATMENT
RawWater contains dissolved salts, Un dissolved salts or Suspended impurities.
It is necessary to remove harmful salts dissolved in the water.
Need for FeedWaterTreatment
Scaling on inside wall of different heat exchangers due to deposition of
salts
Suspended impurities create more pressure in the boiler leads to
explosion
Dissolved salts react with boiler & tubes, there by corrode the surface
Corrosion damage the turbine blades.
Define PH. Why high pH value is preferred to prevent the corrosion? (Apr 15)
pH(Potential of Hydrogen). It is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble
substances. pH value ( 1-14, 7-Neutral point, 1-most acidic, 14-most alkaline.
Metals typically develop a passive layer in moderately alkaline (high pH) solutions,
which lowers the corrosion rate as compared to acidic.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
94. REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT
The plant basically consists of two phases. The first phase is a pre treatment
plant.
Filtration and coagulation removes the solids and suspended particles.
Chlorination and other chemicals removes the biological organisms.
Chemical addition controls the pH and hardness.
Membrane Filtration
The second phase is the membrane filtration. Sea water at high pressure is
pumped to the filters. Each of the filter consists of a special membrane wrapped
around an inner tube. The pressure forces the water molecules through the
membranes to the inner tube. A 60 % yield of fresh water is possible in RO
systems. The remaining sea water carries away the collected salts and is
returned back into the sea. Increasing the number of filter modules increases
the capacity of the plant.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
95. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
96. NaOCL – To kill algae & Bacteria, otherwise it may harm Multi Grade Filter(MGF)
MGF - To remove the large size suspended particles by using stones
Acid = water mix with 3 chemicals, HCL – Remove irons by dissolving it,
NaOH – Remove Acidic Salt, NaOCL – To kill algae & Bacteria
Ultra Filtration Unit - Very small suspended particles are removed & then send to RO Feed
tank.
Dosing System = Anti Scaling Agent – Reacts with chemicals to form Scale inside the
channel
SMBS (sodium meta bi-sulphate) [Na2S2O5] - To remove excess
HCL – pH Controlling chlorine Around 6 pH
Degasser – Tower to remove carbonate ions by forming Cabon di oxide, Water from
top & Air is Blown from bottom, Mixed bed in DM Plant
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
97. Demineralization Plant
Function – To remove dissolved salts by Ion Exchange Method (Chemical Method)
Salts which make water Hard – Chloride, carbonates, Bi-carbonates, Silicates & Phosphates of
Sodium, Potassium, iron, calcium & Magnesium
Cation Exchange Resin – NaCl + RSO3H= RSO3
- Na+ + HCL (RSO3H – Sulfonic Acid)
H2SO4, H2CO3 are also produced, Removed Na+, Water Become Acidic
Anion Exchange Resin - HCL + R4NOH = H2O (R4NOH - ammonium
hydroxide)
Removed CL- , Acidity is avoided
Mixed Bed Resins – To remove ions, (Na+ SO3
- )
Degasser – Tower to remove carbonate ions by forming Cabon di oxide, Water from top & Air is
Blown from bottom.
H2CO3 = H2O + CO2 , CO2 free to mix with air Carbonic Acid H2CO3
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
98. DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM -CYCLONE SEPERATOR
• Cyclone separators or simply cyclones are separation
devices that use the principle of inertia to remove particulate
matter from flue gases.
• Cyclone separators is one of many air pollution control
devices known as pre cleaners since they generally remove
larger pieces of particulate matter.
• Cyclone separators work much like a centrifuge, but with a
continuous feed of dirty air. In a cyclone separator, dirty flue
gas is fed into a chamber. The inside of the chamber creates
a spiral vortex.
• The lighter components of this gas have less inertia, so it is
easier for them to be influenced by the vortex and travel up
it. Contrarily, larger components of particulate matter have
more inertia and are not as easily influenced by the vortex.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
99. ELECTRO STATIC PRECIPITATOR
The medium between the electrodes is air, and due to the high negativity of negative
electrodes, there may be a corona discharge surround the negative electrode rods or
wire mesh. The air molecules in the field between the electrodes become ionized, and
hence there will be plenty of free electrons and ions in the space
The flue gases enter into the electrostatic precipitator, dust particles in the gases
collide with the free electrons available in the medium between the electrodes and the
free electrons will be attached to the dust particles.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
100. As a result, the dust particles become negatively charged. Then these negatively charged
particles will be attracted due to electrostatic force of the positive plates.
Consequently, the charged dust particles move towards the positive plates and deposited on
positive plates. Here, the extra electron from the dust particles will be removed on positive
plates, and the particles then fall due to gravitational force.
We call the positive plates as collecting plates. The flue gases after travelling through the
electrostatic precipitator become almost free from ash particles and ultimately get
discharged to the atmosphere through the chimney
ELECTRO STATIC PRECIPITATOR
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
101. PRINCIPLE OF CONDENSATION
In order to attain maximum work,
according to Carnot principle, the
heat must be supplied at
Maximum pressure and
temperature, it should be rejected
at Minimum pressure and
temperature.
to maintain a low back pressure
on the exhaust side of the turbine
so that efficiency increased.
efficiency = T1/T2
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
102. ELEMENTS OF CONDENSING PLANT
CONDENSER: In which the
exhaust steam of the turbine
is condensed by circulating
cooling water.
CONDENSATE
EXTRACTION PUMP: to
remove the condensate from
the condenser and feed it into
the hot-well. The feed water
from hot-well is further
pumped to boiler.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
103. ELEMENTS OF CONDENSING PLANT
COOLING TOWER:
1. The Ferro concrete made
device (hyperbolic shape)
in which the hot water
from the condenser is
cooled by rejecting heat to
current of air passing in
the counter direction.
2. Ring throughs are placed
8-10m above the ground
level.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
104. COMPARISION
Jet condensers
1. Steam and water comes in direct
contact.
2. Condensation is due to mixing of
coolant.
3. Condensate is not fit for use as
boiler feed until the treated cooling
water is supplied.
4. It is cheap. Does not affect plant
efficiency.
5. Maintenance cost is low.
6. Vacuum created is up to 600 mm of
Hg.{1bar=760mm of Hg}
Surface condensers
Steam and water does not come in direct
contact.
Condensation is due to heat transfer by
conduction and convection.
Condensate is fit for reuse as boiler feed.
It is costly. Improves the plant efficiency.
Maintenance cost is high.
Vacuum created is up to 730 mm of Hg.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
105. LOW LEVEL PARALLEL FLOW JET INJECTOR
The mixture of
condensate, coolant and
air are extracted with
the help of wet air pump.
Vacuum created in the
condenser limits up to
600 mm of Hg.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
106. HIGH LEVEL JET CONEDNSER/
BAROMETRIC JET CONDENSER
It is also called
Barometric jet condenser
since it is placed above
the atmospheric pressure
equivalent to 10.33 m of
water pressure.
Condensate extraction
pump is not required
because tail pipe has
incorporated in place of
it.ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
107. EJECTOR JET CONDENSER
The cooling water enters
the top of the condenser
at least under a head of
6m of water pressure
with the help of
centrifugal pump.
This system is simple,
reliable and cheap.
Disadvantage of mixing
of condensate with the
coolant.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
108. SURFACE CONDENSERS ARE OF TWO TYPES
SURFACE
CONDENSERS
In this steam flows
outside the network of
tubes and water flows
inside the tubes.
EVAPORATIVE
CONDENSERS
In this condenser shell is
omitted. The steam
passes through
condenser tubes, the
water is sprayed while
the air passes upward
outside the tube.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
109. CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE CONDENSERS
The number of water
passes:
1. Single pass
2. Multipass
The direction of
condensate flow and
tube arrangement:
1. Down flow condenser
2. Central flow condenser
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
110. DOUBLE PASS SURFACE CONDENSER
It consist of air tight cast
iron cylindrical shell.
If cooling water is
impure, condenser tubes
are made up of red brass.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
111. DOWN FLOW SURFACE CONDENSER
This condenser employs two
separate pumps for the
extraction of condensate and the
air.
Baffles(flow directing vane) are
provided so that the air is cooled
to the minimum temperature
before it is extracted.
The specific volume of cooled air
reduces, thereby, reduces the
pump capacity to about 50%.
Therefore, it also reduces the
energy consumption fro running
the air pump.ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
112. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
113. CENTRAL FLOW SURFACE CONDENSER
Air extraction pump is
located at the centre of
the condenser tubes.
Condensate is extracted
from the bottom of the
condenser with the help
of condensate extraction
pump.
Provides the better
contact of steam.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
114. EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER
The exhaust steam is passed through
the series of gilled tubes called
condenser coils.
Thin film of cooling water trickles
over these tubes continuously from
water nozzles.
During the condensation of steam,
this thin film of water is evaporated
and the remainder water is collected
in the water tank.
The condensate is extracted with the
help of wet air pump.
The air passing over the tubes
carries the evaporated water in the
form of vapour and it is removed
with the help of induced draft fan
installed at the top.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
115. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF SURFACE CONDENSERS
MERITS
1. No mixing of cooling water
and steam, hence the
condensate directly pumped
into the boiler.
2. Any kind of feed water can
be used.
3. Develops high vacuum,
therefore suitable for large
power plants.
4. System is more efficient.
DEMERITS
1. Require large quantity of
cooling water.
2. System is complicated, costly
and requires high
maintenance cost.
3. Require large floor space
since it is bulky.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
116. REQUIREMENTS OF A MODERN SURFACE CONDENSER
The exhaust steam entering the condenser should be evenly distributed
over the whole cooling surface of the condenser vessel with minimum
pressure loss.
The amount of cooling water being circulated in the surface condenser
should be regulated that the temperature of cooling water leaving the
condenser is equivalent to saturation temperature of steam
corresponding to steam pressure.
This will prevent under cooling of condensate.
The deposition of dirt on the outer surface of tubes in surface
condensers need to be prevented.
Passing the cooling water through the tubes and allowing the steam to
flow over the tubes makes this happen.
There should be no leakage of air into the condenser because presence
of air destroys the vacuum in the condenser and thus reduces the work
obtained per kg of steam. If there is any leakage of air into the
condenser air extraction pump need to be used to remove air as soon as
possible.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
117. STEAM RATE
The capacity of the plant is expressed in terms of steam
rate or Specific Steam Consumption(SSC).
Rate of steam flow required to produce unit shaft output.
Steam rate = mass of steam/work output in kg/k.Wh
Steam rate = 3600.ms / WT
Ms – steam flow rate in kg/s
WT – turbine work, kW
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
118. HEAT RATE
It is defined as the heat input needed to produce
one unit of power output
It indicates the amount required to generate one
unit electricity
Heat rate = heat supplied / work output
Heat rate = 3600.Q1 / WT
Q- Kg/s
W-Kw
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
119. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
120. Reason out why cogeneration is quite viable in sugar industries compared to that
in other industries. (Nov 17)
Sugar production is a major Agro-Based industry in India. It generates various
solid wastes sugar cane trash, bagasse; press mud & bagasse fly ash.
Bagasse is a fibrous residue obtained after juice extraction which contains 45-
50% moisture & 1% ash. Its calorific value is 8022 KJ/kg. It is commonly used as a fuel
in boilers to generate steam & electricity through cogeneration.
ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET
121. ME 6701 POWER PLANT ENGG. S.BALAMURUGAN AP/MECH AAACET